Nonbinary Wiki - User contributions [en]

Topic:Y4omtevnw3hfxk56

2024-05-14T13:35:21Z

Archeolight (talk | contribs) commented on "notability" (There is this article that mentions anti-non-binary misogyny" in the section awarness but doesn't define it: https://mainebeacon.com/miso...)

Topic:Y4on6pn0vw1p37sq

2024-05-13T11:47:50Z

Archeolight (talk | contribs) edited a post on "welcome! and enbymisogyny"

Topic:Y4omtevnw3hfxk56

2024-05-13T11:46:27Z

Archeolight (talk | contribs) edited a post on "notability"

Topic:Y4omtevnw3hfxk56

2024-05-13T11:45:06Z

Archeolight (talk | contribs) commented on "notability" (I have found this older source: https://www.tumbig.com/blog/yoshi-food-blog But the blog is now gone.)

Sexism

2024-05-13T11:34:46Z

Archeolight: /* Misogyny */

{{add sources}}
'''Sexism''' is discrimination against people based on their [[sexes|sex]], [[gender]], or perceived characteristics thereof. There are more kinds of sexism than misogyny. Several kinds of sexism are obstacles in the way of [[activism]] for [[nonbinary]] [[recognition]] in particular, and of [[transgender]] rights in general.

==Misogyny==
Misogyny is sexist discrimination against women. Misogyny takes the form of ''institutional oppression,'' meaning that it is part of all the workings of a society. It's built into the culture, and makes trouble for women every day. This happens because a patriarchal society is based on misogyny, by definition. This kind of institutional oppression takes the form of pay inequality, difficulty in legally obtaining certain human rights (such as the ability to vote, own property, or have legal personhood), and widespread belief that sexual assault is normal. Misogyny doesn't affect all women the same, because oppressions are ''intersectional.'' Black women experience a mix of misogyny as well as racism, which is called [[misogynoir]]. Trans women experience a mixture of [[transphobia]] and misogyny, this is called [[transmisogyny]], while female-classed non-binary people experience the intersection of enbyphobia and misogyny, which is called [[enbymisogyny]].

===Enbymisogyny===
''See main article about [[Enbymisogyny#Enbymisogyny|enbymisogyny]].''

Enbymisogyny refers to a unique manifestation of prejudice targeting non-binary individuals who are socially categorized as female, it's a discrimination intersecting with both enbyphobia and misogyny.

===Transmisogyny===
''See main article about [[Cissexism#Trans-misogyny|trans-misogyny]].''

Transmisogyny is a form of transphobia or cissexism that is specifically directed against transgender women.

===Misdirected misogyny===
Some misogyny ends up doing harm even to people who don't identify as women or who are not assigned female at birth, because others see them as being like women in some way. This can happen to [[Gender nonconformity|gender nonconforming]] cisgender men. When misogyny is used against someone who doesn't identify as a woman or who is not [[AFAB]], then that is called misdirected misogyny. For example, if a cisgender man, or non woman-aligned [[AMAB]] nonbinary person gets mistaken for a woman, then that person may be subjected to harassment as if they were a woman.

If someone identifies as a trans woman or transfeminine, then misogyny directed against them can be considered trans-misogyny, but not misdirected misogyny. Misdirected misogyny is the word for misogyny experienced by people who aren't woman-identified or AFAB, whereas trans women are women.

==Biological essentialism==

Biological essentialism is the belief that all aspects of one's identity are tied to measurable biological traits, such as hormones, genitals, brain size, etc. This worldview has been used throughout history to "prove" bigoted beliefs such as sexism, racism, and queerphobia. In the context of transgender issues, biological essentialism says that the [[Sex#Assigned Gender At Birth|gender you were assigned at birth]] must be your only real gender. [[Feminism#Transgender-exclusionary feminism|transgender-exclusionary feminists]] use this to discriminate against transgender and nonbinary people.<ref name="Holleb-BioEss">{{cite book|title=The A-Z of Gender and Sexuality: From Ace to Ze |last=Holleb |first=Morgan Leb Edward |year=2019 |page=45-47}}</ref>

==Cissexism and transphobia==

''See main article: [[Cissexism]].''

Cissexism and transphobia are discrimination against transgender people. It has several forms, including [[Binarism|binarism]], which affects nonbinary people. Transgender women are affected by a combination of misogyny and transphobia, called transmisogyny.

==Dyadism==
''See main article: [[Intersex#Dyadism|Dyadism]].''

Dyadism in the belief that humans are strictly dyadic, having two distinct sexes. This is used to discriminate against [[intersex]] people.

==Solutions==
''See also: [[Activism]] and [[Feminism]].''

[[Feminism]] is a movement that seeks to fight against sexism. Though different kinds of feminists disagree on how this should happen, feminists all look to fight against sexism.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sexism]]
[[de:feindlichkeit]]

Topic:Y4on6pn0vw1p37sq

2024-05-13T11:16:59Z

Archeolight (talk | contribs) commented on "welcome! and enbymisogyny" (No, I have no older source.)

Feminism

2024-05-13T11:08:12Z

Archeolight: /* Non-binary feminism */

{{incomplete}}
'''Feminism''' is a range of political movements, ideologies, and social movements that share a common goal: political, economic, personal, and social equality for people of all [[sexes]] and [[gender]]s. Feminist movements mainly campaign for women's rights, including the right to vote, to hold public office, to work, to earn fair wages or equal pay, to own property, to receive education, to enter contracts, to have equal rights within marriage, and to have maternity leave. Feminists have also worked to ensure access to legal abortions and social integration, and to protect everyone from rape, sexual harassment, and domestic violence. Changes in [[clothing|dress]] and acceptable physical activity have often been part of feminist movements.

Some scholars consider feminist campaigns to be a main force behind major historical societal changes for women's rights, particularly in the West, where they are near-universally credited with achieving women's suffrage, [[gender neutral language in English|gender neutrality in English]], reproductive rights for women (including access to contraceptives and abortion), and the right to enter into contracts and own property. Feminism also works for men's liberation, because men are also harmed by traditional [[gender role]]s.

Because this isn't Wikipedia, this article should focus on feminism in relation to [[nonbinary]] people.

==Trans-feminism==
'''Trans-feminism''' is a form of intersectional feminism that seeks to understand how transgender people, especially trans women, are affected by sexism, and to fight for their legal and social rights.

''The Transfeminist Manifesto'', written by Emi Koyama, states two primary principles of transfeminism:

{{quote|First, it is our belief that each individual has the right to define his or her own identities and to expect society to respect them. This also includes the right to express our gender without fear of [[discrimination]] or violence. Second, we hold that we have the sole right to make decisions regarding our own bodies, and that no political, medical or religious authority shall violate the integrity of our bodies against our will or impede our decisions regarding what we do with them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eminism.org/readings/pdf-rdg/tfmanifesto.pdf|title=The Transfeminist Manifesto|last=Koyama|first=Emi|date=26 July 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624225752/https://eminism.org/readings/pdf-rdg/tfmanifesto.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>}}

==Non-binary feminism==
'''Non-binary feminism''' also known as '''enbyfeminism'''<ref>https://archive.is/hkzUK</ref>
, is a subset of transfeminism that focuses on the unique experiences and challenges faced by non-binary individuals within the context of gender oppression. While it shares common goals with transfeminism, such as the dismantling of misogyny and cisnormativity, non-binary feminism specifically centers on the experiences, identities and struggles of those who do not exclusively identify as male or female. A central concept within non-binary feminism is [[enbymisogyny]] which is defined the intersection of misogyny and enbyphobia directed at individuals who are societally categorized as women or girls but identify as non-binary.

Non-binary feminism seeks to challenge misogyny and binary understandings of gender and dismantle the systemic barriers that limit the inclusion and recognition of woman-classed non-binary individuals within feminist discourse, activism and broader society.

==Transgender-exclusionary feminists==
''See main section about transgender-exclusionary feminists in [[cissexism#Transgender-exlusionary feminism|cissexism]].''

'''Transgender-exclusionary radical feminists (TERFs)''' are a biological essentialist subsect of feminism. They don’t believe that the construct of gender exists, they believe that the sex assigned at birth is what determines your position in the patriarchy . They are known for their vitriol and violence against trans women. First advocated by second-wave feminists such as Germaine Greer<ref>
{{cite web |url= https://web.archive.org/web/19990210111014/http://www.pfc.org.uk/news/1997/gfolly.htm |title= Greer's Folly |date= 28 June 1997 |publisher= Press for Change |access-date= 19 May 2021|archive-url= False |archive-date= 17 July 2023 }}</ref>, this outlook is largely seen as harmful to the transgender community.

TERFs are known mostly for advocating and enacting violence against specifically trans women. Because they view trans women as men, they see them as a violent threat to women. This vitriol doesn't always extend to trans men, who they view as "lost women" who are seeking refuge in manhood from misogyny. TERFs also do not support nonbinary or genderqueer people's identities.<ref>[[Eris Young|Young, Eris]]. ''They/Them/Their: A Guide to Nonbinary and Genderqueer Identities'' (2019). page 100.</ref>

==Xenofeminism==
'''Xenofeminism''' is a feminist framework introduced by the Laboria Cuboniks collective in their 2015 manifesto ''The Xenofeminist Manifesto: A Politics for Alienation''. Xenofeminism posits that gendered oppression can be defeated by abandoning the "laws of nature" and using technology (such as [[surgery]], [[hormone therapy]], biohacking, etc.) to help marginalized people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xenofeminism by Helen Hester |author=Dhillon, Dharmender S. |work=Philosophy Now |date=2020 |access-date=3 May 2023 |url= https://philosophynow.org/issues/141/Xenofeminism_by_Helen_Hester|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528165550/https://philosophynow.org/issues/141/Xenofeminism_by_Helen_Hester |archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref><ref name="Holleb-XenoFem">{{cite book|title=The A-Z of Gender and Sexuality: From Ace to Ze |last=Holleb |first=Morgan Leb Edward |year=2019 |page=310}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sexism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite web |title=Feminist Perspectives on Trans Issues |author= |work=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=8 January 2014 |url= https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-trans/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605122731/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-trans/ |archive-date=17 July 2023 }} Content note: discusses transphobic views in depth, as well as trans-positive views.

[[Category:Activism]]

Feminism

2024-05-13T11:02:13Z

Archeolight: /* Trans-feminism */

{{incomplete}}
'''Feminism''' is a range of political movements, ideologies, and social movements that share a common goal: political, economic, personal, and social equality for people of all [[sexes]] and [[gender]]s. Feminist movements mainly campaign for women's rights, including the right to vote, to hold public office, to work, to earn fair wages or equal pay, to own property, to receive education, to enter contracts, to have equal rights within marriage, and to have maternity leave. Feminists have also worked to ensure access to legal abortions and social integration, and to protect everyone from rape, sexual harassment, and domestic violence. Changes in [[clothing|dress]] and acceptable physical activity have often been part of feminist movements.

Some scholars consider feminist campaigns to be a main force behind major historical societal changes for women's rights, particularly in the West, where they are near-universally credited with achieving women's suffrage, [[gender neutral language in English|gender neutrality in English]], reproductive rights for women (including access to contraceptives and abortion), and the right to enter into contracts and own property. Feminism also works for men's liberation, because men are also harmed by traditional [[gender role]]s.

Because this isn't Wikipedia, this article should focus on feminism in relation to [[nonbinary]] people.

==Trans-feminism==
'''Trans-feminism''' is a form of intersectional feminism that seeks to understand how transgender people, especially trans women, are affected by sexism, and to fight for their legal and social rights.

''The Transfeminist Manifesto'', written by Emi Koyama, states two primary principles of transfeminism:

{{quote|First, it is our belief that each individual has the right to define his or her own identities and to expect society to respect them. This also includes the right to express our gender without fear of [[discrimination]] or violence. Second, we hold that we have the sole right to make decisions regarding our own bodies, and that no political, medical or religious authority shall violate the integrity of our bodies against our will or impede our decisions regarding what we do with them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eminism.org/readings/pdf-rdg/tfmanifesto.pdf|title=The Transfeminist Manifesto|last=Koyama|first=Emi|date=26 July 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624225752/https://eminism.org/readings/pdf-rdg/tfmanifesto.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>}}

==Non-binary feminism==
'''Non-binary feminism''' also known as '''enbyfeminism'''<ref>https://www.tumblr.com/nonbinary-feminism/750358906078953472/non-binary-feminism?source=share</ref>
, is a subset of transfeminism that focuses on the unique experiences and challenges faced by non-binary individuals within the context of gender oppression. While it shares common goals with transfeminism, such as the dismantling of misogyny and cisnormativity, non-binary feminism specifically centers on the experiences, identities and struggles of those who do not exclusively identify as male or female. A central concept within non-binary feminism is [[enbymisogyny]] which is defined the intersection of misogyny and enbyphobia directed at individuals who are societally categorized as women or girls but identify as non-binary.

Non-binary feminism seeks to challenge misogyny and binary understandings of gender and dismantle the systemic barriers that limit the inclusion and recognition of woman-classed non-binary individuals within feminist discourse, activism and broader society.

==Transgender-exclusionary feminists==
''See main section about transgender-exclusionary feminists in [[cissexism#Transgender-exlusionary feminism|cissexism]].''

'''Transgender-exclusionary radical feminists (TERFs)''' are a biological essentialist subsect of feminism. They don’t believe that the construct of gender exists, they believe that the sex assigned at birth is what determines your position in the patriarchy . They are known for their vitriol and violence against trans women. First advocated by second-wave feminists such as Germaine Greer<ref>
{{cite web |url= https://web.archive.org/web/19990210111014/http://www.pfc.org.uk/news/1997/gfolly.htm |title= Greer's Folly |date= 28 June 1997 |publisher= Press for Change |access-date= 19 May 2021|archive-url= False |archive-date= 17 July 2023 }}</ref>, this outlook is largely seen as harmful to the transgender community.

TERFs are known mostly for advocating and enacting violence against specifically trans women. Because they view trans women as men, they see them as a violent threat to women. This vitriol doesn't always extend to trans men, who they view as "lost women" who are seeking refuge in manhood from misogyny. TERFs also do not support nonbinary or genderqueer people's identities.<ref>[[Eris Young|Young, Eris]]. ''They/Them/Their: A Guide to Nonbinary and Genderqueer Identities'' (2019). page 100.</ref>

==Xenofeminism==
'''Xenofeminism''' is a feminist framework introduced by the Laboria Cuboniks collective in their 2015 manifesto ''The Xenofeminist Manifesto: A Politics for Alienation''. Xenofeminism posits that gendered oppression can be defeated by abandoning the "laws of nature" and using technology (such as [[surgery]], [[hormone therapy]], biohacking, etc.) to help marginalized people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xenofeminism by Helen Hester |author=Dhillon, Dharmender S. |work=Philosophy Now |date=2020 |access-date=3 May 2023 |url= https://philosophynow.org/issues/141/Xenofeminism_by_Helen_Hester|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528165550/https://philosophynow.org/issues/141/Xenofeminism_by_Helen_Hester |archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref><ref name="Holleb-XenoFem">{{cite book|title=The A-Z of Gender and Sexuality: From Ace to Ze |last=Holleb |first=Morgan Leb Edward |year=2019 |page=310}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sexism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite web |title=Feminist Perspectives on Trans Issues |author= |work=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=8 January 2014 |url= https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-trans/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605122731/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-trans/ |archive-date=17 July 2023 }} Content note: discusses transphobic views in depth, as well as trans-positive views.

[[Category:Activism]]

Sexism

2024-05-13T10:31:36Z

Archeolight: /* Misdirected misogyny */

{{add sources}}
'''Sexism''' is discrimination against people based on their [[sexes|sex]], [[gender]], or perceived characteristics thereof. There are more kinds of sexism than misogyny. Several kinds of sexism are obstacles in the way of [[activism]] for [[nonbinary]] [[recognition]] in particular, and of [[transgender]] rights in general.

==Misogyny==
Misogyny is sexist discrimination against women. Misogyny takes the form of ''institutional oppression,'' meaning that it is part of all the workings of a society. It's built into the culture, and makes trouble for women every day. This happens because a patriarchal society is based on misogyny, by definition. This kind of institutional oppression takes the form of pay inequality, difficulty in legally obtaining certain human rights (such as the ability to vote, own property, or have legal personhood), and widespread belief that sexual assault is normal. Misogyny doesn't affect all women the same, because oppressions are ''intersectional.'' Black women experience a mix of misogyny as well as racism, which is called [[misogynoir]]. Trans women experience a mixture of [[transphobia]] and misogyny, this is called [[transmisogyny]], while female-classed non-binary people experience the inetersection of enbyphobia and misogyny, which is called [[enbymisogyny]].

===Enbymisogyny===
''See main article about [[Enbymisogyny#Enbymisogyny|enbymisogyny]].''

Enbymisogyny refers to a unique manifestation of prejudice targeting non-binary individuals who are socially categorized as female, it's a discrimination intersecting with both enbyphobia and misogyny.

===Transmisogyny===
''See main article about [[Cissexism#Trans-misogyny|trans-misogyny]].''

Transmisogyny is a form of transphobia or cissexism that is specifically directed against transgender women.

===Misdirected misogyny===
Some misogyny ends up doing harm even to people who don't identify as women or who are not assigned female at birth, because others see them as being like women in some way. This can happen to [[Gender nonconformity|gender nonconforming]] cisgender men. When misogyny is used against someone who doesn't identify as a woman or who is not [[AFAB]], then that is called misdirected misogyny. For example, if a cisgender man, or non woman-aligned [[AMAB]] nonbinary person gets mistaken for a woman, then that person may be subjected to harassment as if they were a woman.

If someone identifies as a trans woman or transfeminine, then misogyny directed against them can be considered trans-misogyny, but not misdirected misogyny. Misdirected misogyny is the word for misogyny experienced by people who aren't woman-identified or AFAB, whereas trans women are women.

==Biological essentialism==

Biological essentialism is the belief that all aspects of one's identity are tied to measurable biological traits, such as hormones, genitals, brain size, etc. This worldview has been used throughout history to "prove" bigoted beliefs such as sexism, racism, and queerphobia. In the context of transgender issues, biological essentialism says that the [[Sex#Assigned Gender At Birth|gender you were assigned at birth]] must be your only real gender. [[Feminism#Transgender-exclusionary feminism|transgender-exclusionary feminists]] use this to discriminate against transgender and nonbinary people.<ref name="Holleb-BioEss">{{cite book|title=The A-Z of Gender and Sexuality: From Ace to Ze |last=Holleb |first=Morgan Leb Edward |year=2019 |page=45-47}}</ref>

==Cissexism and transphobia==

''See main article: [[Cissexism]].''

Cissexism and transphobia are discrimination against transgender people. It has several forms, including [[Binarism|binarism]], which affects nonbinary people. Transgender women are affected by a combination of misogyny and transphobia, called transmisogyny.

==Dyadism==
''See main article: [[Intersex#Dyadism|Dyadism]].''

Dyadism in the belief that humans are strictly dyadic, having two distinct sexes. This is used to discriminate against [[intersex]] people.

==Solutions==
''See also: [[Activism]] and [[Feminism]].''

[[Feminism]] is a movement that seeks to fight against sexism. Though different kinds of feminists disagree on how this should happen, feminists all look to fight against sexism.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sexism]]
[[de:feindlichkeit]]

Sexism

2024-05-13T10:24:38Z

Archeolight: /* Misogyny */

{{add sources}}
'''Sexism''' is discrimination against people based on their [[sexes|sex]], [[gender]], or perceived characteristics thereof. There are more kinds of sexism than misogyny. Several kinds of sexism are obstacles in the way of [[activism]] for [[nonbinary]] [[recognition]] in particular, and of [[transgender]] rights in general.

==Misogyny==
Misogyny is sexist discrimination against women. Misogyny takes the form of ''institutional oppression,'' meaning that it is part of all the workings of a society. It's built into the culture, and makes trouble for women every day. This happens because a patriarchal society is based on misogyny, by definition. This kind of institutional oppression takes the form of pay inequality, difficulty in legally obtaining certain human rights (such as the ability to vote, own property, or have legal personhood), and widespread belief that sexual assault is normal. Misogyny doesn't affect all women the same, because oppressions are ''intersectional.'' Black women experience a mix of misogyny as well as racism, which is called [[misogynoir]]. Trans women experience a mixture of [[transphobia]] and misogyny, this is called [[transmisogyny]], while female-classed non-binary people experience the inetersection of enbyphobia and misogyny, which is called [[enbymisogyny]].

===Enbymisogyny===
''See main article about [[Enbymisogyny#Enbymisogyny|enbymisogyny]].''

Enbymisogyny refers to a unique manifestation of prejudice targeting non-binary individuals who are socially categorized as female, it's a discrimination intersecting with both enbyphobia and misogyny.

===Transmisogyny===
''See main article about [[Cissexism#Trans-misogyny|trans-misogyny]].''

Transmisogyny is a form of transphobia or cissexism that is specifically directed against transgender women.

===Misdirected misogyny===
Some misogyny ends up doing harm even to people who don't identify as women, because others see them as being like women in some way. This can happen to nonbinary people, transgender men, and [[Gender nonconformity|gender nonconforming]] cisgender people. When misogyny is used against someone who doesn't identify as a woman, then that is called misdirected misogyny. For example, if a trans man, cisgender man, or nonbinary person gets mistaken for a woman, then that person may be subjected to harassment as if they were a woman.

If someone identifies as a trans woman, then misogyny directed against her can be considered trans-misogyny, but not misdirected misogyny. Misdirected misogyny is the word for misogyny experienced by people who aren't women, whereas trans women are women.

==Biological essentialism==

Biological essentialism is the belief that all aspects of one's identity are tied to measurable biological traits, such as hormones, genitals, brain size, etc. This worldview has been used throughout history to "prove" bigoted beliefs such as sexism, racism, and queerphobia. In the context of transgender issues, biological essentialism says that the [[Sex#Assigned Gender At Birth|gender you were assigned at birth]] must be your only real gender. [[Feminism#Transgender-exclusionary feminism|transgender-exclusionary feminists]] use this to discriminate against transgender and nonbinary people.<ref name="Holleb-BioEss">{{cite book|title=The A-Z of Gender and Sexuality: From Ace to Ze |last=Holleb |first=Morgan Leb Edward |year=2019 |page=45-47}}</ref>

==Cissexism and transphobia==

''See main article: [[Cissexism]].''

Cissexism and transphobia are discrimination against transgender people. It has several forms, including [[Binarism|binarism]], which affects nonbinary people. Transgender women are affected by a combination of misogyny and transphobia, called transmisogyny.

==Dyadism==
''See main article: [[Intersex#Dyadism|Dyadism]].''

Dyadism in the belief that humans are strictly dyadic, having two distinct sexes. This is used to discriminate against [[intersex]] people.

==Solutions==
''See also: [[Activism]] and [[Feminism]].''

[[Feminism]] is a movement that seeks to fight against sexism. Though different kinds of feminists disagree on how this should happen, feminists all look to fight against sexism.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sexism]]
[[de:feindlichkeit]]

Sexism

2024-05-13T10:24:22Z

Archeolight: /* Misogyny */

{{add sources}}
'''Sexism''' is discrimination against people based on their [[sexes|sex]], [[gender]], or perceived characteristics thereof. There are more kinds of sexism than misogyny. Several kinds of sexism are obstacles in the way of [[activism]] for [[nonbinary]] [[recognition]] in particular, and of [[transgender]] rights in general.

==Misogyny==
Misogyny is sexist discrimination against women. Misogyny takes the form of ''institutional oppression,'' meaning that it is part of all the workings of a society. It's built into the culture, and makes trouble for women every day. This happens because a patriarchal society is based on misogyny, by definition. This kind of institutional oppression takes the form of pay inequality, difficulty in legally obtaining certain human rights (such as the ability to vote, own property, or have legal personhood), and widespread belief that sexual assault is normal. Misogyny doesn't affect all women the same, because oppressions are ''intersectional.'' Black women experience a mix of misogyny as well as racism, which is called [[misogynoir]]. Trans women experience a mixture of [[transphobia]] and misogyny, this is called [[transmisogyny]] while female-classed non-binary people experience the inetersection of enbyphobia and misogyny, which is called [[enbymisogyny]].

===Enbymisogyny===
''See main article about [[Enbymisogyny#Enbymisogyny|enbymisogyny]].''

Enbymisogyny refers to a unique manifestation of prejudice targeting non-binary individuals who are socially categorized as female, it's a discrimination intersecting with both enbyphobia and misogyny.

===Transmisogyny===
''See main article about [[Cissexism#Trans-misogyny|trans-misogyny]].''

Transmisogyny is a form of transphobia or cissexism that is specifically directed against transgender women.

===Misdirected misogyny===
Some misogyny ends up doing harm even to people who don't identify as women, because others see them as being like women in some way. This can happen to nonbinary people, transgender men, and [[Gender nonconformity|gender nonconforming]] cisgender people. When misogyny is used against someone who doesn't identify as a woman, then that is called misdirected misogyny. For example, if a trans man, cisgender man, or nonbinary person gets mistaken for a woman, then that person may be subjected to harassment as if they were a woman.

If someone identifies as a trans woman, then misogyny directed against her can be considered trans-misogyny, but not misdirected misogyny. Misdirected misogyny is the word for misogyny experienced by people who aren't women, whereas trans women are women.

==Biological essentialism==

Biological essentialism is the belief that all aspects of one's identity are tied to measurable biological traits, such as hormones, genitals, brain size, etc. This worldview has been used throughout history to "prove" bigoted beliefs such as sexism, racism, and queerphobia. In the context of transgender issues, biological essentialism says that the [[Sex#Assigned Gender At Birth|gender you were assigned at birth]] must be your only real gender. [[Feminism#Transgender-exclusionary feminism|transgender-exclusionary feminists]] use this to discriminate against transgender and nonbinary people.<ref name="Holleb-BioEss">{{cite book|title=The A-Z of Gender and Sexuality: From Ace to Ze |last=Holleb |first=Morgan Leb Edward |year=2019 |page=45-47}}</ref>

==Cissexism and transphobia==

''See main article: [[Cissexism]].''

Cissexism and transphobia are discrimination against transgender people. It has several forms, including [[Binarism|binarism]], which affects nonbinary people. Transgender women are affected by a combination of misogyny and transphobia, called transmisogyny.

==Dyadism==
''See main article: [[Intersex#Dyadism|Dyadism]].''

Dyadism in the belief that humans are strictly dyadic, having two distinct sexes. This is used to discriminate against [[intersex]] people.

==Solutions==
''See also: [[Activism]] and [[Feminism]].''

[[Feminism]] is a movement that seeks to fight against sexism. Though different kinds of feminists disagree on how this should happen, feminists all look to fight against sexism.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sexism]]
[[de:feindlichkeit]]

Cissexism

2024-05-13T10:17:58Z

Archeolight:

[[File:Trans Pride 2014 Unlearn Transphobia.jpg|thumb|"Unlearn Transphobia" banner at Trans Pride 2014.]]
'''Cissexism''', commonly called '''transphobia''' or '''cisnormativity''', is a form of [[sexism]]. It is the belief that only [[cisgender]] people are seen as normal or right, and that transgender people are unnatural or dangerous. In action, cissexism opposes the legal rights of transgender people to transition or exist in society. Cissexism results in medical malpractice against trans people, and violence against trans people. Cissexism is harmful to all kinds of [[transgender]] people, including [[nonbinary]] people.

==Casual cissexism==

One form of this prejudice is casual cissexism, which often takes the form of an apparent "honest mistake," forgetting that anybody other than cisgender people exist. For example, resources on sexual health often give the idea that all women only have one kind of private parts, and men another. The resource fails to talk about the exceptions to this rule: transgender and [[intersex]] people, and in cisgender people with medical conditions. The people who wrote the resources didn't mean to leave people out. They just didn't know any better, or they forgot. It was an honest mistake, with no ill intentions. However, it was a mistake nonetheless, which can make trouble and do harm. For trans people, that resource might be no good, or worse than nothing.

Casual cissexism is common in language, and one way to address it is by taking up [[gender neutral language]].

==Micro-aggressions==

Cissexist micro-aggressions are small offensive things done and said toward transgender people, with intention and ill will. Though they are small, and might only be words, they can be so frequent that they can become overwhelming to transgender people.

==Nonbinary erasure==

''See main article: [[Nonbinary erasure]].''

Another specific form of cissexism is [[nonbinary erasure]], the common but wrong idea that there are only two genders. This comes with the expectation that everyone should fit into only one of the two parts of the [[gender binary]]. This can result in discrimination against people with nonbinary gender identities. One way this problem can be addressed is by working for [[visibility]] and [[recognition]] of nonbinary people.

Nonbinary erasure is connected to [[Intersex#Dyadism|dyadism]], the belief that there are only two sexes, and [[biological essentialism]], the belief that one's body is what permanently makes somebody who they are.

==Binarism==

''See main article: [[Binarism]].''

[[Binarism]] is a form of [[Ethnicity and culture#Racism and cultural discrimination|racist]] discrimination based in nonbinary erasure. Western culture typically erases nonbinary and transgender identities. As a result, Western colonialism puts pressure on other cultures to conform to its own form of the [[gender binary]], based in white norms. This includes discrimination against [[gender-variant identities worldwide|gender roles unique to other ethnicities]].

==Transmisogyny==
'''Transmisogyny''' or '''trans-misogyny''' is transphobia directly specifically at trans women. It is a combination of prejudice against trans people, sexism, and/or misogyny. As such, understanding trans-misogyny is an intersectional approach to the oppression of trans women. Transmisogyny can also be experienced by nonbinary people who align with or are partially women, such as [[Demigirl|demigirls]] or [[bigender]] people who identify as women.

Julia Serano coined the word "transmisogyny" in her [[Feminism|trans-feminist]] book, ''Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of [[Femininity]]'' (2007). By far, trans women of color are targeted by more and worse transphobic hate crimes than any other transgender group. Transmisogyny is a big problem because a patriarchal society has contempt for womanhood, femininity, non-conformity, and [[gender variance]]. A patriarchal society sees a trans woman as a combination of all that that society tolerates the least. It is important for any activism for transgender rights to think of how their work could include trans women.

The term '''transmisogynoir''' ("noir" meaning "black" in French) refers more specifically to oppression and bigotry that affects Black transfeminine people. This is a combination of Serrano's word "transmisogyny" with the word "misogynoir", which was coined by Moya Bailey, a queer Black feminist.<ref name="Holleb-transmisogynoir">{{cite book|title=The A-Z of Gender and Sexuality: From Ace to Ze |last=Holleb |first=Morgan Leb Edward |year=2019 |page=277-278}}</ref>

==Transgender-exclusionary feminists==
Transgender-exclusionary feminism, also called transgender-exclusionary radical feminism, or transgender-exterminatory radical feminism is the belief that transgender women are really men who are faking womanhood in order to be dangerous to cisgender women, and that transgender men are women trying to enforce the patriarchy by gaining male privilege. People who hold this belief call themselves feminists, but others call them transgender-exclusionaryradical feminists (TERFs).<ref><strong style="color:red;">WARNING</strong>: Contains unpleasant verbal content. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230305180640/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> This belief is a form of [[Sexism#Biological essentialism|biological essentialism]], the assumption that one's [[sexes|sex]] invariably defines who one is, forever. Whether this kind of belief should be called a form of feminism at all is debatable, because feminism is about fighting for women's rights, but TERFs fight against the rights of transgender women.

When TERFS say they are "gender critical", "gender free", or "gender abolitionist," these dogwhistle phrases mean that they don't believe in gender identity, and only believe in the sex that one is assigned at birth. This is a [[Sexism#Biological essentialism|biological essentialist]] belief that they use to deny the genders of trans and nonbinary people.<ref name="Holleb-TERFs">{{cite book|title=The A-Z of Gender and Sexuality: From Ace to Ze |last=Holleb |first=Morgan Leb Edward |year=2019 |page=250-256}}</ref>

==Solutions==

''See main article: [[Activism]].''

Cissexism of all kinds can be addressed by means of activism. This activism can work to make [[Visibility|visibility]] of transgender people, fight for their legal rights and [[Recognition|recognition]], defend victims of transphobia, and so on.

==See also==

*[[Sexism]]
*[[Gender binary]]
*[[Cisgender]]
* [[Enbymisogyny]]
[[Category:Sexism]]

{{stub}}

Sexism

2024-05-13T10:07:09Z

Archeolight: /* Enbymisogyny */

{{add sources}}
'''Sexism''' is discrimination against people based on their [[sexes|sex]], [[gender]], or perceived characteristics thereof. There are more kinds of sexism than misogyny. Several kinds of sexism are obstacles in the way of [[activism]] for [[nonbinary]] [[recognition]] in particular, and of [[transgender]] rights in general.

==Misogyny==
Misogyny is sexist discrimination against women. Misogyny takes the form of ''institutional oppression,'' meaning that it is part of all the workings of a society. It's built into the culture, and makes trouble for women every day. This happens because a patriarchal society is based on misogyny, by definition. This kind of institutional oppression takes the form of pay inequality, difficulty in legally obtaining certain human rights (such as the ability to vote, own property, or have legal personhood), and widespread belief that sexual assault is normal. Misogyny doesn't affect all women the same, because oppressions are ''intersectional.'' Black women experience a mix of misogyny as well as racism, which is called [[misogynoir]]. Trans women experience a mixture of [[transphobia]] and misogyny, this is called [[transmisogyny]].

===Enbymisogyny===
''See main article about [[Enbymisogyny#Enbymisogyny|enbymisogyny]].''

Enbymisogyny refers to a unique manifestation of prejudice targeting non-binary individuals who are socially categorized as female, it's a discrimination intersecting with both enbyphobia and misogyny.

===Transmisogyny===
''See main article about [[Cissexism#Trans-misogyny|trans-misogyny]].''

Transmisogyny is a form of transphobia or cissexism that is specifically directed against transgender women.

===Misdirected misogyny===
Some misogyny ends up doing harm even to people who don't identify as women, because others see them as being like women in some way. This can happen to nonbinary people, transgender men, and [[Gender nonconformity|gender nonconforming]] cisgender people. When misogyny is used against someone who doesn't identify as a woman, then that is called misdirected misogyny. For example, if a trans man, cisgender man, or nonbinary person gets mistaken for a woman, then that person may be subjected to harassment as if they were a woman.

If someone identifies as a trans woman, then misogyny directed against her can be considered trans-misogyny, but not misdirected misogyny. Misdirected misogyny is the word for misogyny experienced by people who aren't women, whereas trans women are women.

==Biological essentialism==

Biological essentialism is the belief that all aspects of one's identity are tied to measurable biological traits, such as hormones, genitals, brain size, etc. This worldview has been used throughout history to "prove" bigoted beliefs such as sexism, racism, and queerphobia. In the context of transgender issues, biological essentialism says that the [[Sex#Assigned Gender At Birth|gender you were assigned at birth]] must be your only real gender. [[Feminism#Transgender-exclusionary feminism|transgender-exclusionary feminists]] use this to discriminate against transgender and nonbinary people.<ref name="Holleb-BioEss">{{cite book|title=The A-Z of Gender and Sexuality: From Ace to Ze |last=Holleb |first=Morgan Leb Edward |year=2019 |page=45-47}}</ref>

==Cissexism and transphobia==

''See main article: [[Cissexism]].''

Cissexism and transphobia are discrimination against transgender people. It has several forms, including [[Binarism|binarism]], which affects nonbinary people. Transgender women are affected by a combination of misogyny and transphobia, called transmisogyny.

==Dyadism==
''See main article: [[Intersex#Dyadism|Dyadism]].''

Dyadism in the belief that humans are strictly dyadic, having two distinct sexes. This is used to discriminate against [[intersex]] people.

==Solutions==
''See also: [[Activism]] and [[Feminism]].''

[[Feminism]] is a movement that seeks to fight against sexism. Though different kinds of feminists disagree on how this should happen, feminists all look to fight against sexism.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sexism]]
[[de:feindlichkeit]]

Sexism

2024-05-13T10:06:29Z

Archeolight: /* Enbymisogyny */

{{add sources}}
'''Sexism''' is discrimination against people based on their [[sexes|sex]], [[gender]], or perceived characteristics thereof. There are more kinds of sexism than misogyny. Several kinds of sexism are obstacles in the way of [[activism]] for [[nonbinary]] [[recognition]] in particular, and of [[transgender]] rights in general.

==Misogyny==
Misogyny is sexist discrimination against women. Misogyny takes the form of ''institutional oppression,'' meaning that it is part of all the workings of a society. It's built into the culture, and makes trouble for women every day. This happens because a patriarchal society is based on misogyny, by definition. This kind of institutional oppression takes the form of pay inequality, difficulty in legally obtaining certain human rights (such as the ability to vote, own property, or have legal personhood), and widespread belief that sexual assault is normal. Misogyny doesn't affect all women the same, because oppressions are ''intersectional.'' Black women experience a mix of misogyny as well as racism, which is called [[misogynoir]]. Trans women experience a mixture of [[transphobia]] and misogyny, this is called [[transmisogyny]].

===Enbymisogyny===
''See main article about [[Cissexism#Enbymisogyny|enbymisogyny]].''

Enbymisogyny refers to a unique manifestation of prejudice targeting non-binary individuals who are socially categorized as female, it's a discrimination intersecting with both enbyphobia and misogyny.

===Transmisogyny===
''See main article about [[Cissexism#Trans-misogyny|trans-misogyny]].''

Transmisogyny is a form of transphobia or cissexism that is specifically directed against transgender women.

===Misdirected misogyny===
Some misogyny ends up doing harm even to people who don't identify as women, because others see them as being like women in some way. This can happen to nonbinary people, transgender men, and [[Gender nonconformity|gender nonconforming]] cisgender people. When misogyny is used against someone who doesn't identify as a woman, then that is called misdirected misogyny. For example, if a trans man, cisgender man, or nonbinary person gets mistaken for a woman, then that person may be subjected to harassment as if they were a woman.

If someone identifies as a trans woman, then misogyny directed against her can be considered trans-misogyny, but not misdirected misogyny. Misdirected misogyny is the word for misogyny experienced by people who aren't women, whereas trans women are women.

==Biological essentialism==

Biological essentialism is the belief that all aspects of one's identity are tied to measurable biological traits, such as hormones, genitals, brain size, etc. This worldview has been used throughout history to "prove" bigoted beliefs such as sexism, racism, and queerphobia. In the context of transgender issues, biological essentialism says that the [[Sex#Assigned Gender At Birth|gender you were assigned at birth]] must be your only real gender. [[Feminism#Transgender-exclusionary feminism|transgender-exclusionary feminists]] use this to discriminate against transgender and nonbinary people.<ref name="Holleb-BioEss">{{cite book|title=The A-Z of Gender and Sexuality: From Ace to Ze |last=Holleb |first=Morgan Leb Edward |year=2019 |page=45-47}}</ref>

==Cissexism and transphobia==

''See main article: [[Cissexism]].''

Cissexism and transphobia are discrimination against transgender people. It has several forms, including [[Binarism|binarism]], which affects nonbinary people. Transgender women are affected by a combination of misogyny and transphobia, called transmisogyny.

==Dyadism==
''See main article: [[Intersex#Dyadism|Dyadism]].''

Dyadism in the belief that humans are strictly dyadic, having two distinct sexes. This is used to discriminate against [[intersex]] people.

==Solutions==
''See also: [[Activism]] and [[Feminism]].''

[[Feminism]] is a movement that seeks to fight against sexism. Though different kinds of feminists disagree on how this should happen, feminists all look to fight against sexism.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sexism]]
[[de:feindlichkeit]]

Discrimination against nonbinary people

2024-05-13T10:01:29Z

Archeolight: /* Enbymisogyny */

{{Content warning|specific cases of discrimination, harassment, abuse, and violence}}
[[File:TransGender Equality-Symbol black-and-white.svg|thumb|Transgender equality symbol.]]
'''Discrimination against nonbinary people''', also known as '''exorsexism'''<ref>https://vergess.tumblr.com/post/143919554200/xor-gender-chart [https://web.archive.org/web/20230521021817/https://vergess.tumblr.com/post/143919554200/xor-gender-chart Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>, happens in all countries, and can take many forms. People who have a [[nonbinary]] [[gender identity]] (that is, who don't think of themselves as simply [[female]] or [[male]]) face the sexism that affects all [[transgender]] people ([[cissexism#transphobia|transphobia]] and [[cissexism]]), along with some forms of discrimination that specifically affect nonbinary people, such as '''[[nonbinary erasure]]'''. Depending on their [[ethnicity and culture]], they may also face '''[[binarism]]'''.

==Discrimination==

A 2008 study in the ''National Transgender Discrimination Survey'' showed that genderqueer and other non-binary individuals were more likely to suffer physical assaults (32% vs. 25%), experience police brutality and harassment (31% vs. 21%), and opt out of medical treatment due to discrimination (36% vs. 27%), compared to transgender individuals who identified within the gender binary (i.e., [[transgender men]] and [[transgender women]]). This study also found that they were more likely to be people of color (30% vs. 23%) and younger (under 45) than [[binary genders|binary]] transgender people (89% vs. 68%).<ref>Jack Harrison, Jaime Grant, Jody L. Herman. "A Gender Not Listed Here: Genderqueers, Gender Rebels, and Otherwise in the National Transgender Discrimination Survey." Harvard Kennedy School. ''LGBTQ Policy Journal'' Vol. 2, p. 22. 2011–2012 http://www.thetaskforce.org/downloads/release_materials/agendernotlistedhere.pdf [https://web.archive.org/web/20230520000818/https://www.thetaskforce.org/downloads/release_materials/agendernotlistedhere.pdf Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>

In 2015, a petition asked for the legal [[Recognition (UK)|recognition of nonbinary genders in the United Kingdom]]. The Ministry of Justice refused to grant this, saying:

<blockquote>"The Equality Act 2010 protects people from discrimination if it arises from their being perceived as either male or female. We recognise that a very small number of people consider themselves to be of neither gender. We are not aware that that results in any specific detriment, and it is not Government policy to identify such people for the purpose of issuing non-gender-specific official documents".<ref>https://petition.parliament.uk/petitions/104639 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230405153640/https://petition.parliament.uk/petitions/104639 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref></blockquote>

The Ministry of Justice chose not to recognize nonbinary genders because it believes they are too few, and it believes that they don't face any discrimination. It didn't give proof of either of these views. It said that nonbinary people are not protected under the Equality Act, which was created to protect other kinds of transgender people. In response, many nonbinary people in the UK voiced their objections to this. ''[[Beyond the Binary (magazine)|Beyond the Binary]]'', a magazine run by nonbinary people, collected responses from 80 nonbinary people about what kinds of discrimination they have faced for being nonbinary, and said of these,

<blockquote>"There was obvious upset at being written off as a small and unimportant group, especially when there are far more who identify as non-binary in the UK than people realise – though being a minority should not affect what protections marginalised groups are afforded in law. A strong general feeling was that if the government wasn’t aware of specific detriment to non-binary people, they should at least acknowledge the need to fund proper research and seek opinion on a diversity of experiences".<ref name="BeyondBinaryDetriment">"#SpecificDetriment: what you told us." ''Beyond the Binary''. September 19, 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230719111624/https://www.xilo.net/?utm_source=beyondthebinary.co.uk&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=holding/specificdetriment-what-you-told-ushttp:/beyondthebinary.co.uk/specificdetriment-what-you-told-us/]</ref></blockquote>

The magazine's survey found the nonbinary respondants to be unsatisfied with how the Ministry of Justice wasn't taking them seriously, didn't know much about them, and didn't show interest in doing research to become better informed about the issue.

Some of the kinds of discrimination that nonbinary people face for being nonbinary:
* Trouble getting health care. Doctors refused to treat them. Some general practitioners say they can't refer nonbinary people to gender identity clinics. Some had no hope that a gender identity clinic would take them seriously as a nonbinary person. Some gender identity clinics made nonbinary people wait longer than binary trans people in order to get transgender related health care. They face problems with making their medical records accurate. Doctors and health professionals call them by the wrong gender (misgendering), even when asked in writing to do otherwise. Hospital wards divided by sex can leave nonbinary patients feel there is no place for them.<ref name="BeyondBinaryDetriment" />
* Feeling unsafe [[Employment|at work]]. Accepting being closeted and misgendered, out of fear that coming out as nonbinary at work might mean being mistreated there, or being fired. (Unlike binary trans people, there is no way to be "stealth" as a nonbinary person; you're only either closeted or out.) Self-employed nonbinary people are also concerned about how clients might react if they're openly nonbinary.<ref name="BeyondBinaryDetriment" />
* In some regions, anti-discrimination laws protect binary trans people, but not nonbinary people. People who were victims of harassment or violence for being nonbinary sometimes find that police and officials refuse to see it as a transphobic hate crime because they aren't what those officials think of as transgender.<ref name="BeyondBinaryDetriment" />
* Nonbinary people who have an [[androgynous]] [[gender expression]] get turned away from public places that are divided by gender, such as [[clothing]] departments, [[changing rooms]], and [[public toilets]]. This can mean facing harassment or violence from both women's and men's areas. Androgynous people very often suffer street harassment from people speculating about their sex, which can escalate to suffering violence or rape.<ref name="BeyondBinaryDetriment" />
* Organizations that require members to use identification-- such as libraries, schools, banks, businesses, and so on-- often make nonbinary people struggle with limited options for [[Gender neutral titles|titles]] and [[gender markers]], and how these may not match on all their identity documents, such as passports. Nonbinary people can't use any of these services without misgendering themselves, and sometimes the services refuse to take them in any case.<ref name="BeyondBinaryDetriment" />
* Many regions let binary trans people change their gender markers on their identity documents to M or F, but few allow other options. A nonbinary person who gets a physical transition may find themself stuck with identity documents that don't match their appearance or gender identity. Any situation where they need to use their identity documents means facing officials who treat them with suspicion, make them wait, or refuse to serve them.<ref name="BeyondBinaryDetriment" />
* Another form that attaches to feeling unsafe at work is at school as well. Some kids already have a hard time finding themselves, so when they do, it can be hard to accept it. Nonbinary kids have a harder time being accepted by their peers for being them. Some kids can feel left out or discriminated against by other kids who think that they are “pretending”.

==Nonbinary erasure==
''See main article: [[Nonbinary erasure]].''

Nonbinary erasure is the name for a form of discrimination against [[nonbinary]] gender people. Nonbinary erasure is the common but wrong idea that there are only two genders, female and male (the [[binary genders]]). This is a form of [[sexism]] that is harmful to people with non-binary gender identities, because it makes it more difficult for them to get [[recognition|recognized]] as nonbinary. Nonbinary erasure says that only two genders are real, so when non-binary people say they have other genders, other people think they are pretending, joking, or mistaken. Nonbinary erasure makes it difficult for them to imagine what genders other than female or male could be like at all. One specific kind of nonbinary erasure is called binarism, meaning white colonialist discrimination against nonbinary gender roles in minority cultures and ethnic groups.

===Problems===
In a [[gender binary]] culture that has nonbinary erasure, people grow up without hearing that there could be more than two genders. Because of this, nonbinary erasure makes it more difficult for non-binary people to come to the understanding that they are non-binary in the first place.

Nonbinary erasure can show itself as a refusal to acknowledge that someone is non-binary, when asked to do so. If a person refuses to call anyone by any [[pronouns]] other than "he" or "she," this is nonbinary erasure. If an organisation refuses to let paperwork show a non-binary person's preferred [[Gender neutral titles|gender neutral title]] or [[Legal gender|legal gender-neutral markers]], this is nonbinary erasure.

Some cultures are less inclined to nonbinary erasure, because they have [[gender-variant identities worldwide|other gender roles]], for more than two genders. This shows that nonbinary erasure is not a universal way of thought. It isn't the same all around the world. This also shows that it could be possible for people in a culture that has nonbinary erasure to make it less inclined to have nonbinary erasure.

===Solutions===

''See also: [[Activism]].''

There are many kinds of activism that people can take up against nonbinary erasure.

One way to help make nonbinary erasure less powerful is to take up [[Gender neutral language|gender-neutral language]]. That way of talk doesn't give the idea that a person is male or female, so it can also apply to people who identify as other genders, outside of the [[Gender binary|gender binary]]. Non-binary people may prefer to be talked about in ways that don't give the idea that they are male or female.

Another way is to seek [[Recognition|recognition]] for non-binary people in paperwork. Make sure that paperwork doesn't make people label themselves as either male or female. Use letter-writing campaigns and [[Petitions|petitions]] to ask organisations to let people choose [[Gender neutral titles|gender neutral titles]] in their paperwork.

More [[visibility]] of non-binary people can help more people question erasure. Visibility can include [[Nonbinary gender in the media|media coverage]] of real [[Nonbinary celebrities|celebrities]], as well as in [[Fictional depictions of nonbinary gender|fiction]]. Non-binary people can make more visibility on a local scale, starting by [[Coming out|coming out]], and talking to others about their identities. This shows [[binary genders|binary]] people that they live around non-binary people. It also helps other non-binary people feel safer about coming out.

==Binarism==
''See main article: [[Binarism]].''

Binarism is the common but wrong idea that there are only two [[gender]]s, and this idea is put into action in a way that is part of [[ethnicity and culture#Racism and cultural discrimination|racism]], colonialism, and Western imperialism, which are systems of oppression. Binarism is a kind of sexism that makes it unsafe or impossible for people to take up their [[gender-variant identities worldwide|ethnic nonbinary gender roles and identities]]. Binarism forces other cultures and people of color to fit into the white, Western gender binary system.

== Enbyphobia ==
'''Enbyphobia''' (or '''exorsexism''') is a specific form of [[transphobia]] that affects [[nonbinary]] people. It is an ignorant attitude toward nonbinary people that leads to prejudiced actions. <ref>https://beyond-mogai-pride-flags.tumblr.com/post/167039576895/hi-i-just-saw-the-term-enbyphobia-but-i-cant [https://web.archive.org/web/20210317173916/https://beyond-mogai-pride-flags.tumblr.com/post/167039576895/hi-i-just-saw-the-term-enbyphobia-but-i-cant Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>. The term comes from "enby" which is an abbreviation of the word "nonbinary (NB)," and is used as a specifically nonbinary equivalent to 'boy' or 'girl'.

Enbyphobia is prevalent in [[queer]] and [[transgender]] spaces as well. For example, nonbinary people are often told that they should just pick a binary gender or that they aren't part of the community. In addition, the [[gender expression]] of nonbinary people is often expected to be [[androgyny|androgynous]], and expressions of masculinity or femininity is seen as strange and invalid. <ref>https://badapplepie.wordpress.com/2016/10/26/enbyphobia-in-cistrans-spaces/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20210330135403/https://badapplepie.wordpress.com/2016/10/26/enbyphobia-in-cistrans-spaces/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>

== Enbymisogyny ==
'''Enbymisogyny'''<ref>https://nonbinary-feminism.tumblr.com/</ref> also known as '''enbygyny''', is a type of discrimination that is understood as the intersection of [[enbyphobia]] and misogyny as experienced by non-binary people socially categorized as females.

==Related forms of sexism==
[[Sexism]] that discriminates against nonbinary people has some relationship to these other kinds of sexism:
* Oppositional sexism, a way of thought in which female and male are thought of not only as the only two sexes/genders, but as opposites that can only have opposite characteristics, such as "strong" and "weak". An example of this is the fact that many associate the concepts of yin and yang with binary genders, even though their origins came from observations of hills, their shadows, and the relationships between the shadows and the direction of the sun from the observer's location.<ref>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy ~ http://www.iep.utm.edu/yinyang/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20230601225124/https://iep.utm.edu/yinyang/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>
* [[Cissexism]], a way of thought in which only [[cisgender]] people are seen as normal or right. A more actively harmful form of cissexism is transphobia. Cissexism is harmful to all kinds of transgender people, including non-binary people.
* [[Intersex#Dyadism|Dyadism]], the common but wrong idea that there are only two physical sexes. Dyadism is harmful to people who were born with [[intersex]] conditions.
* [[Sexism#Biological essentialism|Biological essentialism]], the idea that your body is the main thing that makes you who you are. It is supposed to define you forever, no matter what you change about yourself, think about yourself, or anything. It says the [[Sex#Assigned Gender At Birth|gender you were assigned at birth]]-- which was decided by a look at your body, as seen through dyadism-- must be your only real gender. Biological essentialism is used to justify most forms of sexism. It is harmful to virtually everyone, of any sex or gender.

==See also==
*[[Gender-variant identities worldwide]]
*[[Ethnicity and culture]]
*[[Bigender]]

==External links==
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people Wikipedia: Discrimination against non-binary people]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Discrimination]]

Discrimination against nonbinary people

2024-05-13T10:01:07Z

Archeolight: /* Enbyphobia */

{{Content warning|specific cases of discrimination, harassment, abuse, and violence}}
[[File:TransGender Equality-Symbol black-and-white.svg|thumb|Transgender equality symbol.]]
'''Discrimination against nonbinary people''', also known as '''exorsexism'''<ref>https://vergess.tumblr.com/post/143919554200/xor-gender-chart [https://web.archive.org/web/20230521021817/https://vergess.tumblr.com/post/143919554200/xor-gender-chart Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>, happens in all countries, and can take many forms. People who have a [[nonbinary]] [[gender identity]] (that is, who don't think of themselves as simply [[female]] or [[male]]) face the sexism that affects all [[transgender]] people ([[cissexism#transphobia|transphobia]] and [[cissexism]]), along with some forms of discrimination that specifically affect nonbinary people, such as '''[[nonbinary erasure]]'''. Depending on their [[ethnicity and culture]], they may also face '''[[binarism]]'''.

==Discrimination==

A 2008 study in the ''National Transgender Discrimination Survey'' showed that genderqueer and other non-binary individuals were more likely to suffer physical assaults (32% vs. 25%), experience police brutality and harassment (31% vs. 21%), and opt out of medical treatment due to discrimination (36% vs. 27%), compared to transgender individuals who identified within the gender binary (i.e., [[transgender men]] and [[transgender women]]). This study also found that they were more likely to be people of color (30% vs. 23%) and younger (under 45) than [[binary genders|binary]] transgender people (89% vs. 68%).<ref>Jack Harrison, Jaime Grant, Jody L. Herman. "A Gender Not Listed Here: Genderqueers, Gender Rebels, and Otherwise in the National Transgender Discrimination Survey." Harvard Kennedy School. ''LGBTQ Policy Journal'' Vol. 2, p. 22. 2011–2012 http://www.thetaskforce.org/downloads/release_materials/agendernotlistedhere.pdf [https://web.archive.org/web/20230520000818/https://www.thetaskforce.org/downloads/release_materials/agendernotlistedhere.pdf Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>

In 2015, a petition asked for the legal [[Recognition (UK)|recognition of nonbinary genders in the United Kingdom]]. The Ministry of Justice refused to grant this, saying:

<blockquote>"The Equality Act 2010 protects people from discrimination if it arises from their being perceived as either male or female. We recognise that a very small number of people consider themselves to be of neither gender. We are not aware that that results in any specific detriment, and it is not Government policy to identify such people for the purpose of issuing non-gender-specific official documents".<ref>https://petition.parliament.uk/petitions/104639 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230405153640/https://petition.parliament.uk/petitions/104639 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref></blockquote>

The Ministry of Justice chose not to recognize nonbinary genders because it believes they are too few, and it believes that they don't face any discrimination. It didn't give proof of either of these views. It said that nonbinary people are not protected under the Equality Act, which was created to protect other kinds of transgender people. In response, many nonbinary people in the UK voiced their objections to this. ''[[Beyond the Binary (magazine)|Beyond the Binary]]'', a magazine run by nonbinary people, collected responses from 80 nonbinary people about what kinds of discrimination they have faced for being nonbinary, and said of these,

<blockquote>"There was obvious upset at being written off as a small and unimportant group, especially when there are far more who identify as non-binary in the UK than people realise – though being a minority should not affect what protections marginalised groups are afforded in law. A strong general feeling was that if the government wasn’t aware of specific detriment to non-binary people, they should at least acknowledge the need to fund proper research and seek opinion on a diversity of experiences".<ref name="BeyondBinaryDetriment">"#SpecificDetriment: what you told us." ''Beyond the Binary''. September 19, 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230719111624/https://www.xilo.net/?utm_source=beyondthebinary.co.uk&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=holding/specificdetriment-what-you-told-ushttp:/beyondthebinary.co.uk/specificdetriment-what-you-told-us/]</ref></blockquote>

The magazine's survey found the nonbinary respondants to be unsatisfied with how the Ministry of Justice wasn't taking them seriously, didn't know much about them, and didn't show interest in doing research to become better informed about the issue.

Some of the kinds of discrimination that nonbinary people face for being nonbinary:
* Trouble getting health care. Doctors refused to treat them. Some general practitioners say they can't refer nonbinary people to gender identity clinics. Some had no hope that a gender identity clinic would take them seriously as a nonbinary person. Some gender identity clinics made nonbinary people wait longer than binary trans people in order to get transgender related health care. They face problems with making their medical records accurate. Doctors and health professionals call them by the wrong gender (misgendering), even when asked in writing to do otherwise. Hospital wards divided by sex can leave nonbinary patients feel there is no place for them.<ref name="BeyondBinaryDetriment" />
* Feeling unsafe [[Employment|at work]]. Accepting being closeted and misgendered, out of fear that coming out as nonbinary at work might mean being mistreated there, or being fired. (Unlike binary trans people, there is no way to be "stealth" as a nonbinary person; you're only either closeted or out.) Self-employed nonbinary people are also concerned about how clients might react if they're openly nonbinary.<ref name="BeyondBinaryDetriment" />
* In some regions, anti-discrimination laws protect binary trans people, but not nonbinary people. People who were victims of harassment or violence for being nonbinary sometimes find that police and officials refuse to see it as a transphobic hate crime because they aren't what those officials think of as transgender.<ref name="BeyondBinaryDetriment" />
* Nonbinary people who have an [[androgynous]] [[gender expression]] get turned away from public places that are divided by gender, such as [[clothing]] departments, [[changing rooms]], and [[public toilets]]. This can mean facing harassment or violence from both women's and men's areas. Androgynous people very often suffer street harassment from people speculating about their sex, which can escalate to suffering violence or rape.<ref name="BeyondBinaryDetriment" />
* Organizations that require members to use identification-- such as libraries, schools, banks, businesses, and so on-- often make nonbinary people struggle with limited options for [[Gender neutral titles|titles]] and [[gender markers]], and how these may not match on all their identity documents, such as passports. Nonbinary people can't use any of these services without misgendering themselves, and sometimes the services refuse to take them in any case.<ref name="BeyondBinaryDetriment" />
* Many regions let binary trans people change their gender markers on their identity documents to M or F, but few allow other options. A nonbinary person who gets a physical transition may find themself stuck with identity documents that don't match their appearance or gender identity. Any situation where they need to use their identity documents means facing officials who treat them with suspicion, make them wait, or refuse to serve them.<ref name="BeyondBinaryDetriment" />
* Another form that attaches to feeling unsafe at work is at school as well. Some kids already have a hard time finding themselves, so when they do, it can be hard to accept it. Nonbinary kids have a harder time being accepted by their peers for being them. Some kids can feel left out or discriminated against by other kids who think that they are “pretending”.

==Nonbinary erasure==
''See main article: [[Nonbinary erasure]].''

Nonbinary erasure is the name for a form of discrimination against [[nonbinary]] gender people. Nonbinary erasure is the common but wrong idea that there are only two genders, female and male (the [[binary genders]]). This is a form of [[sexism]] that is harmful to people with non-binary gender identities, because it makes it more difficult for them to get [[recognition|recognized]] as nonbinary. Nonbinary erasure says that only two genders are real, so when non-binary people say they have other genders, other people think they are pretending, joking, or mistaken. Nonbinary erasure makes it difficult for them to imagine what genders other than female or male could be like at all. One specific kind of nonbinary erasure is called binarism, meaning white colonialist discrimination against nonbinary gender roles in minority cultures and ethnic groups.

===Problems===
In a [[gender binary]] culture that has nonbinary erasure, people grow up without hearing that there could be more than two genders. Because of this, nonbinary erasure makes it more difficult for non-binary people to come to the understanding that they are non-binary in the first place.

Nonbinary erasure can show itself as a refusal to acknowledge that someone is non-binary, when asked to do so. If a person refuses to call anyone by any [[pronouns]] other than "he" or "she," this is nonbinary erasure. If an organisation refuses to let paperwork show a non-binary person's preferred [[Gender neutral titles|gender neutral title]] or [[Legal gender|legal gender-neutral markers]], this is nonbinary erasure.

Some cultures are less inclined to nonbinary erasure, because they have [[gender-variant identities worldwide|other gender roles]], for more than two genders. This shows that nonbinary erasure is not a universal way of thought. It isn't the same all around the world. This also shows that it could be possible for people in a culture that has nonbinary erasure to make it less inclined to have nonbinary erasure.

===Solutions===

''See also: [[Activism]].''

There are many kinds of activism that people can take up against nonbinary erasure.

One way to help make nonbinary erasure less powerful is to take up [[Gender neutral language|gender-neutral language]]. That way of talk doesn't give the idea that a person is male or female, so it can also apply to people who identify as other genders, outside of the [[Gender binary|gender binary]]. Non-binary people may prefer to be talked about in ways that don't give the idea that they are male or female.

Another way is to seek [[Recognition|recognition]] for non-binary people in paperwork. Make sure that paperwork doesn't make people label themselves as either male or female. Use letter-writing campaigns and [[Petitions|petitions]] to ask organisations to let people choose [[Gender neutral titles|gender neutral titles]] in their paperwork.

More [[visibility]] of non-binary people can help more people question erasure. Visibility can include [[Nonbinary gender in the media|media coverage]] of real [[Nonbinary celebrities|celebrities]], as well as in [[Fictional depictions of nonbinary gender|fiction]]. Non-binary people can make more visibility on a local scale, starting by [[Coming out|coming out]], and talking to others about their identities. This shows [[binary genders|binary]] people that they live around non-binary people. It also helps other non-binary people feel safer about coming out.

==Binarism==
''See main article: [[Binarism]].''

Binarism is the common but wrong idea that there are only two [[gender]]s, and this idea is put into action in a way that is part of [[ethnicity and culture#Racism and cultural discrimination|racism]], colonialism, and Western imperialism, which are systems of oppression. Binarism is a kind of sexism that makes it unsafe or impossible for people to take up their [[gender-variant identities worldwide|ethnic nonbinary gender roles and identities]]. Binarism forces other cultures and people of color to fit into the white, Western gender binary system.

== Enbyphobia ==
'''Enbyphobia''' (or '''exorsexism''') is a specific form of [[transphobia]] that affects [[nonbinary]] people. It is an ignorant attitude toward nonbinary people that leads to prejudiced actions. <ref>https://beyond-mogai-pride-flags.tumblr.com/post/167039576895/hi-i-just-saw-the-term-enbyphobia-but-i-cant [https://web.archive.org/web/20210317173916/https://beyond-mogai-pride-flags.tumblr.com/post/167039576895/hi-i-just-saw-the-term-enbyphobia-but-i-cant Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>. The term comes from "enby" which is an abbreviation of the word "nonbinary (NB)," and is used as a specifically nonbinary equivalent to 'boy' or 'girl'.

Enbyphobia is prevalent in [[queer]] and [[transgender]] spaces as well. For example, nonbinary people are often told that they should just pick a binary gender or that they aren't part of the community. In addition, the [[gender expression]] of nonbinary people is often expected to be [[androgyny|androgynous]], and expressions of masculinity or femininity is seen as strange and invalid. <ref>https://badapplepie.wordpress.com/2016/10/26/enbyphobia-in-cistrans-spaces/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20210330135403/https://badapplepie.wordpress.com/2016/10/26/enbyphobia-in-cistrans-spaces/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>

== Enbyphobia ==
'''Enbymisogyny'''<ref>https://nonbinary-feminism.tumblr.com/</ref> also known as '''enbygyny''', is a type of discrimination that is understood as the intersection of [[enbyphobia]] and misogyny as experienced by non-binary people socially categorized as females.

==Related forms of sexism==
[[Sexism]] that discriminates against nonbinary people has some relationship to these other kinds of sexism:
* Oppositional sexism, a way of thought in which female and male are thought of not only as the only two sexes/genders, but as opposites that can only have opposite characteristics, such as "strong" and "weak". An example of this is the fact that many associate the concepts of yin and yang with binary genders, even though their origins came from observations of hills, their shadows, and the relationships between the shadows and the direction of the sun from the observer's location.<ref>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy ~ http://www.iep.utm.edu/yinyang/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20230601225124/https://iep.utm.edu/yinyang/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>
* [[Cissexism]], a way of thought in which only [[cisgender]] people are seen as normal or right. A more actively harmful form of cissexism is transphobia. Cissexism is harmful to all kinds of transgender people, including non-binary people.
* [[Intersex#Dyadism|Dyadism]], the common but wrong idea that there are only two physical sexes. Dyadism is harmful to people who were born with [[intersex]] conditions.
* [[Sexism#Biological essentialism|Biological essentialism]], the idea that your body is the main thing that makes you who you are. It is supposed to define you forever, no matter what you change about yourself, think about yourself, or anything. It says the [[Sex#Assigned Gender At Birth|gender you were assigned at birth]]-- which was decided by a look at your body, as seen through dyadism-- must be your only real gender. Biological essentialism is used to justify most forms of sexism. It is harmful to virtually everyone, of any sex or gender.

==See also==
*[[Gender-variant identities worldwide]]
*[[Ethnicity and culture]]
*[[Bigender]]

==External links==
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people Wikipedia: Discrimination against non-binary people]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Discrimination]]