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Gender neutral language in Portuguese

2025-04-14T08:16:13Z

Yunan:

{{stub}}{{Template:Gender neutral language}}
The vast majority of Portuguese words have one of two grammatical genders: the feminine or the masculine. As such, Portuguese is not a gender-neutral language. Expressions such as "obrigado" or "obrigada" change based on your gender. Sometimes, words with the masculine form are seen as the default. Adjectives like "alto" and "alta" change based on gender as well. Many people use an 'e' ending, such as "obrigade". The creation and implementation of gender neutral terms in the Portuguese language aims to make non-binary people feel included.
It is important to note that, in Portuguese, there’s a distinction between '''gender-neutral language''' and '''inclusive language'''. Though the two overlap in some aspects, the latter makes use of already existing binary terms and its main goal is to include both men and women in conversations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politize.com.br/linguagem-inclusiva-e-linguagem-neutra-entenda/|title=Linguagem inclusiva e linguagem neutra: entenda a diferença!|last=Folter|first=Regiane|date=9 March 2021|website=politize!|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Inclusive language and neutral language: understand the difference!|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704235358/https://www.politize.com.br/linguagem-inclusiva-e-linguagem-neutra-entenda/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> It comes as a response to the way Portuguese uses the masculine to encompass the feminine. This can be seen, for example, when groups are referred to with the masculine and plural form of a noun even when they’re not made-up exclusively of men.

{| class="wikitable"
|+How the sentence "good night, everyone!" is traditionally said and what each category of language suggests as an alternative:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.speakingbrazilian.com/post/neutral|title=Gender-Neutral Language in Brazilian Portuguese|last=Langhammer|first=Virginia|date=2021-11-02|website=Speaking Brazilian|language=en|access-date=2022-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404042634/https://www.speakingbrazilian.com/post/neutral|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!Common language
!Gender-neutral language
!Inclusive language
|-
| rowspan="2" |Boa noite a todos!
|Boa noite a todes!
|Boa noite a todos e todas!
|-
| colspan="2" |Boa noite a todos, todas e todes!
|-
| colspan="3" |Boa noite a todas as pessoas!
|-
| colspan="3" |Boa noite a todo mundo!
|}

This article will focus on '''gender neutral Portuguese language'''. While, in Portuguese, non-living things are also attributed a gender, that is not meant to change with the use of neutral language. The sentence "my chair is purple" would still be said like "a minha cadeira é roxa," in which ''cadeira'' is still a feminine noun and the article ''a'', the possessive pronoun ''minha'' and the adjective ''roxa'' are also feminine. Moreover, words like ''pessoa'' ("person"), which are gendered but used to refer to anyone regardless of gender, remain the same and gender agreement is still expected in sentences that use them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dezanove.pt/sistema-elu-linguagem-neutra-em-genero-1317469|title=Sistema Elu, Linguagem Neutra em Género|last=Valente|first=Pedro|date=13 April 2020|website=dezanove|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Elu System, Language Neutral in Gender|access-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520042942/https://dezanove.pt/sistema-elu-linguagem-neutra-em-genero-1317469|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

Gender-neutral neologisms are known as ''neolinguagem'' (neolanguage), though that term also includes modified words that are not universally gender neutral.<ref>{{Cite web |title=» Guia pró-neolinguagem de linguagem neutra universal |url=https://orientando.org/guia-de-linguagem-neutra-universal/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |language=pt-BR|trans-title=Pro-neolanguage guide to universal neutral language}}</ref>

==Language sets==
There are two established ways of representing language sets in the Portuguese language. The first one, ''ela/dela'' follows the same format as the English "she/her," however, it is very incomplete. In Portuguese, word endings indicate gender, so the format ''ela/dela/-a'' was suggested as an alternative. Though this format is more complete than the previous one, it has been criticized. Some of the criticisms are that it doesn't take the particularities of the Portuguese language into account; that the other elements in the language that indicate gender, like articles and demonstrative pronouns, should also be declared and that article and word ending choice are unrelated to pronoun choice. For these reasons, the recommended representation is ''a/ela/a'', which follows the format article/pronoun/word ending.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amplifi.casa/~/Asterismos/motivos-para-n%C3%A3o-usar-pronome-d-pronome-como-indica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-conjuntos-de-linguagem|title=Motivos para não usar "pronome/d[pronome]" como indicação de conjuntos de linguagem|date=20 September 2019|website=Amplifi.casa|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Reasons not to use "pronoun/d[pronoun]" as an indication of language sets|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307205909/http://amplifi.casa/~/Asterismos/motivos-para-n%C3%A3o-usar-pronome-d-pronome-como-indica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-conjuntos-de-linguagem/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> An even more complete version of this format would be ''a/uma/da/ela/dela/minha/essa/a''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forum.orientando.org/thread-225.html|title=expansão do sistema artigo/pronome/final de palavra?|date=23 May 2018|website=Fórum Orientando|access-date=21 June 2021|language=Portuguese|trans-title=expansion of the article/pronoun/word ending system?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526212632/https://forum.orientando.org/thread-225.html|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> Note that, because pronouns aren't the only language elements that indicate gender in Portuguese, some people suggest calling these sets '''language sets''' instead of '''pronoun sets'''.

===Articles===
In Portuguese, there are two types of articles: '''definite articles''' - ''a'', ''o'', ''as'', ''os'' (equivalent to the English "the") - and '''indefinite articles''' - ''uma'', ''um'', ''umas'', ''uns'' (equivalent to the English "a" and "an") - all of which are gendered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/determiners-definite-and-indefinite-articles/|title=Definite and Indefinite Articles|website=Practice Portuguese|access-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905172255/https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/determiners-definite-and-indefinite-articles/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+The definite articles ''a'' and ''o'' compared to neutral alternatives:<ref name="SetTester">{{Cite web|url=https://orientando.org/conjuntos/avancado/|title=Testador de conjuntos: Modo avançado|website=Orientando|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Set tester: Advanced mode|type=Language set tester, containing a number of neutral language elements|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615143929/https://orientando.org/conjuntos/avancado/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!a/o
!ae
!el
!fi
!i
!u
!ê
!le
|-
|a/o estudante
|ae estudante
|el estudante
|fi estudante
|i estudante
|u estudante
|ê estudante
|le estudante
|}
There are many other alternatives, though '''''ê''''' is, by far, the most used one. As for indefinite articles, these depend on the word ending that was chosen.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Articles affected by word ending:<ref name="SetTester" />
!Word ending
!a
!ae
!e
!eo
!o
!oa
|-
|''um'' + word ending
|uma(s)
|umae(s)
|ume(s)
|umeo(s)
|umo(s)
|umoa(s)
|}

===Pronouns===
In Portuguese, there are two standard personal pronouns for the third person singular and two for the third person plural. ''Ela'' is equivalent to the English "she" and ''ele'' is equivalent to the English "he," while ''elas'' and ''eles'' are both equivalent to the English plural "they." Portuguese-speaking non-binary people who don't feel comfortable with these have had to come up with neopronouns, along with its contractions.

{| class="wikitable"
|+''Ela'' and ''ele'' compared to some Portuguese neopronouns:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://identidades.wikia.org/pt-br/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o-bin%C3%A1ria_ou_neutra|title=Linguagem não-binária ou neutra|last=Lobo|first=Cari|last2=Gaigaia|first2=V.|website=wikia|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Non-binary or neutral language|others=Revised by Kumiho Lim|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025071357/http://identidades.wikia.org/pt-br/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o-bin%C3%A1ria_ou_neutra|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronome_neutro_de_terceira_pessoa#Portugu%C3%AAs|title=Pronome neutro de terceira pessoa|website=Wikipedia|access-date=21 June 2021|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Neutral third person pronoun|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605221819/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronome_neutro_de_terceira_pessoa|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orientando.org/listas/tipos-de-linguagem/|title=Elementos de conjuntos de linguagem|website=orientando|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Elements of sets of language|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606023545/https://orientando.org/listas/tipos-de-linguagem/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_Portuguese|title=Gender neutrality in Portuguese|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2022-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306013844/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_Portuguese|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!ela/e(s)
!ael(s)
!el(s)
!el@(s)*
!elu(s)
!elx(s)*
!ile(s)
!ilu(s)
!êla(s)
!ilo(s)
!ila(s)
!elo(s)
|-
|dela/e(s)
|dael(s)
|del(s)
|del@(s)
|delu(s)
|delx(s)
|dile(s)
|dilu(s)
|dêla(s)
|dilo(s)
|dila(s)
|delo(s)
|-
|nela/e(s)
|nael(s)
|nel(s)
|nel@(s)
|nelu(s)
|nelx(s)
|nile(s)
|nilu(s)
|nêla(s)
|nilo(s)
|nila(s)
|nelo(s)
|-
|aquela/e(s)
|aquael(s)
|aquel(s)
|aquel@(s)
| aquelu(s)
|aquelx(s)
|aquile(s)
|aquilu(s)
|aquêla(s)
|aquilo(s)
|aquila(s)
|aquelo(s)
|-
|daquela/e(s)
| daquael(s)
|daquel(s)
|daquel@(s)
|daquelu(s)
|daquelx(s)
|daquile(s)
|daquilu(s)
|daquêla(s)
|daquilo(s)
|daquila(s)
|daquelo(s)
|-
|naquela/e(s)
|naquael(s)
|naquel(s)
|naquel@(s)
|naquelu(s)
|naquelx(s)
|naquile(s)
|naquilu(s)
|naquêla(s)
|naquilo(s)
|naquila(s)
|naquelo(s)
|-
|àquela/e(s)
|àquael(s)
|àquel(s)
| àquel@(s)
|àquelu(s)
|àquelx(s)
|àquile(s)
|àquilu(s)
|àquêla(s)
|àquilo(s)
|àquila(s)
|àquelo(s)
|-
|praquela/e(s)
|praquael(s)
|praquel(s)
|praquel@(s)
|praquelu(s)
|praquelx(s)
|praquile(s)
|praquilus(s)
|praquêla(s)
|praquilos(s)
|praquilas(s)
|praquelo(s)
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>The use of these sets has been increasingly discouraged for the following reasons: they aren't convenient for people who use screen readers; they can be hard to read for people with dyslexia and they aren't orally pronounceable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orgulhogay.pt/neutralidade-de-genero-na-lingua-portuguesa/|title=NEUTRALIDADE DE GÉNERO NA LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA|date=17 October 2019|website=ORGULHO GAY|language=Portuguese|trans-title=GENDER NEUTRALITY IN THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331091237/https://orgulhogay.pt/neutralidade-de-genero-na-lingua-portuguesa/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

The most well known and most used Portuguese neopronoun is '''''elu'''''. Its use is encouraged, mainly because it fits in with the pronouns ''ela'' ("she") and ''ele'' ("he") and it is easily pronounceable. Some people pronounce it as "élu", while others pronounce it as "êlu". A third option is saying "elú".

Some pronouns can depend on the word ending chosen by the user. While each pronoun, typically, has a word ending tied to it, using concordant language is not mandatory. Someone may use the word ending ''eo'' while using the pronoun ''ile'', for example.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Pronouns that can be affected by word ending:<ref name="SetTester" />
!Word ending
!a
!ae
! colspan="2" |eo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/neolinguagem|title=Archived profile for neolinguagem on Instagram|website=Ghostarchive}}</ref>
! colspan="3" |o
! colspan="3" |u
!ue
! colspan="2" |e
!oa
|-
|''est'' + word ending
|esta(s)
|estae(s)
| colspan="2" |esteo(s)
| colspan="3" |esto(s)
| colspan="3" |estu(s)
|estue(s)
|este(s)
|iste(s)
|estoa(s)
|-
|''ess'' + word ending
|essa(s)
|essae(s)
| colspan="2" |esseo(s)
| colspan="3" |esso(s)
| colspan="3" |essu(s)
|essue(s)
|esse(s)
|isse(s)
|essoa(s)
|-
|''mi'' or ''minh'' + word ending
|minha(s)
|minhae(s)
|minheo(s)
| colspan="2" |meo(s)
|minho(s)
| colspan="2" |meu(s)
|minhu(s)
| colspan="2" |mue(s)
| colspan="2" |minhe(s)
|minhoa(s)
|-
|''tu'' + word ending
|tua(s)
|tuae(s)
|tueo(s)
| colspan="2" |teo(s)
|tuo(s)
| colspan="2" |teu(s)
| colspan="2" |tu(s)
| colspan="2" |tue(s)
|tui(s)
|tuoa(s)
|-
|''su'' or ''su'' + word ending
|sua(s)
|suae(s)
|sueo(s)
| colspan="2" |seo(s)
|suo(s)
| colspan="2" |seu(s)
| colspan="2" |su(s)
| colspan="2" |sue(s)
|sui(s)
|suoa(s)
|}
The pronouns ''esta'' and ''essa'' can follow one of two paths when being converted to neutral forms. '''''Est/ess'' + word ending''' or '''letters of personal pronoun before consonant + ''st/ss'' + letters of personal pronoun after consonant'''. The latter only works if the personal pronoun has a consonant in the middle, so it'd work for ''ilu'' and ''ile'' (''issu/istu'' and ''isse/iste'') but not for ael (''aess/aest''), for example.<ref>https://diversidades.fandom.com/pt-br/wiki/Neopronome</ref>

===Word endings===
In the Portuguese language, the ending of a word typically indicates gender. For this reason, the vast majority of words have two forms: the masculine and the feminine. Feminine words end in ''a'', while masculine words end in ''o''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|title=The Gender of Portuguese Words|website=Practice Portuguese|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719185109/https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> The word "friend," a noun, can translate to ''amiga'' or ''amigo''. The same rule applies to adjectives, however, so "tall" can translate to either ''alta'' or ''alto''. Moreover, adjectives and nouns are expected to agree in gender. Some non-binary people use more than one word ending and may not mind that non-concordant language is used when referring to them, like in the sentence ''ae'' "''meu amiga é bonito''". New word endings were created to accommodate people who don't feel comfortable with either of the standard word endings.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Word endings ''a'' and ''o'' compared to neutral alternatives:<ref name="SetTester" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.pronouns.page/dicionario|title=Dicionário de linguagem neutra|website=Pronouns.page|language=pt|trans-title=Neutral language dictionary|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530212655/https://pt.pronouns.page/dicionario|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o_sexista|title=Linguagem não sexista|website=Wikipédia|language=pt|trans-title=Non-sexist language|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605221452/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o_sexista|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!a/o
!ae
!e
!eo
!ie
!u
!y
!oa
|-
|menina/o
|meninae
|menine
|menineo
|meninie
|meninu
|meniny
|meninoa
|-
|parceira/o
|parceirae
|parceire
|parceireo
|parceirie
|parceiru
|parceiry
|parceiroa
|-
|companheira/o
|companheirae
|companheire
|companheireo
|companheirie
|companheiru
|companheiry
|companheiroa
|-
|adulta/o
|adultae
|adulte
|adulteo
|adultie
|adultu
|adulty
|adultoa
|-
|aluna/o
|alunae
|alune
|aluneo
|alunie
|alunu
|aluny
|alunoa
|-
|ambígua/o
|ambíguae
|ambígue
|ambígueo
|ambíguie
|ambígu
|ambíguy
|ambíguoa
|-
|amiga/o
|amigae
|amigue
|amigueo
|amiguie
|amigu
|amiguy
|amigoa
|-
|feia/o
|feiae
|feie
|feieo
|feie
|feiu
|feiy
|feioa
|-
|dona/o
|donae
|done
|doneo
|donie
|donu
|dony
|donoa
|-
|convidada/o
|convidadae
|convidade
|convidadeo
|convidadie
|convidadu
|convidady
|convidadoa
|-
|brasileira/o
|brasileirae
|brasileire
|brasileireo
|brasileirie
|brasileiru
|brasileiry
|brasileiroa
|-
|garota/o
|garotae
|garote
|garoteo
|garotie
|garotu
|garoty
|garotoa
|-
|estrangeira/o
|estrangeirae
|estrangeire
|estrangeireo
|estrangeirie
|estrangeiru
|estrangeiry
|estrangeiroa
|-
|moça/o
|moçae
|moce
|moceo
|mocie
|moçu
|mocy
|moçoa
|-
|menina/o
|meninae
|menine
|menineo
|meninie
|meninu
|meniny
|meninoa
|-
|solteira/o
|solteirae
|solteire
|solteireo
|solteirie
|solteiru
|solteiry
|solteiroa
|-
|prima/o
|primae
|prime
|primeo
|primie
|primu
|primy
|primoa
|-
|namorada/o
|namoradae
|namorade
|namoradeo
|namoradie
|namoradu
|namorady
|namoradoa
|-
|política/o
|políticae
|polítique
|polítiqueo
|polítiquie
|políticu
|polítiquy
|políticoa
|-
|psicóloga/o
|psicólogae
|psicólogue
|psicólogueo
|psicóloguie
|psicólogu
|psicóloguy
|psicólogoa
|-
|veterana/o
|veteranae
|veterane
|veteraneo
|veteranie
|veteranu
|veterany
|veteranoa
|-
|zagueira/o
|zagueirae
|zagueire
|zagueireo
|zagueirie
|zagueiru
|zagueiry
|zagueiroa
|-
|usuária/o
|usuáriae
|usuárie
|usuárieo
|usuárie
|usuáriu
|usuáriy
|usuárioa
|-
|noiva/o
|noivae
|noive
|noiveo
|noivie
|noivu
|noiviy
|noivoa
|-
|obrigada/o
|obrigadae
|obrigade
|obrigadeo
|obrigadie
|obrigadu
|obrigady
|obrigadoa
|-
|secretária/o
|secretáriae
|secretárie
|secretárieo
|secretárie
|secretáriu
|secretáriy
|secretárioa
|-
|fogosa/o
|fogosae
|fogosie
|fogoseo
|fogose
|fogosu
|fogosy
|fogosoa
|}
In words like -osa/-oso, as in fogosa, the pronunciation changes. -oso would be -ôso and -osa would be -ósa. That way, some prefer the markedness and may pronounce ''fogose'' as ''fogóse''.<ref>https://bloguealternative.wordpress.com/neolinguagem/ [https://amplifi.casa/~/Asterismos/dicas-para-escrever-sem-linguagem-espec%C3%ADfica/]</ref> While others might still pronounce it as in the unspecific or generic, so ''fogôse''. There is a proposal to use -u- in cases that the -o- varies in pronounce (-ó-/-ô-).<ref>https://orientando.org/neolinguagem/neoflexoes/</ref> So that would means ''foguse'' is a third alternative. That also extends to other words, such as ''nuvie'' (novo/nova) and ''sugre'' (sogra/sogro).

Some words, such as anthropo-heteronyms, are also inflected in the beginning, examples and proposals below.<ref>https://bloguealternative.wordpress.com/lista-de-neologismos/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/7546402/mod_resource/content/1/Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20para%20todas%2C%20todos%20e%20todes_UnB.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-08-02 |archive-date=2023-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803002337/https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/7546402/mod_resource/content/1/Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20para%20todas%2C%20todos%20e%20todes_UnB.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://repository.ufrpe.br/bitstream/123456789/3756/1/tcc_art_enildavaleriagomesmarinho.pdf</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|madrinha/padrinho
| colspan="2" |nadrinhe
| colspan="2" |xadrinhe
|adrinhe
|fadrinhe
|badrinhe
|zadrinhe
|-
|madre/padre
| colspan="2" |nadre
| colspan="2" |xadre
|adre
|fadre
|badre
|zadre
|-
|madrasta/padrasto
| colspan="2" |nadraste
| colspan="2" |xadraste
|adraste
|fadraste
|badraste
|zadraste
|-
|matriarca/patriarca
| colspan="2" |natriarca
| colspan="2" |xatriarca
|atriarca
|fadriarca
|batriarca
|zatriarca
|-
|maternidade/paternidade
| colspan="2" |naternidade
| colspan="2" |xaternidade
|aternidade
|faternidade
|baternidade
|zaternidade
|-
|mãe/pai
|nãe/nam/nai
| colspan="2" |pãe/mai
|xãe/xai
| colspan="3" |ade
|zazi
|}

==See also ==
*[[Glossary of Brazilian Portuguese gender and sex terminology]]
*[[Glossary of European Portuguese gender and sex terminology]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://orientando.org/conjuntos/ Set tester]

[[Category:Gender neutral language]]

Gender neutral language in Portuguese

2025-04-14T08:06:14Z

Yunan: expanding

{{stub}}{{Template:Gender neutral language}}
The vast majority of Portuguese words have one of two grammatical genders: the feminine or the masculine. As such, Portuguese is not a gender-neutral language. Expressions such as "obrigado" or "obrigada" change based on your gender. Sometimes, words with the masculine form are seen as the default. Adjectives like "alto" and "alta" change based on gender as well. Many people use an 'e' ending, such as "obrigade". The creation and implementation of gender neutral terms in the Portuguese language aims to make non-binary people feel included.
It is important to note that, in Portuguese, there’s a distinction between '''gender-neutral language''' and '''inclusive language'''. Though the two overlap in some aspects, the latter makes use of already existing binary terms and its main goal is to include both men and women in conversations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politize.com.br/linguagem-inclusiva-e-linguagem-neutra-entenda/|title=Linguagem inclusiva e linguagem neutra: entenda a diferença!|last=Folter|first=Regiane|date=9 March 2021|website=politize!|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Inclusive language and neutral language: understand the difference!|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704235358/https://www.politize.com.br/linguagem-inclusiva-e-linguagem-neutra-entenda/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> It comes as a response to the way Portuguese uses the masculine to encompass the feminine. This can be seen, for example, when groups are referred to with the masculine and plural form of a noun even when they’re not made-up exclusively of men.

{| class="wikitable"
|+How the sentence "good night, everyone!" is traditionally said and what each category of language suggests as an alternative:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.speakingbrazilian.com/post/neutral|title=Gender-Neutral Language in Brazilian Portuguese|last=Langhammer|first=Virginia|date=2021-11-02|website=Speaking Brazilian|language=en|access-date=2022-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404042634/https://www.speakingbrazilian.com/post/neutral|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!Common language
!Gender-neutral language
!Inclusive language
|-
| rowspan="2" |Boa noite a todos!
|Boa noite a todes!
|Boa noite a todos e todas!
|-
| colspan="2" |Boa noite a todos, todas e todes!
|-
| colspan="3" |Boa noite a todas as pessoas!
|-
| colspan="3" |Boa noite a todo mundo!
|}

This article will focus on '''gender neutral Portuguese language'''. While, in Portuguese, non-living things are also attributed a gender, that is not meant to change with the use of neutral language. The sentence "my chair is purple" would still be said like "a minha cadeira é roxa," in which ''cadeira'' is still a feminine noun and the article ''a'', the possessive pronoun ''minha'' and the adjective ''roxa'' are also feminine. Moreover, words like ''pessoa'' ("person"), which are gendered but used to refer to anyone regardless of gender, remain the same and gender agreement is still expected in sentences that use them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dezanove.pt/sistema-elu-linguagem-neutra-em-genero-1317469|title=Sistema Elu, Linguagem Neutra em Género|last=Valente|first=Pedro|date=13 April 2020|website=dezanove|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Elu System, Language Neutral in Gender|access-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520042942/https://dezanove.pt/sistema-elu-linguagem-neutra-em-genero-1317469|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

Gender-neutral neologisms are known as ''neolinguagem'' (neolanguage), though that term also includes modified words that are not universally gender neutral.<ref>{{Cite web |title=» Guia pró-neolinguagem de linguagem neutra universal |url=https://orientando.org/guia-de-linguagem-neutra-universal/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |language=pt-BR|trans-title=Pro-neolanguage guide to universal neutral language}}</ref>

==Language sets==
There are two established ways of representing language sets in the Portuguese language. The first one, ''ela/dela'' follows the same format as the English "she/her," however, it is very incomplete. In Portuguese, word endings indicate gender, so the format ''ela/dela/-a'' was suggested as an alternative. Though this format is more complete than the previous one, it has been criticized. Some of the criticisms are that it doesn't take the particularities of the Portuguese language into account; that the other elements in the language that indicate gender, like articles and demonstrative pronouns, should also be declared and that article and word ending choice are unrelated to pronoun choice. For these reasons, the recommended representation is ''a/ela/a'', which follows the format article/pronoun/word ending.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amplifi.casa/~/Asterismos/motivos-para-n%C3%A3o-usar-pronome-d-pronome-como-indica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-conjuntos-de-linguagem|title=Motivos para não usar "pronome/d[pronome]" como indicação de conjuntos de linguagem|date=20 September 2019|website=Amplifi.casa|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Reasons not to use "pronoun/d[pronoun]" as an indication of language sets|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307205909/http://amplifi.casa/~/Asterismos/motivos-para-n%C3%A3o-usar-pronome-d-pronome-como-indica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-conjuntos-de-linguagem/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> An even more complete version of this format would be ''a/uma/da/ela/dela/minha/essa/a''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forum.orientando.org/thread-225.html|title=expansão do sistema artigo/pronome/final de palavra?|date=23 May 2018|website=Fórum Orientando|access-date=21 June 2021|language=Portuguese|trans-title=expansion of the article/pronoun/word ending system?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526212632/https://forum.orientando.org/thread-225.html|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> Note that, because pronouns aren't the only language elements that indicate gender in Portuguese, some people suggest calling these sets '''language sets''' instead of '''pronoun sets'''.

===Articles===
In Portuguese, there are two types of articles: '''definite articles''' - ''a'', ''o'', ''as'', ''os'' (equivalent to the English "the") - and '''indefinite articles''' - ''uma'', ''um'', ''umas'', ''uns'' (equivalent to the English "a" and "an") - all of which are gendered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/determiners-definite-and-indefinite-articles/|title=Definite and Indefinite Articles|website=Practice Portuguese|access-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905172255/https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/determiners-definite-and-indefinite-articles/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+The definite articles ''a'' and ''o'' compared to neutral alternatives:<ref name="SetTester">{{Cite web|url=https://orientando.org/conjuntos/avancado/|title=Testador de conjuntos: Modo avançado|website=Orientando|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Set tester: Advanced mode|type=Language set tester, containing a number of neutral language elements|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615143929/https://orientando.org/conjuntos/avancado/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!a/o
!ae
!el
!fi
!i
!u
!ê
!le
|-
|a/o estudante
|ae estudante
|el estudante
|fi estudante
|i estudante
|u estudante
|ê estudante
|le estudante
|}
There are many other alternatives, though '''''ê''''' is, by far, the most used one. As for indefinite articles, these depend on the word ending that was chosen.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Articles affected by word ending:<ref name="SetTester" />
!Word ending
!a
!ae
!e
!eo
!o
!oa
|-
|''um'' + word ending
|uma(s)
|umae(s)
|ume(s)
|umeo(s)
|umo(s)
|umoa(s)
|}

===Pronouns===
In Portuguese, there are two standard personal pronouns for the third person singular and two for the third person plural. ''Ela'' is equivalent to the English "she" and ''ele'' is equivalent to the English "he," while ''elas'' and ''eles'' are both equivalent to the English plural "they." Portuguese-speaking non-binary people who don't feel comfortable with these have had to come up with neopronouns, along with its contractions.

{| class="wikitable"
|+''Ela'' and ''ele'' compared to some Portuguese neopronouns:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://identidades.wikia.org/pt-br/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o-bin%C3%A1ria_ou_neutra|title=Linguagem não-binária ou neutra|last=Lobo|first=Cari|last2=Gaigaia|first2=V.|website=wikia|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Non-binary or neutral language|others=Revised by Kumiho Lim|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025071357/http://identidades.wikia.org/pt-br/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o-bin%C3%A1ria_ou_neutra|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronome_neutro_de_terceira_pessoa#Portugu%C3%AAs|title=Pronome neutro de terceira pessoa|website=Wikipedia|access-date=21 June 2021|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Neutral third person pronoun|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605221819/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronome_neutro_de_terceira_pessoa|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orientando.org/listas/tipos-de-linguagem/|title=Elementos de conjuntos de linguagem|website=orientando|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Elements of sets of language|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606023545/https://orientando.org/listas/tipos-de-linguagem/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_Portuguese|title=Gender neutrality in Portuguese|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2022-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306013844/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_Portuguese|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!ela/e(s)
!ael(s)
!el(s)
!el@(s)*
!elu(s)
!elx(s)*
!ile(s)
!ilu(s)
!êla(s)
!ilo(s)
!ila(s)
!elo(s)
|-
|dela/e(s)
|dael(s)
|del(s)
|del@(s)
|delu(s)
|delx(s)
|dile(s)
|dilu(s)
|dêla(s)
|dilo(s)
|dila(s)
|delo(s)
|-
|nela/e(s)
|nael(s)
|nel(s)
|nel@(s)
|nelu(s)
|nelx(s)
|nile(s)
|nilu(s)
|nêla(s)
|nilo(s)
|nila(s)
|nelo(s)
|-
|aquela/e(s)
|aquael(s)
|aquel(s)
|aquel@(s)
| aquelu(s)
|aquelx(s)
|aquile(s)
|aquilu(s)
|aquêla(s)
|aquilo(s)
|aquila(s)
|aquelo(s)
|-
|daquela/e(s)
| daquael(s)
|daquel(s)
|daquel@(s)
|daquelu(s)
|daquelx(s)
|daquile(s)
|daquilu(s)
|daquêla(s)
|daquilo(s)
|daquila(s)
|daquelo(s)
|-
|naquela/e(s)
|naquael(s)
|naquel(s)
|naquel@(s)
|naquelu(s)
|naquelx(s)
|naquile(s)
|naquilu(s)
|naquêla(s)
|naquilo(s)
|naquila(s)
|naquelo(s)
|-
|àquela/e(s)
|àquael(s)
|àquel(s)
| àquel@(s)
|àquelu(s)
|àquelx(s)
|àquile(s)
|àquilu(s)
|àquêla(s)
|àquilo(s)
|àquila(s)
|àquelo(s)
|-
|praquela/e(s)
|praquael(s)
|praquel(s)
|praquel@(s)
|praquelu(s)
|praquelx(s)
|praquile(s)
|praquilus(s)
|praquêla(s)
|praquilos(s)
|praquilas(s)
|praquelo(s)
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>The use of these sets has been increasingly discouraged for the following reasons: they aren't convenient for people who use screen readers; they can be hard to read for people with dyslexia and they aren't orally pronounceable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orgulhogay.pt/neutralidade-de-genero-na-lingua-portuguesa/|title=NEUTRALIDADE DE GÉNERO NA LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA|date=17 October 2019|website=ORGULHO GAY|language=Portuguese|trans-title=GENDER NEUTRALITY IN THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331091237/https://orgulhogay.pt/neutralidade-de-genero-na-lingua-portuguesa/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

The most well known and most used Portuguese neopronoun is '''''elu'''''. Its use is encouraged, mainly because it fits in with the pronouns ''ela'' ("she") and ''ele'' ("he") and it is easily pronounceable. Some people pronounce it as "élu", while others pronounce it as "êlu". A third option is saying "elú".

Some pronouns can depend on the word ending chosen by the user. While each pronoun, typically, has a word ending tied to it, using concordant language is not mandatory. Someone may use the word ending ''eo'' while using the pronoun ''ile'', for example.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Pronouns that can be affected by word ending:<ref name="SetTester" />
!Word ending
!a
!ae
! colspan="2" |eo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/neolinguagem|title=Archived profile for neolinguagem on Instagram|website=Ghostarchive}}</ref>
! colspan="3" |o
! colspan="3" |u
!ue
! colspan="2" |e
!oa
|-
|''est'' + word ending
|esta(s)
|estae(s)
| colspan="2" |esteo(s)
| colspan="3" |esto(s)
| colspan="3" |estu(s)
|estue(s)
|este(s)
|iste(s)
|estoa(s)
|-
|''ess'' + word ending
|essa(s)
|essae(s)
| colspan="2" |esseo(s)
| colspan="3" |esso(s)
| colspan="3" |essu(s)
|essue(s)
|esse(s)
|isse(s)
|essoa(s)
|-
|''mi'' or ''minh'' + word ending
|minha(s)
|minhae(s)
|minheo(s)
| colspan="2" |meo(s)
|minho(s)
| colspan="2" |meu(s)
|minhu(s)
| colspan="2" |mue(s)
| colspan="2" |minhe(s)
|minhoa(s)
|-
|''tu'' + word ending
|tua(s)
|tuae(s)
|tueo(s)
| colspan="2" |teo(s)
|tuo(s)
| colspan="2" |teu(s)
| colspan="2" |tu(s)
| colspan="2" |tue(s)
|tui(s)
|tuoa(s)
|-
|''su'' or ''su'' + word ending
|sua(s)
|suae(s)
|sueo(s)
| colspan="2" |seo(s)
|suo(s)
| colspan="2" |seu(s)
| colspan="2" |su(s)
| colspan="2" |sue(s)
|sui(s)
|suoa(s)
|}
The pronouns ''esta'' and ''essa'' can follow one of two paths when being converted to neutral forms. '''''Est/ess'' + word ending''' or '''letters of personal pronoun before consonant + ''st/ss'' + letters of personal pronoun after consonant'''. The latter only works if the personal pronoun has a consonant in the middle, so it'd work for ''ilu'' and ''ile'' (''issu/istu'' and ''isse/iste'') but not for ael (''aess/aest''), for example.<ref>https://diversidades.fandom.com/pt-br/wiki/Neopronome</ref>

===Word endings===
In the Portuguese language, the ending of a word typically indicates gender. For this reason, the vast majority of words have two forms: the masculine and the feminine. Feminine words end in ''a'', while masculine words end in ''o''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|title=The Gender of Portuguese Words|website=Practice Portuguese|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719185109/https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> The word "friend," a noun, can translate to ''amiga'' or ''amigo''. The same rule applies to adjectives, however, so "tall" can translate to either ''alta'' or ''alto''. Moreover, adjectives and nouns are expected to agree in gender. Some non-binary people use more than one word ending and may not mind that non-concordant language is used when referring to them, like in the sentence ''ae'' "''meu amiga é bonito''". New word endings were created to accommodate people who don't feel comfortable with either of the standard word endings.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Word endings ''a'' and ''o'' compared to neutral alternatives:<ref name="SetTester" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.pronouns.page/dicionario|title=Dicionário de linguagem neutra|website=Pronouns.page|language=pt|trans-title=Neutral language dictionary|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530212655/https://pt.pronouns.page/dicionario|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o_sexista|title=Linguagem não sexista|website=Wikipédia|language=pt|trans-title=Non-sexist language|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605221452/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o_sexista|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!a/o
!ae
!e
!eo
!ie
!u
!y
!oa
|-
|menina/o
|meninae
|menine
|menineo
|meninie
|meninu
|meniny
|meninoa
|-
|parceira/o
|parceirae
|parceire
|parceireo
|parceirie
|parceiru
|parceiry
|parceiroa
|-
|companheira/o
|companheirae
|companheire
|companheireo
|companheirie
|companheiru
|companheiry
|companheiroa
|-
|adulta/o
|adultae
|adulte
|adulteo
|adultie
|adultu
|adulty
|adultoa
|-
|aluna/o
|alunae
|alune
|aluneo
|alunie
|alunu
|aluny
|alunoa
|-
|ambígua/o
|ambíguae
|ambígue
|ambígueo
|ambíguie
|ambígu
|ambíguy
|ambíguoa
|-
|amiga/o
|amigae
|amigue
|amigueo
|amiguie
|amigu
|amiguy
|amigoa
|-
|feia/o
|feiae
|feie
|feieo
|feie
|feiu
|feiy
|feioa
|-
|dona/o
|donae
|done
|doneo
|donie
|donu
|dony
|donoa
|-
|convidada/o
|convidadae
|convidade
|convidadeo
|convidadie
|convidadu
|convidady
|convidadoa
|-
|brasileira/o
|brasileirae
|brasileire
|brasileireo
|brasileirie
|brasileiru
|brasileiry
|brasileiroa
|-
|garota/o
|garotae
|garote
|garoteo
|garotie
|garotu
|garoty
|garotoa
|-
|estrangeira/o
|estrangeirae
|estrangeire
|estrangeireo
|estrangeirie
|estrangeiru
|estrangeiry
|estrangeiroa
|-
|moça/o
|moçae
|moce
|moceo
|mocie
|moçu
|mocy
|moçoa
|-
|menina/o
|meninae
|menine
|menineo
|meninie
|meninu
|meniny
|meninoa
|-
|solteira/o
|solteirae
|solteire
|solteireo
|solteirie
|solteiru
|solteiry
|solteiroa
|-
|prima/o
|primae
|prime
|primeo
|primie
|primu
|primy
|primoa
|-
|namorada/o
|namoradae
|namorade
|namoradeo
|namoradie
|namoradu
|namorady
|namoradoa
|-
|política/o
|políticae
|polítique
|polítiqueo
|polítiquie
|políticu
|polítiquy
|políticoa
|-
|psicóloga/o
|psicólogae
|psicólogue
|psicólogueo
|psicóloguie
|psicólogu
|psicóloguy
|psicólogoa
|-
|veterana/o
|veteranae
|veterane
|veteraneo
|veteranie
|veteranu
|veterany
|veteranoa
|-
|zagueira/o
|zagueirae
|zagueire
|zagueireo
|zagueirie
|zagueiru
|zagueiry
|zagueiroa
|-
|usuária/o
|usuáriae
|usuárie
|usuárieo
|usuárie
|usuáriu
|usuáriy
|usuárioa
|-
|noiva/o
|noivae
|noive
|noiveo
|noivie
|noivu
|noiviy
|noivoa
|-
|obrigada/o
|obrigadae
|obrigade
|obrigadeo
|obrigadie
|obrigadu
|obrigady
|obrigadoa
|-
|secretária/o
|secretáriae
|secretárie
|secretárieo
|secretárie
|secretáriu
|secretáriy
|secretárioa
|-
|fogosa/o
|fogosae
|fogosie
|fogoseo
|fogose
|fogosu
|fogosy
|fogosoa
|}
In words like -osa/-oso, as in fogosa, the pronunciation changes. -oso would be -ôso and -osa would be -ósa. That way, some prefer the markedness and may pronounce fogose as fogóse.<ref>https://bloguealternative.wordpress.com/neolinguagem/ [https://amplifi.casa/~/Asterismos/dicas-para-escrever-sem-linguagem-espec%C3%ADfica/]</ref> While others might still pronounce it as in the unspecific or generic, so fogôse.

Some words, such as anthropo-heteronyms, are also inflected in the beginning, examples and proposals below.<ref>https://bloguealternative.wordpress.com/lista-de-neologismos/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/7546402/mod_resource/content/1/Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20para%20todas%2C%20todos%20e%20todes_UnB.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-08-02 |archive-date=2023-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803002337/https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/7546402/mod_resource/content/1/Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20para%20todas%2C%20todos%20e%20todes_UnB.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://repository.ufrpe.br/bitstream/123456789/3756/1/tcc_art_enildavaleriagomesmarinho.pdf</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|madrinha/padrinho
| colspan="2" |nadrinhe
| colspan="2" |xadrinhe
|adrinhe
|fadrinhe
|badrinhe
|zadrinhe
|-
|madre/padre
| colspan="2" |nadre
| colspan="2" |xadre
|adre
|fadre
|badre
|zadre
|-
|madrasta/padrasto
| colspan="2" |nadraste
| colspan="2" |xadraste
|adraste
|fadraste
|badraste
|zadraste
|-
|matriarca/patriarca
| colspan="2" |natriarca
| colspan="2" |xatriarca
|atriarca
|fadriarca
|batriarca
|zatriarca
|-
|maternidade/paternidade
| colspan="2" |naternidade
| colspan="2" |xaternidade
|aternidade
|faternidade
|baternidade
|zaternidade
|-
|mãe/pai
|nãe/nam/nai
| colspan="2" |pãe/mai
|xãe/xai
| colspan="3" |ade
|zazi
|}

==See also ==
*[[Glossary of Brazilian Portuguese gender and sex terminology]]
*[[Glossary of European Portuguese gender and sex terminology]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://orientando.org/conjuntos/ Set tester]

[[Category:Gender neutral language]]

Gender neutral titles

2024-10-06T06:34:05Z

Yunan: /* De/Dᵉ */ that archived reference was dead; none was saved; replaced with existing archive

{{featured article}}
{{Side list
|title = Most used titles
|content =
# No title (33%)
# Mx (31.3%)
# Mr (8.7%)
# Ms (4.7%)
# Miss (3.1%)
# Ind (3%)

Data provided by the 2019 Gender Census.<ref name="Census2018"/>
}}
A '''gender neutral title''' is an alternative to the gendered honorifics Miss, Mrs, Ms and Mr, Mt/Mm for people who don't fit the [[gender binary]] and therefore don't feel that a gendered title fits their identity. It is used in formal situations when it is inappropriate to refer to someone by their first or last name only. However, there are quite a lot of people who would prefer to never be referred to with a title. In the 2019 Gender Census, 33% of respondents didn't want to use a title for themselves.<ref name="Census2018" />

For the most part, gender neutral titles without qualification/career connotations are not recognised by the general public or businesses/organisations. Activists and supporters are working toward awareness and acceptance of alternative titles. The generally accepted gender neutral titles are associated with qualifications and careers, such as Dr (Doctor) and Rev (Reverend).

For some nonbinary folk, being referred to with a gendered title can trigger [[gender dysphoria]].

==Changing your title==

===United Kingdom===

A Deed Poll can be used to change your name and your title free of charge, if you can get two witnesses together - however if you are only changing your title, there may be no need for this.

The Deed Poll Service notes that “There's no need to follow any formal procedure (such as executing a Deed Poll) if you only wish to change your title. You simply need to start using your new title and notify all the record holders that you have changed it.”[http://www.deedpoll.org.uk/AreThereAnyRestrictionsOnNames.html#Section3.6] The UK Deed Poll Service also offer the gender-inclusive title Mx.<ref>''[http://mxactivist.tumblr.com/mxevidence The Growing Use of Mx as a Gender-inclusive Title in the UK]'', captured August 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211221025245/https://mxactivist.tumblr.com/mxevidence Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>

A Statutory Declaration of title change can be drawn up and presented to a regular solicitor to witness/sign for a cost of approximately £10.00 (this usually includes a couple of legal copies); having the solicitor draw the document up for you may incur a much higher cost (£70.00+). You do not usually need to make an appointment for this service as the process only takes a few minutes.

There is, however, no need to use a paid service to create a Deed Poll. "DIY" versions are just as valid.

A Deed Poll firmly demonstrates your commitment to your chosen gender when you apply to the government's Gender Recognition Panel. However, if you already have a Gender Recognition Certificate (GRC) you do not need a deed poll to switch your name as your GRC is proof for governmental bodies (i.e. passport office). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ukdeedpolloffice.org/transgender-name-changes/|title=Transgender Name Changing Services By UK Deed Poll Office|website=The UK Deed Poll Office|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604175503/https://www.ukdeedpolloffice.org/transgender-name-changes/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

==List of nonbinary/gender neutral titles==
Here follows an alphabetical list of gender-neutral or specifically nonbinary titles that are alternatives to Mr. and Ms.

===De/Dᵉ===

A proposed neutral title pronounced "done".<ref name="GenderJargon">{{cite web|url=https://gender-resource.tumblr.com/post/614501061766627328/gender-jargon-transgender-gnc-and-imoga-terms|title=Gender Jargon: Transgender, GNC and IMOGA Terms (April 2020)|date= 4 April 2020|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=http://archive.today/2021.12.11-011013/https://gender-resource.tumblr.com/post/614501061766627328/gender-jargon-transgender-gnc-and-imoga-terms|archive-date=11 December 2021|first=|last=Gent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pronoun-archive.tumblr.com/post/183716297071/mrs-mistress-feminine-female-mr-master|title=pronoun-archive: Honorifics|date= 21 August 2018|access-date=6 October 2024|archive-url=https://archive.is/Lwl1G|archive-date=6 October 2024|last=arco-pluris|type=reblog}}</ref>

===Div===

'''How to use:''' Div. Sam Smith; Div. Smith.

'''Pronunciation:'''

'''History:'''

'''Meaning:''' Short for "Individual".<ref name="Ind-Coin">{{cite web|author=Torin Unrealisk (minimalistfish)|title=Ind. as a gender neutral title?|date=15 February 2014|work=A Glorious Abscence of Gender| url=http://minimalistfish.tumblr.com/post/76750503799/ind-as-a-gender-neutral-title|archive-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229064400/https://minimalistfish.tumblr.com/post/76750503799/ind-as-a-gender-neutral-title}}</ref>

===Fren===
'''How to use:''' Use like sir or ma'am. (Example: Excuse me, '''fren''', I think you left your notebook on this table.)

'''Pronunciation:''' Pronounced ''fren'' (IPA: fɹɛn) or ''friend'' without the -d ending.

'''History and meaning:''' Shortened form of "friend" and used colloquially, both as a phonological variant of "friend" and as a diminutive of the word.

===Ind===

'''How to use:''' Ind. Sam Smith; Ind. Smith.

'''Pronunciation:''' "ind" (IPA: ˌɪnd) or "individual".

'''History:''' The Ind title was coined by Torin "MinimalistFish" Unrealisk in early 2014, a [[genderless]] individual who goes by the Ind title. Unrealisk proposed it in a post to a social blogging website, Tumblr.<ref>Conversation thread between Orion Scribner (frameacloud) and Torin Unrealisk (minimalistfish). 2014-11-12. <i>A Glorious Abscence of Gender</i> (personal blog). Torin Unrealisk. [http://minimalistfish.tumblr.com/post/102483931685/torin-unrealisk-thank-you-for-what-you-wrote-about-the http://minimalistfish.tumblr.com/post/102483931685/torin-unrealisk-thank-you-for-what-you-wrote-about-the]{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Or archive: [http://frameacloud.tumblr.com/post/102488535511/torin-unrealisk-thank-you-for-what-you-wrote-about-the http://frameacloud.tumblr.com/post/102488535511/torin-unrealisk-thank-you-for-what-you-wrote-about-the]{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

'''Meaning:''' According to the one who coined it, Ind is short for "Individual". This title may be more appropriate for those who do not feel "mixed gender" implied titles meets their gender-neutral standards. Ind was designed to be entirely free of gender, thus making it an attractive option for [[agender]] and [[gender nonconforming]] individuals. For more information, see [https://web.archive.org/web/20191229064400/https://minimalistfish.tumblr.com/post/76750503799/ind-as-a-gender-neutral-title the post in which it was coined].<ref name="Ind-Coin" />

'''Use:''' In the 2019 Gender Census, Ind was chosen by 3% respondents.<ref name="Census2018">''[https://gendercensus.tumblr.com/post/183832246805/gender-census-2019-the-full-report-worldwide Gender Census 2019 - The Full Report (Worldwide)]'', April 2019 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230525010935/https://gendercensus.tumblr.com/post/183832246805/gender-census-2019-the-full-report-worldwide Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>

===M===

'''How to use:''' M Smith; M. Smith.

'''Pronunciation:''' Pronounced ''em'' (IPA: ɛm), like the name of the letter M.

'''Meaning:''' Meant to be a neutral title that is not based off "mixing" binary genders. Based on the gendered titles Mr and Ms, just without the second letter.

'''Examples of use:''' In science fiction by Dan Simmons, ''Hyperion Cantos,'' all adult humans go by the title M.<ref>http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/FantasticHonorifics [https://web.archive.org/web/20230421080451/https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/FantasticHonorifics Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>

'''Similar-looking titles:''' One potential problem with the neutral title "M" is confusion with the French title "M." short for "Monsieur," which is masculine, not neutral. [http://epochryphal.tumblr.com/post/27562258920/hmmmm-so-i-know-m-stands-for-monsieur-en][http://epochryphal.tumblr.com/post/37860057313/delvinappterrace-replied-to-your-post-today-i] It can also be confused for a first initial.

'''Use:''' In the 2019 Gender Census, M was chosen by 0.2% of the respondents.<ref name="Census2018"/>

=== M* ===

'''How to use:''' M* Sam Smith; M* Smith.

'''Pronunciation:''' miss-star

'''History:''' M* (alternatively "M⭐" or "Mstr") was coined in May 2018 by Osiesaur (tumblr user owlsofstarlight).<ref name="owls">{{Cite web |title=Can't sleep so have the gender shitpost my brain is thinking about instead |author=owlsofstarlight |work=Writing Volcano |date=22 May 2019 |access-date=11 July 2020 |url= https://owlsofstarlight.tumblr.com/post/185055185526/cant-sleep-so-have-the-gender-shitpost-my-brain|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221025244/https://owlsofstarlight.tumblr.com/post/185055185526/cant-sleep-so-have-the-gender-shitpost-my-brain |archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref>

=== Mg ===
'''How to use:''' Mg. Smith.

'''Pronunciation:''' "mage" (IPA: / meɪd͡ʒ /) or "magis" (IPA: / ˈmæd͡ʒɪs /)

'''History and meaning:''' From Latin ''magister'', whence ''mister'' and ''mistress'' are descended from. The “mage” pronunciation was proposed and popularized in a post by Tumblr user apolloendymion on May 15th, 2024<ref>apolloendymion (15 May, 2024). Blog post. https://www.tumblr.com/apolloendymion/750765254114508800/benefits-of-mg-easy-to-pronounce-even-for. Retrieved 20 June, 2024.</ref>, though Mg. with the pronunciation "magis" has also been proposed as far back as March 26th, 2021.<ref>Z Demir (26 March 2021). Quora reply. https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-non-binary-alternative-to-MS-or-Mr. Retrieved 20 June 2024.</ref>
=== Mir ===
'''How to use:''' Mir Sam Smith; Mir Smith.

'''Pronunciation:''' Pronounced like "mer" in merlin (IPA: / mɜr /).

'''History and meaning:''' Blend of honorifics Miss and Mr, or Sir and Madam. In use from at least 2017.<ref name=":0">[https://genderqueeries.tumblr.com/titles] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230612130812/https://genderqueeries.tumblr.com/titles Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref><ref name=":0" />

'''Use:''' In the 2019 Gender Census, Mir was chosen by less than 0.1% of respondents.<ref name="Census2018" />

===Misc===

'''How to use:''' Misc Sam Smith; Misc Smith.

'''Pronunciation:''' Pronounced "misk" (IPA: mɪsk).

'''History and meaning:''' The roots of the word miscellaneous comes from the Latin *miscellus*, meaning “mixed,” following the rationale that a lot of [[nonbinary]] people would say that they have aspects of various genders at various times. [http://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/3015181250/a-gender-neutral-title-misc First known mention] in January 2011.

'''Use:''' In the 2019 Gender Census, Misc was chosen by less than 0.1% of respondents.<ref name="Census2018"/>

===Mre===

'''How to use:''' Mre. Smith.

'''Pronunciation:''' Pronounced ''mystery'' or ''misstree''.

'''History and meaning:''' A play on nonbinary gender often being perceived as "mysterious." One potential problem is that it contains the "mister" and "miss" sounds in the beginning. In 2001, Liz Menzel wrote, "As Mr. is short for Mister, and Mrs. was once short for Mistress, how about Mre., for 'Mistree' (or I suppose for 'mystery,' for those who demand their spelling)."<ref>{{cite web|work=Æther Lumina|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310125817/http://aetherlumina.com/gnp/references.html|archive-date=10 March 2007|title=References & Related Realms|url=http://aetherlumina.com/gnp/references.html}}</ref>

'''Use:''' In the 2019 Gender Census, Mre was chosen by less than 0.1% of respondents.<ref name="Census2018"/>

===Msr===

'''How to use:''' Msr Smith.

'''Pronunciation:''' Pronounced ''misser''.<ref name=":1">http://genderqueeries.tumblr.com/titles [https://web.archive.org/web/20230612130812/https://genderqueeries.tumblr.com/titles Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>

'''Use:''' In the 2019 Gender Census, Msr was chosen by less than 0.1% of respondents.<ref name="Census2018"/>

===Mt/Mm (Mistrum)===

'''How to use:''' Mt. Smith / Mm. Smith

'''Pronunciation:''' Pronounced ''misstruhm'' (IPA: mɪstɹʌm)

'''History and Meaning:''' From Latin's ''magister'', whence ''mister'' and ''mistress'', with the neuter ending -trum related to the suffix -ter, the masculine -tor, and the feminine -trix.<ref>'[https://www.reddit.com/r/whatstheword/comments/jhodsn/comment/ga18pey/ "WTW for a gender-neutral sir/ma'am"]', comment on Reddit post, 25 October 2020. [https://archive.ph/aPHMz Archive], captured 24 August 2022.</ref> However, top search results also point to ''mistrum'' in Early Middle English, where it meant ''scant'' or ''poor''.

===Mx===

''For more information, see main article: [[Mx]].''

'''How to use:''' Mx Sam Smith; Mx Smith.

'''History:''' It's not yet known who created the Mx title, when, or what their original intentions were. There is anecdotal evidence that someone went by this title "in about 1965,"<ref>Cassian Lotte Lodge (cassolotl). "Mx has been around since the 1960s." November 26, 2014. Blog post. [http://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/103645470405 http://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/103645470405] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230519033811/http://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/103645470405 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref><ref>octopus8. November 18, 2014. Comment on news article. [http://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2014/nov/17/rbs-bank-that-likes-to-say-mx#comment-43834815 http://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2014/nov/17/rbs-bank-that-likes-to-say-mx#comment-43834815] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230509012340/https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2014/nov/17/rbs-bank-that-likes-to-say-mx Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> and the earliest known recorded mention of the Mx title was in 1977.<ref>{{cite tweet|date=4 May 2015|author=Practical Androgyny|user=PractiAndrogyny|number=595329679789260801|title=The text of the 1977 Single Parent magazine article that coins Mx|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IgwdAQAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCNsc83001271&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Mx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518102048/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IgwdAQAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCNsc83001271&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Mx|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref> [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IgwdAQAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCNsc83001271&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Mx ''The Single Parent'', vol 20.]</ref> The earliest recorded mention of the Mx title on the Internet was in 1982, and the earliest person found on the Internet earnestly and actively using Mx as their title was in 1998.<ref>Nat Titman, "When was the Mx gender-inclusive title created?" August 28, 2014. ''Practical Androgyny.'' [http://practicalandrogyny.com/2014/08/28/when-was-the-mx-gender-inclusive-title-created/ http://practicalandrogyny.com/2014/08/28/when-was-the-mx-gender-inclusive-title-created/] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230216171134/https://practicalandrogyny.com/2014/08/28/when-was-the-mx-gender-inclusive-title-created/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> People began using Mx more often starting around 2000.<ref>Cassian Lotte Lodge, "The growing use of Mx as a gender-inclusive title in the UK." Version 2.5. May 9, 2015. [http://mxactivist.tumblr.com/post/118514708025 http://mxactivist.tumblr.com/post/118514708025] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220328233924/https://mxactivist.tumblr.com/post/118514708025 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> In 2015, assistant editor of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) Jonathan Dent said that they are considering putting Mx into the OED,<ref>Loulla-Mae Eleftheriou-Smith, "Gender neutral honorific Mx 'to be included' in the Oxford English Dictionary alongside Mr, Ms and Mrs and Miss." May 3, 2015. ''The Independent''. [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/gender-neutral-honorific-mx-to-be-included-in-the-oxford-english-dictionary-alongside-mr-ms-and-mrs-and-miss-10222287.html http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/gender-neutral-honorific-mx-to-be-included-in-the-oxford-english-dictionary-alongside-mr-ms-and-mrs-and-miss-10222287.html] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230317113849/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/gender-neutral-honorific-mx-to-be-included-in-the-oxford-english-dictionary-alongside-mr-ms-and-mrs-and-miss-10222287.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref><ref>Mary Papenfuss, "Oxford Dictionary may include gender-neutral honorific 'Mx'." May 5, 2015. ''International Business Times.'' [http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/oxford-dictionary-may-include-gender-neutral-honorific-mx-1499626 http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/oxford-dictionary-may-include-gender-neutral-honorific-mx-1499626] [https://web.archive.org/web/20221213084021/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/oxford-dictionary-may-include-gender-neutral-honorific-mx-1499626 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> and it was added in August 2015.<ref>''[http://www.out.com/news-opinion/2015/8/27/gender-neutral-title-mx-added-oxford-english-dictionary Gender-Neutral Title Mx Added to Oxford English Dictionary]'', out.com, 27th August 2015. Captured April 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085532/https://www.out.com/news-opinion/2015/8/27/gender-neutral-title-mx-added-oxford-english-dictionary Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>

'''Pronunciation:''' There are several different pronunciations of Mx, including muks (IPA: məks or mʌks), mix, em ex, mixter,<ref>Cassian Lotte Lodge, "On the pronunciation of Mx." November 27, 2014. Blog post. [http://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/103744029100 http://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/103744029100] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230519033731/http://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/103744029100 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>, or mixture.<ref>"Beyond the binary question twenty three." July 8, 2013. Blog post. [https://cnlester.wordpress.com/2013/07/08/beyond-the-binary-question-twenty-three/ https://cnlester.wordpress.com/2013/07/08/beyond-the-binary-question-twenty-three/] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230519101217/http://cnlester.wordpress.com/2013/07/08/beyond-the-binary-question-twenty-three/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> A 2014 survey of 118 people found the most popular pronunciations in the UK was "məks" (by 43%), and worldwide was "mix" (42%).<ref>Cassian Lotte Lodge, "On the pronunciation of Mx." November 27, 2014. Blog post. [http://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/103744029100 http://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/103744029100] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230519033731/http://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/103744029100 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>

'''Meaning:''' The ''x'' acts as a wild card, taking the usual title format of Mr and Ms, and putting in an ''x'' to remove the gender in the title.

'''Popularity:''' In the 2019 Gender Census, Mx was chosen by 31.3% of respondents.<ref name="Census2018"/> As the result of nonbinary activists asking companies to offer the Mx title as an option in paperwork, this option is becoming more widely available and well-established. As of February 2015, "31 major and respected companies, organisations and governmental departments in the UK" have been shown to give this option.<ref>Cassian Lotte Lodge (mxactivist). "There’s a new UK Mx evidence PDF up." February 6, 2015. Blog post. [http://mxactivist.tumblr.com/post/110248930295 http://mxactivist.tumblr.com/post/110248930295] [https://web.archive.org/web/20211221025246/https://mxactivist.tumblr.com/post/110248930295 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>

===Mv===
A proposed title specifically for addressing a [[maverique]] person.<ref name="GenderJargon" />

===Myr===

Myr (or myr) was used as a gender neutral title, honorific, and proper noun in science fiction books by David Marusek. Its plural form is myren.<ref>{{cite web|author=cicadacicada|date=2011|title='New' Gender-neutral title.|url=http://cicadacicada.tumblr.com/post/13856770096/new-gender-neutral-title|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216135308/https://cicadacicada.tumblr.com/post/13856770096/new-gender-neutral-title|archive-date=16 December 2019}}</ref>

Myr was also independently coined by Osiesaur (tumblr user owlsofstarlight) in May 2019, and given the pronunciation "myster".<ref name="owls" />

'''Use:''' In the 2019 Gender Census, Myr was chosen by less than 0.1% of respondents. <ref name="Census2018"/>

=== Myth ===
'''How to use:''' Myth. Drea Doe

'''Pronunciation:''' "myth"

'''Meaning:''' Short for "mythical", as in "The Myth, the Legend"

=== Mys ===
'''How to use:''' Mys. Hikaru Utada; Mys. Utada.

'''Pronunciation:''' "mis"

'''Meaning:''' Short for "mystery".

'''History:''' Coined by J-pop singer [[Utada Hikaru]], who would come out as non-binary a few days later, in a 2021 Instagram post.<ref>Utada, Hikaru (June 18, 2021). [https://www.instagram.com/p/CQQil30pg34/ "I'm sick of being asked if I'm 'Miss or Missus' or choosing between 'Miss/Mrs/Ms' for everyday things"]. [[Instagram]]. Retrieved on October 26, 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220107230627/https://www.instagram.com/p/CQQil30pg34/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>

=== Mzr ===
'''How to use:''' Mzr. Jones

'''Pronunciation:''' ''Mezzir''

'''Use:''' A variation on Msr.

=== '''Nb''' ===
'''How to use:''' Nb. Hammond

'''Pronunciation: "'''En-bee" Just say the letters 'N' and 'B'

'''Meaning:''' This title stands for non-binary.

'''History:''' The acronym came before the word "enby."

'''Rationale:''' There are many reasons a non-binary person may "come out" publicly. Some of us choose to do so in an effort to normalize gender diversity. The word "enby" was coined as a result of the pronunciation of the acronym "NB" for "non-binary," just like "okay" followed "OK." Like many other titles, such as "Mx." or "Ind.," this title serves as a mechanism to educate folks about the existence of a non-binary gender spectrum. It is natural to identify ourselves using the word which was coined for our sake.

'''Example:''' How was your day Nb. Hammond?

===Pr===

'''How to use:''' Pr Smith.

'''Pronunciation:''' The title Pr is pronounced "per" (IPA, UK: pɜː(ɹ), US: pɝ)

'''Meaning:''' It is intended as an abbreviation of "person". (source needed)

'''Examples of use:''' One written record of its use as a genderless title is from 2001, in a press complaint by non-gendered activist Pr [[Christie Elan-Cane]].<ref>"Pr Christie Elan-Cane v Woman's Own about Accuracy." January 31, 2001. [http://presscomplaints.org/case/3431/ http://presscomplaints.org/case/3431/] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180904215750/http://presscomplaints.org/case/3431/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>

'''Similar-looking titles:''' Pr. is also the title given to a Christian pastor.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastor [https://web.archive.org/web/20230305221722/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastor Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>

'''Use:''' In the 2019 Gender Census, Pr was chosen by less than 0.1% of respondents.<ref name="Census2018"/>

===Sai===

Sai. In ''The Dark Tower,'' the title "Sai" is a gender neutral title, the equivalent Mr or Ms, as well as the honorifics sir or ma'am.

'''Pronunciation:''' The title Sai is pronounced "sigh".

'''Use:''' In the 2019 Gender Census, Sai was chosen by less than 0.1% of respondents.<ref name="Census2018" />

===Ser===

'''Pronunciation:''' Pronounced ''sair'', to rhyme with ''hair''.

'''History and meaning (as a gender-neutral title):''' Used as a gender-neutral version of "Sir" in works of fiction such as Greg Bear's ''The Way'' novels, and the ''Dragon Age'' series of video games.

'''Similar-looking titles:''' While the title "Ser" is hundreds of years old, and has been used in a lot of media, it does not always mean the same thing, and is not gender-neutral in all cases. It's also not always equivalent to Mr or Ms, and may imply that a person has a specific profession or status. In the 1400s, "Ser" was "an honorific title usually given to notaries."<ref>Girolamo Savonarola, ''A guide to righteous living and other works.'' p. 149. </ref> In the seventeenth century in Tuscany, "Ser" was one of the titles given to physicians, and thus equivalent to "Doctor".<ref>David Gentilcore, ''Healers and healing in early modern Italy.'' p. 58.</ref> In Game of Thrones, "Ser" is the title given to knights, who are mostly male except in the case of Ser Brienne of Tarth.<ref>"Knighthood." ''Game of Thrones Wiki.'' http://gameofthrones.wikia.com/wiki/Knighthood [https://web.archive.org/web/20221221235549/http://gameofthrones.wikia.com/wiki/Knighthood Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> Many examples of fiction use Ser, but they don't all use it to mean the same thing, as can be seen in [http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/FantasticHonorifics TV Tropes's article about Ser and other unusual honorifics in fiction]. "Ser" is also not to be confused with a similar title, "Sr," meaning "sister," the title given to a Catholic nun.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_honorifics [https://web.archive.org/web/20230707183202/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_honorifics Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>

'''Use:''' In the 2019 Gender Census, Ser was chosen by 0.1% of respondents.<ref name="Census2018"/>

=== Tiz ===
'''How to use:''' Use like sir or ma'am. (Example: Excuse me, '''tiz''', I think you left your notebook on this table.)

'''Pronunciation:''' Pronounced ''tizz'', to rhyme with ''fizz''

'''History and meaning:''' Short form of citizen. (ci '''tiz''' en).

===Vx===
'''How to use:''' Vx. Doe

A derivative of "Mx," this title appears to have been coined and primarily seen adoption on the Fediverse.

===Zr===
'''How to use:''' Zr. Smith

'''Pronunciation:''' Pronounced ''zeester''

'''History and meaning:''' Invented by Alex Kapitan in 2007.

'''Use:''' The Zr. title is used by activist/educator [[Alex Kapitan]].

==See Also==
* [[Pronouns]]

===External Links===
*[http://genderqueeries.tumblr.com/titles Gender Queeries: Gender Neutral / Queer Titles]
*[http://genderqueerintheuk.wordpress.com/misc-or-mx-a-gender-neutral-title/ Genderqueer in the UK: Misc, or Mix: A Gender-neutral Title]
*[http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/FantasticHonorifics TV Tropes: Fantastic Honorifics]. On unusual titles and honorifics in fiction, only some of which are gender-neutral.
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_neutral_title Wikipedia: Gender neutral title]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Gender neutral language]]

Gender neutral language in Portuguese

2024-06-23T03:49:44Z

Yunan: /* Word endings */

{{stub}}{{Template:Gender neutral language}}
The vast majority of Portuguese words have one of two grammatical genders: the feminine or the masculine. The creation and implementation of gender neutral terms in the Portuguese language aims to make non-binary people feel included.
It is important to note that, in Portuguese, there’s a distinction between '''gender-neutral language''' and '''inclusive language'''. Though the two overlap in some aspects, the latter makes use of already existing binary terms and its main goal is to include both men and women in conversations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politize.com.br/linguagem-inclusiva-e-linguagem-neutra-entenda/|title=Linguagem inclusiva e linguagem neutra: entenda a diferença!|last=Folter|first=Regiane|date=9 March 2021|website=politize!|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Inclusive language and neutral language: understand the difference!|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704235358/https://www.politize.com.br/linguagem-inclusiva-e-linguagem-neutra-entenda/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> It comes as a response to the way Portuguese uses the masculine to encompass the feminine. This can be seen, for example, when groups are referred to with the masculine and plural form of a noun even when they’re not made-up exclusively of men.

{| class="wikitable"
|+How the sentence "good night, everyone!" is traditionally said and what each category of language suggests as an alternative:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.speakingbrazilian.com/post/neutral|title=Gender-Neutral Language in Brazilian Portuguese|last=Langhammer|first=Virginia|date=2021-11-02|website=Speaking Brazilian|language=en|access-date=2022-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404042634/https://www.speakingbrazilian.com/post/neutral|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!Common language
!Gender-neutral language
!Inclusive language
|-
| rowspan="2" |Boa noite a todos!
|Boa noite a todes!
|Boa noite a todos e todas!
|-
| colspan="2" |Boa noite a todos, todas e todes!
|-
| colspan="3" |Boa noite a todas as pessoas!
|-
| colspan="3" |Boa noite a todo mundo!
|}

This article will focus on '''gender neutral Portuguese language'''. While, in Portuguese, non-living things are also attributed a gender, that is not meant to change with the use of neutral language. The sentence "my chair is purple" would still be said like "a minha cadeira é roxa," in which ''cadeira'' is still a feminine noun and the article ''a'', the possessive pronoun ''minha'' and the adjective ''roxa'' are also feminine. Moreover, words like ''pessoa'' ("person"), which are gendered but used to refer to anyone regardless of gender, remain the same and gender agreement is still expected in sentences that use them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dezanove.pt/sistema-elu-linguagem-neutra-em-genero-1317469|title=Sistema Elu, Linguagem Neutra em Género|last=Valente|first=Pedro|date=13 April 2020|website=dezanove|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Elu System, Language Neutral in Gender|access-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520042942/https://dezanove.pt/sistema-elu-linguagem-neutra-em-genero-1317469|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

Gender-neutral neologisms are known as ''neolinguagem'' (neolanguage), though that term also includes modified words that are not universally gender neutral.<ref>{{Cite web |title=» Guia pró-neolinguagem de linguagem neutra universal |url=https://orientando.org/guia-de-linguagem-neutra-universal/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |language=pt-BR|trans-title=Pro-neolanguage guide to universal neutral language}}</ref>

==Language sets==
There are two established ways of representing language sets in the Portuguese language. The first one, ''ela/dela'' follows the same format as the English "she/her," however, it is very incomplete. In Portuguese, word endings indicate gender, so the format ''ela/dela/-a'' was suggested as an alternative. Though this format is more complete than the previous one, it has been criticized. Some of the criticisms are that it doesn't take the particularities of the Portuguese language into account; that the other elements in the language that indicate gender, like articles and demonstrative pronouns, should also be declared and that article and word ending choice are unrelated to pronoun choice. For these reasons, the recommended representation is ''a/ela/a'', which follows the format article/pronoun/word ending.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amplifi.casa/~/Asterismos/motivos-para-n%C3%A3o-usar-pronome-d-pronome-como-indica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-conjuntos-de-linguagem|title=Motivos para não usar "pronome/d[pronome]" como indicação de conjuntos de linguagem|date=20 September 2019|website=Amplifi.casa|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Reasons not to use "pronoun/d[pronoun]" as an indication of language sets|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307205909/http://amplifi.casa/~/Asterismos/motivos-para-n%C3%A3o-usar-pronome-d-pronome-como-indica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-conjuntos-de-linguagem/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> An even more complete version of this format would be ''a/uma/da/ela/dela/minha/essa/a''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forum.orientando.org/thread-225.html|title=expansão do sistema artigo/pronome/final de palavra?|date=23 May 2018|website=Fórum Orientando|access-date=21 June 2021|language=Portuguese|trans-title=expansion of the article/pronoun/word ending system?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526212632/https://forum.orientando.org/thread-225.html|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> Note that, because pronouns aren't the only language elements that indicate gender in Portuguese, some people suggest calling these sets '''language sets''' instead of '''pronoun sets'''.

===Articles===
In Portuguese, there are two types of articles: '''definite articles''' - ''a'', ''o'', ''as'', ''os'' (equivalent to the English "the") - and '''indefinite articles''' - ''uma'', ''um'', ''umas'', ''uns'' (equivalent to the English "a" and "an") - all of which are gendered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/determiners-definite-and-indefinite-articles/|title=Definite and Indefinite Articles|website=Practice Portuguese|access-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905172255/https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/determiners-definite-and-indefinite-articles/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+The definite articles ''a'' and ''o'' compared to neutral alternatives:<ref name="SetTester">{{Cite web|url=https://orientando.org/conjuntos/avancado/|title=Testador de conjuntos: Modo avançado|website=Orientando|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Set tester: Advanced mode|type=Language set tester, containing a number of neutral language elements|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615143929/https://orientando.org/conjuntos/avancado/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!a/o
!ae
!el
!fi
!i
!u
!ê
!le
|-
|a/o estudante
|ae estudante
|el estudante
|fi estudante
|i estudante
|u estudante
|ê estudante
|le estudante
|}
There are many other alternatives, though '''''ê''''' is, by far, the most used one. As for indefinite articles, these depend on the word ending that was chosen.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Articles affected by word ending:<ref name="SetTester" />
!Word ending
!a
!ae
!e
!eo
!o
!oa
|-
|''um'' + word ending
|uma(s)
|umae(s)
|ume(s)
|umeo(s)
|umo(s)
|umoa(s)
|}

===Pronouns===
In Portuguese, there are two standard personal pronouns for the third person singular and two for the third person plural. ''Ela'' is equivalent to the English "she" and ''ele'' is equivalent to the English "he," while ''elas'' and ''eles'' are both equivalent to the English plural "they." Portuguese-speaking non-binary people who don't feel comfortable with these have had to come up with neopronouns, along with its contractions.

{| class="wikitable"
|+''Ela'' and ''ele'' compared to some Portuguese neopronouns:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://identidades.wikia.org/pt-br/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o-bin%C3%A1ria_ou_neutra|title=Linguagem não-binária ou neutra|last=Lobo|first=Cari|last2=Gaigaia|first2=V.|website=wikia|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Non-binary or neutral language|others=Revised by Kumiho Lim|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025071357/http://identidades.wikia.org/pt-br/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o-bin%C3%A1ria_ou_neutra|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronome_neutro_de_terceira_pessoa#Portugu%C3%AAs|title=Pronome neutro de terceira pessoa|website=Wikipedia|access-date=21 June 2021|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Neutral third person pronoun|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605221819/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronome_neutro_de_terceira_pessoa|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orientando.org/listas/tipos-de-linguagem/|title=Elementos de conjuntos de linguagem|website=orientando|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Elements of sets of language|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606023545/https://orientando.org/listas/tipos-de-linguagem/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_Portuguese|title=Gender neutrality in Portuguese|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2022-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306013844/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_Portuguese|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!ela/e(s)
!ael(s)
!el(s)
!el@(s)*
!elu(s)
!elx(s)*
!ile(s)
!ilu(s)
!êla(s)
!ilo(s)
!ila(s)
!elo(s)
|-
|dela/e(s)
|dael(s)
|del(s)
|del@(s)
|delu(s)
|delx(s)
|dile(s)
|dilu(s)
|dêla(s)
|dilo(s)
|dila(s)
|delo(s)
|-
|nela/e(s)
|nael(s)
|nel(s)
|nel@(s)
|nelu(s)
|nelx(s)
|nile(s)
|nilu(s)
|nêla(s)
|nilo(s)
|nila(s)
|nelo(s)
|-
|aquela/e(s)
|aquael(s)
|aquel(s)
|aquel@(s)
| aquelu(s)
|aquelx(s)
|aquile(s)
|aquilu(s)
|aquêla(s)
|aquilo(s)
|aquila(s)
|aquelo(s)
|-
|daquela/e(s)
| daquael(s)
|daquel(s)
|daquel@(s)
|daquelu(s)
|daquelx(s)
|daquile(s)
|daquilu(s)
|daquêla(s)
|daquilo(s)
|daquila(s)
|daquelo(s)
|-
|naquela/e(s)
|naquael(s)
|naquel(s)
|naquel@(s)
|naquelu(s)
|naquelx(s)
|naquile(s)
|naquilu(s)
|naquêla(s)
|naquilo(s)
|naquila(s)
|naquelo(s)
|-
|àquela/e(s)
|àquael(s)
|àquel(s)
| àquel@(s)
|àquelu(s)
|àquelx(s)
|àquile(s)
|àquilu(s)
|àquêla(s)
|àquilo(s)
|àquila(s)
|àquelo(s)
|-
|praquela/e(s)
|praquael(s)
|praquel(s)
|praquel@(s)
|praquelu(s)
|praquelx(s)
|praquile(s)
|praquilus(s)
|praquêla(s)
|praquilos(s)
|praquilas(s)
|praquelo(s)
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>The use of these sets has been increasingly discouraged for the following reasons: they aren't convenient for people who use screen readers; they can be hard to read for people with dyslexia and they aren't orally pronounceable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orgulhogay.pt/neutralidade-de-genero-na-lingua-portuguesa/|title=NEUTRALIDADE DE GÉNERO NA LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA|date=17 October 2019|website=ORGULHO GAY|language=Portuguese|trans-title=GENDER NEUTRALITY IN THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331091237/https://orgulhogay.pt/neutralidade-de-genero-na-lingua-portuguesa/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

The most well known and most used Portuguese neopronoun is '''''elu'''''. Its use is encouraged, mainly because it fits in with the pronouns ''ela'' ("she") and ''ele'' ("he") and it is easily pronounceable. Some people pronounce it as "élu", while others pronounce it as "êlu". A third option is saying "elú".

Some pronouns can depend on the word ending chosen by the user. While each pronoun, typically, has a word ending tied to it, using concordant language is not mandatory. Someone may use the word ending ''eo'' while using the pronoun ''ile'', for example.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Pronouns that can be affected by word ending:<ref name="SetTester" />
!Word ending
!a
!ae
!e
! colspan="2" |eo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/neolinguagem|title=Archived profile for neolinguagem on Instagram|website=Ghostarchive}}</ref>
! colspan="3" |o
! colspan="2" |u
!oa
|-
|''est'' + word ending
|esta(s)
|estae(s)
|este(s)
| colspan="2" |esteo(s)
| colspan="3" |esto(s)
| colspan="2" |estu(s)
|estoa(s)
|-
|''ess'' + word ending
|essa(s)
|essae(s)
|esse(s)
| colspan="2" |esseo(s)
| colspan="3" |esso(s)
| colspan="2" |essu(s)
|essoa(s)
|-
|''mi'' or ''minh'' + word ending
|minha(s)
|minhae(s)
|minhe(s)
|minheo(s)
| colspan="2" |meo(s)
|minho(s)
| colspan="2" |meu(s)
|minhu(s)
|minhoa(s)
|-
|''tu'' + word ending
|tua(s)
|tuae(s)
|tue(s)
|tueo(s)
| colspan="2" |teo(s)
|tuo(s)
| colspan="2" |teu(s)
|tu(s)
|tuoa(s)
|-
|''su'' or ''su'' + word ending
|sua(s)
|suae(s)
|sue(s)
|sueo(s)
| colspan="2" |seo(s)
|suo(s)
| colspan="2" |seu(s)
|su(s)
|suoa(s)
|}
The pronouns ''esta'' and ''essa'' can follow one of two paths when being converted to neutral forms. '''''Est/ess'' + word ending''' or '''letters of personal pronoun before consonant + ''st/ss'' + letters of personal pronoun after consonant'''. The latter only works if the personal pronoun has a consonant in the middle, so it'd work for ''ilu'' and ''ile'' (''issu/istu'' and ''isse/iste'') but not for ael (''aess/aest''), for example.<ref>https://diversidades.fandom.com/pt-br/wiki/Neopronome</ref>

===Word endings===
In the Portuguese language, the ending of a word typically indicates gender. For this reason, the vast majority of words have two forms: the masculine and the feminine. Feminine words end in ''a'', while masculine words end in ''o''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|title=The Gender of Portuguese Words|website=Practice Portuguese|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719185109/https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> The word "friend," a noun, can translate to ''amiga'' or ''amigo''. The same rule applies to adjectives, however, so "tall" can translate to either ''alta'' or ''alto''. Moreover, adjectives and nouns are expected to agree in gender. Some non-binary people use more than one word ending and may not mind that non-concordant language is used when referring to them, like in the sentence ''ae'' "''meu amiga é bonito''". New word endings were created to accommodate people who don't feel comfortable with either of the standard word endings.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Word endings ''a'' and ''o'' compared to neutral alternatives:<ref name="SetTester" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.pronouns.page/dicionario|title=Dicionário de linguagem neutra|website=Pronouns.page|language=pt|trans-title=Neutral language dictionary|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530212655/https://pt.pronouns.page/dicionario|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o_sexista|title=Linguagem não sexista|website=Wikipédia|language=pt|trans-title=Non-sexist language|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605221452/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o_sexista|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!a/o
!ae
!e
!eo
!ie
!u
!y
!oa
|-
|menina/o
|meninae
|menine
|menineo
|meninie
|meninu
|meniny
|meninoa
|-
|parceira/o
|parceirae
|parceire
|parceireo
|parceirie
|parceiru
|parceiry
|parceiroa
|-
|companheira/o
|companheirae
|companheire
|companheireo
|companheirie
|companheiru
|companheiry
|companheiroa
|-
|adulta/o
|adultae
|adulte
|adulteo
|adultie
|adultu
|adulty
|adultoa
|-
|aluna/o
|alunae
|alune
|aluneo
|alunie
|alunu
|aluny
|alunoa
|-
|ambígua/o
|ambíguae
|ambígue
|ambígueo
|ambíguie
|ambígu
|ambíguy
|ambíguoa
|-
|amiga/o
|amigae
|amigue
|amigueo
|amiguie
|amigu
|amiguy
|amigoa
|-
|feia/o
|feiae
|feie
|feieo
|feie
|feiu
|feiy
|feioa
|-
|dona/o
|donae
|done
|doneo
|donie
|donu
|dony
|donoa
|-
|convidada/o
|convidadae
|convidade
|convidadeo
|convidadie
|convidadu
|convidady
|convidadoa
|-
|brasileira/o
|brasileirae
|brasileire
|brasileireo
|brasileirie
|brasileiru
|brasileiry
|brasileiroa
|-
|garota/o
|garotae
|garote
|garoteo
|garotie
|garotu
|garoty
|garotoa
|-
|estrangeira/o
|estrangeirae
|estrangeire
|estrangeireo
|estrangeirie
|estrangeiru
|estrangeiry
|estrangeiroa
|-
|moça/o
|moçae
|moce
|moceo
|mocie
|moçu
|mocy
|moçoa
|-
|menina/o
|meninae
|menine
|menineo
|meninie
|meninu
|meniny
|meninoa
|-
|solteira/o
|solteirae
|solteire
|solteireo
|solteirie
|solteiru
|solteiry
|solteiroa
|-
|prima/o
|primae
|prime
|primeo
|primie
|primu
|primy
|primoa
|-
|namorada/o
|namoradae
|namorade
|namoradeo
|namoradie
|namoradu
|namorady
|namoradoa
|-
|política/o
|políticae
|polítique
|polítiqueo
|polítiquie
|políticu
|polítiquy
|políticoa
|-
|psicóloga/o
|psicólogae
|psicólogue
|psicólogueo
|psicóloguie
|psicólogu
|psicóloguy
|psicólogoa
|-
|veterana/o
|veteranae
|veterane
|veteraneo
|veteranie
|veteranu
|veterany
|veteranoa
|-
|zagueira/o
|zagueirae
|zagueire
|zagueireo
|zagueirie
|zagueiru
|zagueiry
|zagueiroa
|-
|usuária/o
|usuáriae
|usuárie
|usuárieo
|usuárie
|usuáriu
|usuáriy
|usuárioa
|-
|noiva/o
|noivae
|noive
|noiveo
|noivie
|noivu
|noiviy
|noivoa
|-
|obrigada/o
|obrigadae
|obrigade
|obrigadeo
|obrigadie
|obrigadu
|obrigady
|obrigadoa
|-
|secretária/o
|secretáriae
|secretárie
|secretárieo
|secretárie
|secretáriu
|secretáriy
|secretárioa
|}
Some words, such as heteronyms, are also inflected in the beginning, examples and proposals below.<ref>https://bloguealternative.wordpress.com/lista-de-neologismos/</ref><ref>https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/7546402/mod_resource/content/1/Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20para%20todas%2C%20todos%20e%20todes_UnB.pdf</ref><ref>https://repository.ufrpe.br/bitstream/123456789/3756/1/tcc_art_enildavaleriagomesmarinho.pdf</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|madrinha/padrinho
|nadrinhe
|xadrinhe
|adrinhe
|fadrinhe
|badrinhe
|zadrinhe
|-
|madre/padre
|nadre
|xadre
|adre
|fadre
|badre
|zadre
|-
|madrasta/padrasto
|nadraste
|xadraste
|adraste
|fadraste
|badraste
|zadraste
|-
|matriarca/patriarca
|natriarca
|xatriarca
|atriarca
|fadriarca
|batriarca
|zatriarca
|-
|maternidade/paternidade
|naternidade
|xaternidade
|aternidade
|faternidade
|baternidade
|zaternidade
|-
|mãe/pai
|nãe/nam
|pãe
| colspan="3" |ade
|zazi
|}

==See also ==
*[[Glossary of Brazilian Portuguese gender and sex terminology]]
*[[Glossary of European Portuguese gender and sex terminology]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://orientando.org/conjuntos/ Set tester]

[[Category:Gender neutral language]]

Gender neutral language in Portuguese

2024-06-23T03:32:28Z

Yunan:

{{stub}}{{Template:Gender neutral language}}
The vast majority of Portuguese words have one of two grammatical genders: the feminine or the masculine. The creation and implementation of gender neutral terms in the Portuguese language aims to make non-binary people feel included.
It is important to note that, in Portuguese, there’s a distinction between '''gender-neutral language''' and '''inclusive language'''. Though the two overlap in some aspects, the latter makes use of already existing binary terms and its main goal is to include both men and women in conversations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politize.com.br/linguagem-inclusiva-e-linguagem-neutra-entenda/|title=Linguagem inclusiva e linguagem neutra: entenda a diferença!|last=Folter|first=Regiane|date=9 March 2021|website=politize!|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Inclusive language and neutral language: understand the difference!|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704235358/https://www.politize.com.br/linguagem-inclusiva-e-linguagem-neutra-entenda/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> It comes as a response to the way Portuguese uses the masculine to encompass the feminine. This can be seen, for example, when groups are referred to with the masculine and plural form of a noun even when they’re not made-up exclusively of men.

{| class="wikitable"
|+How the sentence "good night, everyone!" is traditionally said and what each category of language suggests as an alternative:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.speakingbrazilian.com/post/neutral|title=Gender-Neutral Language in Brazilian Portuguese|last=Langhammer|first=Virginia|date=2021-11-02|website=Speaking Brazilian|language=en|access-date=2022-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404042634/https://www.speakingbrazilian.com/post/neutral|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!Common language
!Gender-neutral language
!Inclusive language
|-
| rowspan="2" |Boa noite a todos!
|Boa noite a todes!
|Boa noite a todos e todas!
|-
| colspan="2" |Boa noite a todos, todas e todes!
|-
| colspan="3" |Boa noite a todas as pessoas!
|-
| colspan="3" |Boa noite a todo mundo!
|}

This article will focus on '''gender neutral Portuguese language'''. While, in Portuguese, non-living things are also attributed a gender, that is not meant to change with the use of neutral language. The sentence "my chair is purple" would still be said like "a minha cadeira é roxa," in which ''cadeira'' is still a feminine noun and the article ''a'', the possessive pronoun ''minha'' and the adjective ''roxa'' are also feminine. Moreover, words like ''pessoa'' ("person"), which are gendered but used to refer to anyone regardless of gender, remain the same and gender agreement is still expected in sentences that use them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dezanove.pt/sistema-elu-linguagem-neutra-em-genero-1317469|title=Sistema Elu, Linguagem Neutra em Género|last=Valente|first=Pedro|date=13 April 2020|website=dezanove|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Elu System, Language Neutral in Gender|access-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520042942/https://dezanove.pt/sistema-elu-linguagem-neutra-em-genero-1317469|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

Gender-neutral neologisms are known as ''neolinguagem'' (neolanguage), though that term also includes modified words that are not universally gender neutral.<ref>{{Cite web |title=» Guia pró-neolinguagem de linguagem neutra universal |url=https://orientando.org/guia-de-linguagem-neutra-universal/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |language=pt-BR|trans-title=Pro-neolanguage guide to universal neutral language}}</ref>

==Language sets==
There are two established ways of representing language sets in the Portuguese language. The first one, ''ela/dela'' follows the same format as the English "she/her," however, it is very incomplete. In Portuguese, word endings indicate gender, so the format ''ela/dela/-a'' was suggested as an alternative. Though this format is more complete than the previous one, it has been criticized. Some of the criticisms are that it doesn't take the particularities of the Portuguese language into account; that the other elements in the language that indicate gender, like articles and demonstrative pronouns, should also be declared and that article and word ending choice are unrelated to pronoun choice. For these reasons, the recommended representation is ''a/ela/a'', which follows the format article/pronoun/word ending.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amplifi.casa/~/Asterismos/motivos-para-n%C3%A3o-usar-pronome-d-pronome-como-indica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-conjuntos-de-linguagem|title=Motivos para não usar "pronome/d[pronome]" como indicação de conjuntos de linguagem|date=20 September 2019|website=Amplifi.casa|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Reasons not to use "pronoun/d[pronoun]" as an indication of language sets|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307205909/http://amplifi.casa/~/Asterismos/motivos-para-n%C3%A3o-usar-pronome-d-pronome-como-indica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-conjuntos-de-linguagem/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> An even more complete version of this format would be ''a/uma/da/ela/dela/minha/essa/a''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forum.orientando.org/thread-225.html|title=expansão do sistema artigo/pronome/final de palavra?|date=23 May 2018|website=Fórum Orientando|access-date=21 June 2021|language=Portuguese|trans-title=expansion of the article/pronoun/word ending system?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526212632/https://forum.orientando.org/thread-225.html|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> Note that, because pronouns aren't the only language elements that indicate gender in Portuguese, some people suggest calling these sets '''language sets''' instead of '''pronoun sets'''.

===Articles===
In Portuguese, there are two types of articles: '''definite articles''' - ''a'', ''o'', ''as'', ''os'' (equivalent to the English "the") - and '''indefinite articles''' - ''uma'', ''um'', ''umas'', ''uns'' (equivalent to the English "a" and "an") - all of which are gendered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/determiners-definite-and-indefinite-articles/|title=Definite and Indefinite Articles|website=Practice Portuguese|access-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905172255/https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/determiners-definite-and-indefinite-articles/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+The definite articles ''a'' and ''o'' compared to neutral alternatives:<ref name="SetTester">{{Cite web|url=https://orientando.org/conjuntos/avancado/|title=Testador de conjuntos: Modo avançado|website=Orientando|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Set tester: Advanced mode|type=Language set tester, containing a number of neutral language elements|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615143929/https://orientando.org/conjuntos/avancado/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!a/o
!ae
!el
!fi
!i
!u
!ê
!le
|-
|a/o estudante
|ae estudante
|el estudante
|fi estudante
|i estudante
|u estudante
|ê estudante
|le estudante
|}
There are many other alternatives, though '''''ê''''' is, by far, the most used one. As for indefinite articles, these depend on the word ending that was chosen.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Articles affected by word ending:<ref name="SetTester" />
!Word ending
!a
!ae
!e
!eo
!o
!oa
|-
|''um'' + word ending
|uma(s)
|umae(s)
|ume(s)
|umeo(s)
|umo(s)
|umoa(s)
|}

===Pronouns===
In Portuguese, there are two standard personal pronouns for the third person singular and two for the third person plural. ''Ela'' is equivalent to the English "she" and ''ele'' is equivalent to the English "he," while ''elas'' and ''eles'' are both equivalent to the English plural "they." Portuguese-speaking non-binary people who don't feel comfortable with these have had to come up with neopronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|+''Ela'' and ''ele'' compared to some Portuguese neopronouns:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://identidades.wikia.org/pt-br/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o-bin%C3%A1ria_ou_neutra|title=Linguagem não-binária ou neutra|last=Lobo|first=Cari|last2=Gaigaia|first2=V.|website=wikia|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Non-binary or neutral language|others=Revised by Kumiho Lim|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025071357/http://identidades.wikia.org/pt-br/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o-bin%C3%A1ria_ou_neutra|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronome_neutro_de_terceira_pessoa#Portugu%C3%AAs|title=Pronome neutro de terceira pessoa|website=Wikipedia|access-date=21 June 2021|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Neutral third person pronoun|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605221819/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronome_neutro_de_terceira_pessoa|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orientando.org/listas/tipos-de-linguagem/|title=Elementos de conjuntos de linguagem|website=orientando|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Elements of sets of language|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606023545/https://orientando.org/listas/tipos-de-linguagem/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_Portuguese|title=Gender neutrality in Portuguese|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2022-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306013844/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_Portuguese|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!ela/e(s)
!ael(s)
!el(s)
!el@(s)*
!elu(s)
!elx(s)*
!ile(s)
!ilu(s)
!êla(s)
!ilo(s)
!ila(s)
!elo(s)
|-
|dela/e(s)
|dael(s)
|del(s)
|del@(s)
|delu(s)
|delx(s)
|dile(s)
|dilu(s)
|dêla(s)
|dilo(s)
|dila(s)
|delo(s)
|-
|nela/e(s)
|nael(s)
|nel(s)
|nel@(s)
|nelu(s)
|nelx(s)
|nile(s)
|nilu(s)
|nêla(s)
|nilo(s)
|nila(s)
|nelo(s)
|-
|aquela/e(s)
|aquael(s)
|aquel(s)
|aquel@(s)
| aquelu(s)
|aquelx(s)
|aquile(s)
|aquilu(s)
|aquêla(s)
|aquilo(s)
|aquila(s)
|aquelo(s)
|-
|daquela/e(s)
| daquael(s)
|daquel(s)
|daquel@(s)
|daquelu(s)
|daquelx(s)
|daquile(s)
|daquilu(s)
|daquêla(s)
|daquilo(s)
|daquila(s)
|daquelo(s)
|-
|naquela/e(s)
|naquael(s)
|naquel(s)
|naquel@(s)
|naquelu(s)
|naquelx(s)
|naquile(s)
|naquilu(s)
|naquêla(s)
|naquilo(s)
|naquila(s)
|naquelo(s)
|-
|àquela/e(s)
|àquael(s)
|àquel(s)
| àquel@(s)
|àquelu(s)
|àquelx(s)
|àquile(s)
|àquilu(s)
|àquêla(s)
|àquilo(s)
|àquila(s)
|àquelo(s)
|-
|praquela/e(s)
|praquael(s)
|praquel(s)
|praquel@(s)
|praquelu(s)
|praquelx(s)
|praquile(s)
|praquilus(s)
|praquêla(s)
|praquilos(s)
|praquilas(s)
|praquelo(s)
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>The use of these sets has been increasingly discouraged for the following reasons: they aren't convenient for people who use screen readers; they can be hard to read for people with dyslexia and they aren't orally pronounceable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orgulhogay.pt/neutralidade-de-genero-na-lingua-portuguesa/|title=NEUTRALIDADE DE GÉNERO NA LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA|date=17 October 2019|website=ORGULHO GAY|language=Portuguese|trans-title=GENDER NEUTRALITY IN THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331091237/https://orgulhogay.pt/neutralidade-de-genero-na-lingua-portuguesa/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

The most well known and most used Portuguese neopronoun is '''''elu'''''. Its use is encouraged, mainly because it fits in with the pronouns ''ela'' ("she") and ''ele'' ("he") and it is easily pronounceable. Some people pronounce it as "élu", while others pronounce it as "êlu". A third option is saying "elú".

Some pronouns can depend on the word ending chosen by the user. While each pronoun, typically, has a word ending tied to it, using concordant language is not mandatory. Someone may use the word ending ''eo'' while using the pronoun ''ile'', for example.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Pronouns that can be affected by word ending:<ref name="SetTester" />
!Word ending
!a
!ae
!e
!eo
!o
!u
!oa
|-
|''est'' + word ending
|esta(s)
|estae(s)
|este(s)
|esteo(s)
|esto(s)
|estu(s)
|estoa(s)
|-
|''ess'' + word ending
|essa(s)
|essae(s)
|esse(s)
|esseo(s)
|esso(s)
|essu(s)
|essoa(s)
|-
|''mi'' or ''minh'' + word ending
|minha(s)
|minhae(s)
|minhe(s)
|minheo(s)
|minho(s)
|minhu(s)
|minhoa(s)
|-
|''tu'' + word ending
|tua(s)
|tuae(s)
|tue(s)
|tueo(s)
|tuo(s)
|tu(s)
|tuoa(s)
|-
|''su'' or ''su'' + word ending
|sua(s)
|suae(s)
|sue(s)
|sueo(s)
|suo(s)
|su(s)
|suoa(s)
|}
The pronouns ''esta'' and ''essa'' can follow one of two paths when being converted to neutral forms. '''''Est/ess'' + word ending''' or '''letters of personal pronoun before consonant + ''st/ss'' + letters of personal pronoun after consonant'''. The latter only works if the personal pronoun has a consonant in the middle, so it'd work for ''ilu'' and ''ile'' (''issu/istu'' and ''isse/iste'') but not for ael (''aess/aest''), for example.<ref>https://diversidades.fandom.com/pt-br/wiki/Neopronome</ref>

===Word endings===
In the Portuguese language, the ending of a word typically indicates gender. For this reason, the vast majority of words have two forms: the masculine and the feminine. Feminine words end in ''a'', while masculine words end in ''o''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|title=The Gender of Portuguese Words|website=Practice Portuguese|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719185109/https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> The word "friend," a noun, can translate to ''amiga'' or ''amigo''. The same rule applies to adjectives, however, so "tall" can translate to either ''alta'' or ''alto''. Moreover, adjectives and nouns are expected to agree in gender. Some non-binary people use more than one word ending and may not mind that non-concordant language is used when referring to them, like in the sentence ''ae meu amiga é bonito''. New word endings were created to accomodate people who don't feel comfortable with either of the standard word endings.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Word endings ''a'' and ''o'' compared to neutral alternatives:<ref name="SetTester" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.pronouns.page/dicionario|title=Dicionário de linguagem neutra|website=Pronouns.page|language=pt|trans-title=Neutral language dictionary|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530212655/https://pt.pronouns.page/dicionario|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o_sexista|title=Linguagem não sexista|website=Wikipédia|language=pt|trans-title=Non-sexist language|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605221452/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o_sexista|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!a/o
!ae
!e
!eo
!ie
!u
!y
!oa
|-
|menina/o
|meninae
|menine
|menineo
|meninie
|meninu
|meniny
|meninoa
|-
|parceira/o
|parceirae
|parceire
|parceireo
|parceirie
|parceiru
|parceiry
|parceiroa
|-
|companheira/o
|companheirae
|companheire
|companheireo
|companheirie
|companheiru
|companheiry
|companheiroa
|-
|adulta/o
|adultae
|adulte
|adulteo
|adultie
|adultu
|adulty
|adultoa
|-
|aluna/o
|alunae
|alune
|aluneo
|alunie
|alunu
|aluny
|alunoa
|-
|ambígua/o
|ambíguae
|ambígue
|ambígueo
|ambíguie
|ambígu
|ambíguy
|ambíguoa
|-
|amiga/o
|amigae
|amigue
|amigueo
|amiguie
|amigu
|amiguy
|amigoa
|-
|feia/o
|feiae
|feie
|feieo
|feie
|feiu
|feiy
|feioa
|-
|dona/o
|donae
|done
|doneo
|donie
|donu
|dony
|donoa
|-
|convidada/o
|convidadae
|convidade
|convidadeo
|convidadie
|convidadu
|convidady
|convidadoa
|-
|brasileira/o
|brasileirae
|brasileire
|brasileireo
|brasileirie
|brasileiru
|brasileiry
|brasileiroa
|-
|garota/o
|garotae
|garote
|garoteo
|garotie
|garotu
|garoty
|garotoa
|-
|estrangeira/o
|estrangeirae
|estrangeire
|estrangeireo
|estrangeirie
|estrangeiru
|estrangeiry
|estrangeiroa
|-
|moça/o
|moçae
|moce
|moceo
|mocie
|moçu
|mocy
|moçoa
|-
|menina/o
|meninae
|menine
|menineo
|meninie
|meninu
|meniny
|meninoa
|-
|solteira/o
|solteirae
|solteire
|solteireo
|solteirie
|solteiru
|solteiry
|solteiroa
|-
|prima/o
|primae
|prime
|primeo
|primie
|primu
|primy
|primoa
|-
|namorada/o
|namoradae
|namorade
|namoradeo
|namoradie
|namoradu
|namorady
|namoradoa
|-
|política/o
|políticae
|polítique
|polítiqueo
|polítiquie
|políticu
|polítiquy
|políticoa
|-
|psicóloga/o
|psicólogae
|psicólogue
|psicólogueo
|psicóloguie
|psicólogu
|psicóloguy
|psicólogoa
|-
|veterana/o
|veteranae
|veterane
|veteraneo
|veteranie
|veteranu
|veterany
|veteranoa
|-
|zagueira/o
|zagueirae
|zagueire
|zagueireo
|zagueirie
|zagueiru
|zagueiry
|zagueiroa
|-
|usuária/o
|usuáriae
|usuárie
|usuárieo
|usuárie
|usuáriu
|usuáriy
|usuárioa
|-
|noiva/o
|noivae
|noive
|noiveo
|noivie
|noivu
|noiviy
|noivoa
|-
|obrigada/o
|obrigadae
|obrigade
|obrigadeo
|obrigadie
|obrigadu
|obrigady
|obrigadoa
|-
|secretária/o
|secretáriae
|secretárie
|secretárieo
|secretárie
|secretáriu
|secretáriy
|secretárioa
|}
Some words, such as heteronyms, are also inflected in the beginning, some examples and proposals below.<ref>https://bloguealternative.wordpress.com/lista-de-neologismos/</ref><ref>https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/7546402/mod_resource/content/1/Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20para%20todas%2C%20todos%20e%20todes_UnB.pdf</ref><ref>https://repository.ufrpe.br/bitstream/123456789/3756/1/tcc_art_enildavaleriagomesmarinho.pdf</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|madrinha/padrinho
|nadrinhe
|xadrinhe
|adrinhe
|fadrinhe
|badrinhe
|zadrinhe
|-
|madre/padre
|nadre
|xadre
|adre
|fadre
|badre
|zadre
|-
|madrasta/padrasto
|nadraste
|xadraste
|adraste
|fadraste
|badraste
|zadraste
|-
|matriarca/patriarca
|natriarca
|xatriarca
|atriarca
|fadriarca
|batriarca
|zatriarca
|-
|maternidade/paternidade
|naternidade
|xaternidade
|aternidade
|faternidade
|baternidade
|zaternidade
|-
|mãe/pai
|nãe/nam
|pãe
| colspan="3" |ade
|zazi
|}

==See also ==
*[[Glossary of Brazilian Portuguese gender and sex terminology]]
*[[Glossary of European Portuguese gender and sex terminology]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://orientando.org/conjuntos/ Set tester]

[[Category:Gender neutral language]]

Cistrans

2024-04-19T20:06:02Z

Yunan:

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| frequency = <0.1 %
}}
'''Cistrans''' or '''transcis''', sometimes named as '''trancis''' or '''trisgender''', or simply '''tris''', is a broad term for anyone who may identify as both [[cisgender]] and [[transgender]] for whatever reason. This label is mainly used within the [[intersex]] community, but is not an exclusively intersex term. It is a term for anyone who feels they are both cisgender and transgender simultaneously or separately. A very common use of the term is when an intersex person is not perceived as their AGAB due to being intersex.

This term is not related to the TERF psyop 'biotrans' or the 'transid/transx' equivalent, or related terms created to mock the trans community.

== History ==
One of the possibly first uses of cis-trans was by Tumblr user arco-pluris on April 2018.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180416132403/https://arco-pluris.tumblr.com/post/172981930697/cis-trans-pride-flag-cis-trans-identifying Diverse Plurality — Cis Trans Pride Flag]</ref><ref>[https://www.deviantart.com/pride-flags/art/Cis-Trans-748736821 Cis Trans by Pride-Flags on DeviantArt]</ref>

The term trisgender and its flag were created by DeviantArt user 67plus-genders on February 3, 2018, suggested by manga-lover3.<ref>https://www.deviantart.com/67plus-genders/art/Trisgender-728937134</ref>

The terms cransgender and trinsgender and their flag were coined by Tumblr user sanrio-kotto on April 5, 2022.<ref>http://archive.today/2022.04.05-090834/https://sanrio-kotto.tumblr.com/post/680652614272221184/trinsgeder-cransgender</ref>

In the 2023 Gender Census, 7 people out of 40,375 participants identified as cistrans.{{Gender Census|2023}}

== Examples of use ==
Examples of reasons someone may identify as cistrans are:

* An [[intersex]] person whose identity & lived experience does not fall nicely on the cis & trans binary.
* A [[multigender]] person who identifies with both the gender they were assigned and another gender.
* A [[genderfluid]] person who identifies as both cisgender or transgender depending on the point in time.
* A person whose lived experience does not align with cisgender or transgender experience for some other reason.
* A [[varioformic]] person who identifies with their assigned gender.
* A [[gender-nonconforming]] person who may be questioning whether or not they are transgender
* A person who identifies with the [[isogender]], [[absgender]], [[metagender]], or [[cusper]] identities may also identify with cistrans.

== References ==
<references group="A cistrans FTF person wrote part of the definition using their personal experience as cistrans." />
[[Category:Identities]]

Metagender

2024-04-01T18:03:41Z

Yunan:

'''Metagender''' is a term that has been coined multiple times with varying definitions, including multiple [[nonbinary]] [[Gender identity|gender identities]], spiritual and [[Gender-variant identities worldwide|cultural]] identities, a combined gender identity and [[Orientation|romantic and sexual orientation]], a [[Gender Modality|gender modality]], a synonym for gender modality, a description for [[Gender nonconformity|gender-nonconforming behavior]], and a super-set for all gender possibilities. Different definitions have been used for [[LGBT]] self-identifiers, in [[Feminism|feminist]]/[[wikipedia:Queer theory|queer theory]] and [[activism]], and in academic settings.

==Usage through history==
Metagender existed as a technical term prior to its use by LGBT individuals, dating back at least to the 1980s, initially concerned with being outside or transcending binary gender, whether of imagery, perspectives, data, or people.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/murderdifference0000balm/page/110/mode/2up?q=%22meta+gender%22|title=Murder and difference: gender, genre, and scholarship on Sisera's death|last=Bal|first=Mieke|date=1992|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=|isbn=978-0-585-02512-4|location=Bloomington|pages=111-112|language=English|oclc=42854270|quote=Just as with disciplinary codes, notably the theological and liteary codes, the meta-gender code adopted by the interpreter in search of difference ought to be distinguished, first, from the personal gender code he or she has also adopted, most implicitly, by virtue of membership in a particular sexual group, and second, from the gender code he or she assumes the other has adopted...I will confront the possible contribution of a meta-gender code to the personal gender code, which, as we will see in the sample interpretations, remains implicit.|archive-url=False|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Costello|first=Bonnie|date=1989|title=Domestic Mysticism|url=http://archives.bu.edu/collections/partisan-review/search/detail?id=331558|journal=Partisan Review|volume=56|issue=4|pages=671|doi=|issn=0031-2525|quote=One challenge for contemporary women poets is to decide just how far they wish 'womanhood' to define the terms of their awareness. It is a good sign, I think, that 'the soul' has returned with a fresh, contemporary aura, not genderless, but metagendered. The metaphysical impulse arising in, altered and constrained by biology, runs through many of our best women-poets.|via=Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127033225/http://archives.bu.edu/collections/partisan-review/search/detail?id=331558|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> Its use as a technical term with various definitions has [[Metagender#Academic and technical usage|persisted into the 2020s]].

===LGBT definitions===

====1990s====
Metagender's early usage by queer communities was recorded in queer and feminist publications, where its definition included post-gender concepts, gender variance, gender-bending, and being neither a man nor a woman.

In a 1994 letter to the [[wikipedia:San Francisco Bay Times|San Francisco Bay Times]], an [[intersex]] womyn used metagender as an umbrella descriptor for [[Gender variant|gender-variant]] and [[intersex]].<ref name=":12">Jones, Billie Jean. Hernandez, Holly M. (1994). ''GenderFlex''. 4(23). p 13. Retrieved at https://www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net/files/gx41mh96x "There was an interesting letter in the S.F. Bay Times (August 25, 1994) from a person born intersexed who identified as a feminist member of the womyn's community. This person was highly critical of ' ... this newly expanded, all-inclusive "transgendered" category' and resented being lumped into said category. This person does not openly identify as a TS '...increasingly because of the new tendency to lump all metagender situations together to include men who play at drag.' Railing against the '... insulting-to-womyn draggy/tv posturing', the writer also omitted any mention of FTMs."</ref>

In a 1998 [[wikipedia:Bitch_(magazine)|BITCH magazine]] essay titled "Metagender and the Slow Decline of the Either/Or," Lisa Voldeng and Laura Kloppenberg coined "metagenderism" to "encapsulat[e] all existing, evolving, and unborn gender models: It is the unlimited superset of all possible (non)genders and gender (non)identities, of individual and cultural existence free from binaristic categorization and definition." This definition was coined in contrast with the contemporary "transgenderism" as defined by trans woman and cultural theorist [[wikipedia:Sandy_Stone_(artist)|Sandy Stone]]. Whereas transgender was a category to "include everyone not covered by our culture's narrow terms man and woman," metagenderism entailed "a comprehensive reenvisioning of gender," to serve as "container for all gender identities, encompassing the two-gender system to transgender and beyond."<ref name=":13">Kloppenberg, Laura. Voldeng, Lisa. (1998). "Metagender & the Slow Decline of the Either/Or." ''BITCH'', 3(1), p 33-34.</ref>

In a 1999 interview printed in the magazine ''[[wikipedia:Femme_Fatales_(magazine)|Femme Fatales]]'', musician/poet/filmmaker [[wikipedia:Phoebe Legere|Phoebe Legere]] said "I am metagender, metasexual, not a man or a woman."<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/details/Femme_Fatales_v08n04/page/n39/mode/2up| p=40-41|journal=Femme Fatales|volume=8|number=4|date=September 10, 1999| title=Mighty Aphrodite|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128082253/https://archive.org/details/Femme_Fatales_v08n04/page/n39/mode/2up|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

====2000s====
The term was coined again by 1997 by Rook Hine,<ref name=":14">{{cite web|url=http://www.liminalityland.com/metagender.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040726170300/http://www.liminalityland.com/metagender.htm|archive-date=26 July 2004|title=Metagender|last=Bernhardt-House|first=Phillip|date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> an identity Hine characterized as being a "conscientious objector" in "the war of the sexes."<ref name=":6">Bernhardt-House, Phillip (2003). "So, which one is the opposite sex?: the sometimes spiritual journey of a metagender". ''[https://archive.org/details/findingrealmetru00trac/page/76/mode/2up Finding the Real Me: True Tales of Sex and Gender Diversity]'' (Tracie O'Keefe & Katrina Fox, Ed.)''.'' Jossey-Bass. p. 76-88.</ref> This concept of metagender was further developed by Phillip Andrew Bernhardt-House. E defined the term in a 2003 anthology as a spiritual identity that was a "'wholly other' third/fourth/eighty-seventh"<ref name=":6" /> gender category that was not derived from any combination of [[woman]], [[man]], [[feminine]], [[masculine]], [[neuter]], or [[androgyne]]. E described being "a metagender" as similar to being a [[third gender]] with a spiritual component while being in a culture that lacked this concept.<ref name=":6" /> Metagender developed into a discrete identity as a spiritual functionary inside [[Pagan|neopaganism]], combining social gender and sexuality (latter being similar to [[pansexual]]), which it has remained since 2008 as described by P. Sufenas Virius Lupus.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://psufenasviriuslupus.wordpress.com/home/metagender/|title=Metagender|date=14 December 2016|website=P. SUFENAS VIRIUS LUPUS|language=en|access-date=24 December 2020|last=Lupus|first=P. Sufenas Virius|archive-url=|archive-date=|publisher=Wordpress}}</ref>

In a 2004 zine, Katie Cercone listed metagender as a term for "gender-bending."<ref>Cercone, Katie. (2004). ''Ms. Direction #6''. p. 4. Retrieved at https://archive.qzap.org/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/300</ref>

In a 2006 book on transgender journeys, metagender was defined as "individuals who do not identify as either male or female."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/crossingsexualbo00jari/page/364/mode/2up?q=phillip|title=Crossing sexual boundaries: transgender journeys, uncharted paths|last=|first=|date=2006|publisher=Prometheus Books|year=|isbn=978-1-59102-388-3|editor-last=Kane-Demaios|editor-first=J. Ari|location=Amherst, N.Y|pages=|oclc=ocm61309341|editor-last2=Bullough|editor-first2=Vern L.|archive-url=False|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

====2010s====
In 2012, metagender was defined in HaifischGeweint's Gender 101 as "a gender identity describing a person whose subjective experience of gender is not adequately described by any existing terminology (i.e., I never “met a” gender like you before)."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://haifischgeweint.wordpress.com/gender-101/|title=#Gender101|date=22 April 2012|website=HaifischGeweint|language=en|access-date=28 December 2020|last=|first=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408083434/https://haifischgeweint.wordpress.com/gender-101/|archive-date=8 April 2019|publisher=Wordpress|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2014, Metagender was proposed for four different meanings on Tumblr.

#In February, "meta-gender" was suggested by Tumblr user unquietpirate as the label for one's relationship to one's assigned gender at birth, similar to [[Gender Modality|gender modality]], to contrast with "experiential gender." Unquietpirate listed cisgender, transgender, and genderqueer as examples of meta-gender, last also being an "experiential gender."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://queeranarchism.tumblr.com/post/76889334992/yeah-but-can-you-explain-the-cis-gender-thing|title=Yeah, but can you explain the cis gender thing?|last=queeranarchism|first=|date=16 February 2014|website=Queer Anarchism|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 January 2021|publisher=Tumblr}}</ref>
# In June, metagender was suggested by Tumblr user collectivetey as an alternative word for [[pangender]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pangender Without the 'Pan'|date=23 June 2014|url=https://collectivetey.tumblr.com/post/89664280616/pangender-without-the-pan|access-date=21 December 2020|website=Collective Teleonomy|last=collectivetey|first=|archive-url=|archive-date=|publication-place=Tumblr}}</ref>
#In July, metagender was coined by Tumblr users autisticlapis-blog, agenderchrismclean, and lordmoriarty. The definition was: "to identify around or beyond a gender. Where your gender identity is almost that gender, but not quite, and also extends beyond that. Imagine that — is you, and | is the gender identity (and identifying fully with a gender is —|), then metagender is — | —". For example, meta-boy, meta-girl, meta-nonbinary, and so on.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://autisticlapis-blog.tumblr.com/post/90952685669/so-apparently-someone-truscum-joked-about|title=so apparently someone (tru/scum?) joked about metagender but it’s actually...|website=get in the fucking robot 2k15|access-date=21 March 2021|date=6 July 2014|last=autisticlapis-blog|first=|archive-url=|archive-date=|publisher=Tumblr}}</ref> The "—" is also written as "—-".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://imoga-pride.tumblr.com/post/180693311876/metagender-flag|title=Metagender Flag|last=imoga-pride|first=|date=1 December 2018|website=gendies ‘n’ more|publisher=Tumblr|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=22 March 2021}}</ref>
#In November, metagender was coined by Tumblr user arquus-malvaceae as "a tangential or tenuous connection to the concept of gender. Existing in that sort of floaty space where there is no gender, but still connecting with another label. Identifying with as opposed to identifying as. Can be narrowed down and specified as one sees fit. Eg, Metawoman, Metaman, Metaqueer, etc."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquus-malvaceae.tumblr.com/post/103240804765/metagender-a-tangential-or-tenuous-connection-to|title=Metagender: A tangential or tenuous connection to...|last=arquus-malvaceae|first=|date=21 November 2014|website=Cupcakes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228210047/https://arquus-malvaceae.tumblr.com/post/103240804765/metagender-a-tangential-or-tenuous-connection-to|archive-date=28 December 2020|access-date=28 December 2020|publisher=Tumblr}}</ref>

At Pantheacon 2015, a [[Pagan|neopagan]] convention, at least two persons spoke about their metagender identity at a roundtable discussion on gender diversity<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|url=http://divinespiralingrainbowtribe.blogspot.com/2015/03/living-spectra-with-jaina-bee.html|title=Living the Spectra with Jaina Bee|website=Divine Spiraling Rainbow Tribe: Exploring and Honoring Sacred Mxgender Mysteries|language=en|access-date=22 March 2021|date=15 March 2015|last=Bee|first=Jaina|archive-url=|archive-date=|publisher=Blogspot}}</ref> as derived from the spiritual definition by P. Sufenas Virius Lupus.<ref name=":3" /> After the convention, Priestx Jaina Bee wrote:

{{Quote|Metagender opens up uninhibited freedom to be myself; a one-size-fits-me label that is no particular gender but neither is it [[agender]]. It is a slippery, slithery gender that evades every attempt to define it; a trickster gender. (Every person in this conformist culture who does not identify with their assigned gender is forced in some way to become a trickster, even if they would not be otherwise. Metagender is trickster to the core.) Ask nine metagender people what metagender means and you'll get twelve answers.<ref name=":19" />|Jaina Bee|March 15, 2015}}

Author Maxfield Sparrow, who has spoken about coming out as metagender in 1992,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/FTMOver30/comments/d98wwv/tell_me_about_your_nonbinary_transition/f1nlfli|title=r/FTMOver30 - Comment by u/MaxfieldSparrow on ”Tell me about your "non-binary transition"?”|last=Sparrow|first=Maxfield|date=27 September 2019|website=reddit|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Maxfield Sparrow on Twitter|url=https://twitter.com/UnstrangeMind/status/1337887769511612417|website=Twitter|access-date=24 December 2020|language=en-US|date=12 December 2020|last=Sparrow|first=Maxfield|archive-url=|archive-date=|quote=It's great that people decided there should be a word for those who aren't cis and aren't trans but I wish they had not chosen the word [metagender] I've been using since 1992 and defined me out of my own identity and then told me I don't matter because I'm old and my identity is only history}}</ref> wrote about being metagender on various channels across the 2010s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/UnstrangeMind/posts/735759669859809|title=Unstrange Mind (comment)|last=Sparrow|first=Maxfield|date=22 August 2016|website=Facebook|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 December 2020|quote=I am female but not a woman because I'm also male (and not a man). I'm an epicene. I'm metagender. I'm transmasculine.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sashacagen.com/quirky-alone/quirkyalone-day-cards-from-readers/#comment-350978|title=Comment on 'Happy Quirkyalone Day 2019! Here are some hand-drawn cards from readers'|last=Sparrow|first=Maxfield|date=14 February 2019|website=Sasha Cagen, Quirkyalone + To-Do List Author + Coach|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 December 2020|quote=I’m performing the poem “Reclaiming Cunt” as an affirmation and validation of my gender and how I express it, as a metagender person with a masculine body presentation.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=973524929856573440|user=UnstrangeMind|title=Thank you. I think words are changing a lot these days. Non-binary didn’t exist when I first started identifying as metagender. And I went 26 years not realizing I was Trans until I felt the need to transition. I’m glad the Trans umbrella is opening up now & more inclusive.|author=Sparrow, Maxfield.|date=13 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=https://transtistic.wordpress.com/2017/06/17/what-is-gendervague/|title=What is Gendervague?|last=Sparrow|first=Maxfield. [unstrangemind]|date=17 July 2017|website=Transtistic|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 December 2020|quote=I referred to myself as metagender for many years}}</ref> In Sparrow's 2017 blog essay "What is Metagender," Sparrow described the difficulty of defining the identity, describing its similarity to [[gendervague]].<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|url=https://transtistic.wordpress.com/2017/07/11/what-is-metagender/|title=What is Metagender?|last=Sparrow|first=Maxfield. [unstrangemind]|date=11 July 2017|website=Transtistic|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=21 January 2021|publisher=Wordpress}}</ref> Sparrow expanded on their metagender identity in a 2018 anthology, writing that metagender "expresses feeling outside the entire paradigm of gender."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Challenging genders: non-binary experiences of those assigned female at birth|last=Sparrow|first=Maxfield|date=2018|publisher=Boundless Endeavors, Inc|year=|isbn=978-0-9968309-6-6|editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Michael Eric|location=Miami, AZ|pages=|quote="I didn't begin identifying as metagender until my 30s. Metagender means that I don't feel like a woman and I don't feel like a man. I don't feel like a gender at all. But I don't feel 'genderless,' either. Metagender is a word that expresses feeling outside the entire paradigm of gender...I am metagender because I don't grasp gender at all."}}</ref>

In interviews for a 2018 thesis, an anonymous interviewee described metagender as an identity "beyond gender."<ref>Jacobson, Ariele (2018). ''[https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/38056/1/Jacobson_Ariele_2018_thesis.pdf To Lessen Repression and Depression: The Relationship Between Sexual Repression and Mental Health Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Individuals]'' (M.A. thesis, PDF). Saint Paul University. p. 21, 93. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230703210931/https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/38056/1/Jacobson_Ariele_2018_thesis.pdf Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>

====2020-present====
[[File:Metagender (black green yellow white 7 stripe).jpg |thumb|A pride flag for the "neither cis nor trans" definition of metagender. The flag consists of seven horizontal stripes which are black, green, yellow, white, yellow, green, and black.]]
In July 2020, metagender was coined again by Every Winters, Tenacity and others as a [[Gender Modality|gender modality]] for persons who are not [[cisgender]] and do not identify as [[transgender]],<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=https://soundsliketransedu.com/metagender/|title=Metagender - Sounds Like Trans Edu|last=|first=|date=2020-10-31|website=web.archive.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031235631/https://soundsliketransedu.com/metagender/|archive-date=2020-10-30|access-date=2021-01-09}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/281615473111127/|title=Facebook Groups: Metagender and Questioning 🖤💚💛🤍💛💚🖤|last=|first=|date=|website=Facebook|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228200140/https://www.facebook.com/groups/281615473111127/|archive-date=2020-12-28|access-date=2020-12-28}}</ref> similar to [[List of uncommon nonbinary identities#Isogender|isogender]] and absgender.<ref>{{cite web|title=Absgender: A genderedness that is between, beyond or removed from the Cisgender/Transgender dichotomy; a gender that is neither Cisgender nor Transgender.|date=29 July 2020|url=https://gender-resource.tumblr.com/post/624951702581362688/absgender-a-genderedness-that-is-between-beyond|access-date=16 January 2022|website=Gender Resource|last=gender-resource|first=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231191637/https://gender-resource.tumblr.com/post/624951702581362688/absgender-a-genderedness-that-is-between-beyond|archive-date=31 December 2020|publication-place=Tumblr}}</ref> Of the new term, one nonbinary person said:

{{Quote|Not all nonbinary people identify as trans, for various reasons. Because of this, a new term has also been coined to cover nonbinary people: metagender. I do acknowledge that I am technically transgender, but I also feel like the label doesn’t quite fit me. There’s still a lot of binary expectations with being transgender and I don’t see that experience as my own. At the same time, I wholly believe that nonbinary people should be accepted by the transgender community.|B.Alvinia|"Somewhere In Between"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bamuses.wordpress.com/2020/12/12/somewhere-in-between/|title=Somewhere In Between|last=B.Alvinia|date=2020-12-12|website=b.AM Muses|language=en|access-date=2021-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201210520/https://bamuses.wordpress.com/2020/12/12/somewhere-in-between/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>}}
{{clear}}

====Gender Census and other data====
In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, one respondent called themselves metagender.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gendercensus.com/results/2019-worldwide-summary/|title=Gender Census 2019: Worldwide Summary|date=2020-11-11|website=Gender Census|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810134730/https://www.gendercensus.com/results/2019-worldwide-summary/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> In the 2020 Worldwide Gender Census, four respondents called themselves metagender.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gendercensus.com/results/2020-worldwide-summary/|title=Gender Census 2020: Worldwide Summary|date=2020-11-11|website=Gender Census|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810134743/https://www.gendercensus.com/results/2020-worldwide-summary/|archive-date=17 July 2023}} "metagender: 2; metagender!: 1; meta-girl: 1"</ref> As of December 28, 2020, the "Metagender and Questioning" facebook group, founded after the gender modality coining, had 506 members, with an unknown number of members being metagender themselves.<ref name=":2" />

===Bugis society of Indonesia===
For 600 years into the present day, Bugis Society recognizes four genders, plus a fifth gender, [[Gender-variant identities worldwide#Bissu|bissu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-02-27/indonesia-fifth-gender-might-soon-disappear/10846570|title=This Indonesian community has five genders — one of them is under threat of dying out|last=Ibrahim|first=Farid|date=2019-02-26|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-29}}</ref> Bissu, seen as a gender which combines and transcends other genders, has been labeled a "meta-gender" identity by anthropologists since 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insideindonesia.org/sulawesis-fifth-gender?highlight=WyJzaGFyeW4iLCJncmFoYW0iLCJncmFoYW0ncyIsInNoYXJ5biBncmFoYW0iXQ%3D%3D|title=Sulawesi's fifth gender|last=Graham|first=Sharyn|date=2001|website=Inside Indonesia|language=en-gb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128121628/https://www.insideindonesia.org/sulawesis-fifth-gender?highlight=WyJzaGFyeW4iLCJncmFoYW0iLCJncmFoYW0ncyIsInNoYXJ5biBncmFoYW0iXQ%3D%3D|archive-date=2021-11-28|access-date=|url-status=dead}} 66: Apr-Jun. Retrieved January 08, 2021.</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=Qoq5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102&dq=%22meta-gender%22+OR+%22meta-gendered%22+OR+%22metagenderism%22+OR+%22metagender%22+OR+%22metagendered%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7lpfamPTtAhWG7KQKHRfYAXEQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg|title=The spectrum of sex: the science of male, female, and intersex|last=Viloria|first=Hida|last2=Law|first2=Alex|last3=Nieto|first3=María|last4=ProQuest (Firme)|date=2020|publisher=|year=|isbn=978-1-78775-265-8|location=London and Philadelphia|pages=102|language=English|oclc=1149536934|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720072450/https://books.google.de/books?id=Qoq5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102&dq=%22meta-gender%22+OR+%22meta-gendered%22+OR+%22metagenderism%22+OR+%22metagender%22+OR+%22metagendered%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7lpfamPTtAhWG7KQKHRfYAXEQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=%22meta-gender%22%20OR%20%22meta-gendered%22%20OR%20%22metagenderism%22%20OR%20%22metagender%22%20OR%20%20%22metagendered%22&f=false|archive-date=20 July 2023|access-date=29 December 2020|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> "''Bissu'' embody elements of all genders within them, and thereby occupy a space outside or above any single gender identity. They are essentially beyond gender — ‘meta-gender’ or ‘gender-transcendent’ as they are sometimes described."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://learn.akkadium.com/beyond-binary-five-genders-of-the-bugis/|title=Beyond Binary: Five genders of the Bugis|last=Mark Anderson|date=2016-08-15|website=Akkadium College|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419055419/https://learn.akkadium.com/beyond-binary-five-genders-of-the-bugis/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> This usage of meta-gender was later adopted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia Bahasa Indonesia] (the official language of Indonesia) as a loanword for describing the bissu, serving as a category for genders that transcend gender roles and a description of transcending gendered power relations to reach higher powers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slashqueer.com/the-bugis-of-indonesia-english-dubbed-transcript|title=The Bugis of Indonesia ENGLISH DUBBED- Transcript|website=/Queer|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419055417/https://slashqueer.com/the-bugis-of-indonesia-english-dubbed-transcript|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>Williams, Georgie. "[https://castbox.fm/app/castbox/player/id2443104/id311755818?v=8.22.11 /Queer – The Bugis of Indonesia (No Dub)]" ''/queer'' (Podcast). Retrieved 30 December 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220127045715/https://castbox.fm/app/castbox/player/id2443104/id311755818?v=8.22.11 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.blamakassar.kemenag.go.id/berita/pertunjukan-terakhir-kisah-para-bissu-dalam-impitan-kapitalisme-dari-atas-dan-bawah|title=Pertunjukan Terakhir: Kisah para Bissu dalam Impitan Kapitalisme dari Atas dan Bawah|last=|first=|date=2020-10-21|website=www.blamakassar.kemenag.go.id|language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130150717/https://blamakassar.kemenag.go.id/berita/pertunjukan-terakhir-kisah-para-bissu-dalam-impitan-kapitalisme-dari-atas-dan-bawah|archive-date=2020-11-30|access-date=2020-12-31|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Theology, anthropology, and spirituality ===
Metagender is used to describe [[gender variance in spirituality]], anthropology, and religion. Multiple religious or spiritual concepts and identities have been called metagender. In anthropology, spiritual [[third gender]] identities have been labeled metagender. In theology of multiple religions, spiritual identities—some divine and others obtainable by religious adherents—have been labeled meta-gender.

Meta-gender as a transcendent ideal appears in scholarship of Daoism,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Komjathy|first=Louis|date=2015-03-24|title=Gendering Chinese Religion: Subject, Identity, and Body, edited by Jinhua Jia, Xiaofei Kang, and Ping Yao, 2014|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/nanu/17/2/article-p360_17.xml|journal=Nan Nü|volume=17|issue=2|pages=360–364|doi=10.1163/15685268-00172p17|issn=1387-6805|quote=Raz be-lieves that androgyny or meta-gender is the ideal in his materials.|via=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115235039/https://brill.com/view/journals/nanu/17/2/article-p360_17.xml|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> Buddhism,<ref name=":7" /> Christianity,<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> and other religious and spiritual traditions.

In anthropology, metagender has been applied to modern societies such as the Bugis as well as pre-history. In Aegean scholarship of the genderless aspects of Minoan culture, applying meta-gender as a third gender concept "better conveys something above and beyond binary categories" than "genderless."<ref name=":4" />

====Christianity====
Metagender was used to describe the transcendent gender of virgin saints in scholarly reconstructions by 2003.<ref>McDaniel, Rhonda L. (2003). ''[https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/1252 Male and Female He Created Them: Ælfric’s Lives of Saints and Patristic Theories of Gender]'' (Ph.D). Western Michigan University. 1252. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230603113229/https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/1252/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> Theorized in the writings of the Latin Doctors in the fourth and fifth centuries, the metagendered ''virum perfectum'', belonging to the Body of Christ, encompassed and transcended masculine and feminine genders to become an angelic, otherworldly metagender.<ref name=":9" /> Through virginity and devotion to scripture, any sex could transcend earthly pleasures to become the heavenly metagender.<ref name=":9" /> Some Christians in the present day also use metagender to describe this state of transcending human gender to achieve a Godlike gender.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lainaorlando.com/a-course-in-love/|title=A Course in Love|last=Orl|first=Laina|last2=o|date=2018-03-16|website=Laina Orlando|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605024507/https://lainaorlando.com/a-course-in-love/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

====Gender-variant figures in spirituality and religion====
In addition to human spiritual identities, divine beings have been called "meta-gendered"—in the sense of transcending human gender categories—in religious scholarship and education of multiple religions. Examples include angels in Islam,<ref name=":10" /> the Christian God,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=KUdgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA55&dq=%22meta-gender%22+OR+%22meta-gendered%22+OR+%22metagenderism%22+OR+%22metagender%22+OR+%22metagendered%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwii4fLGj_TtAhXCuaQKHailDPkQ6AEwBnoECAUQAg|title=Reforming worship: English reformed principles and practice|last=|first=|date=2012|publisher=Wipf & Stock Publishers|year=|isbn=978-1-61097-320-5|location=Eugene, Or.|pages=|language=English|oclc=801440436|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720072446/https://books.google.de/books?id=KUdgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA55&dq=%22meta-gender%22+OR+%22meta-gendered%22+OR+%22metagenderism%22+OR+%22metagender%22+OR+%22metagendered%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwii4fLGj_TtAhXCuaQKHailDPkQ6AEwBnoECAUQAg#v=onepage&q=%22meta-gender%22%20OR%20%22meta-gendered%22%20OR%20%22metagenderism%22%20OR%20%22metagender%22%20OR%20%22metagendered%22&f=false|archive-date=20 July 2023|access-date=29 December 2020|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gender-curricula.com/en/curriculum/theologie-katholisch|title=Gender Curricula für Bachelor- und Masterstudiengänge: Curriculum Catholic Theology|website=www.gender-curricula.com|access-date=2020-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323152543/https://www.gender-curricula.com/en/curriculum/theologie-katholisch|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> and other spiritualities.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=JS1xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT115&dq=%22meta-gender%22+OR+%22meta-gendered%22+OR+%22metagenderism%22+OR+%22metagender%22+OR+%22metagendered%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjWzPWWj_TtAhWICOwKHZh8AWEQ6AEwA3oECAYQAg|title=Spirit speak: knowing and understanding spirit guides, ancestors, ghosts, angels, and the divine|last=Domínguez|first=Ivo|date=2008|publisher=New Page Books|year=|isbn=978-1-60163-002-5|location=Franklin Lakes, NJ|pages=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720072446/https://books.google.de/books?id=JS1xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT115&dq=%22meta-gender%22+OR+%22meta-gendered%22+OR+%22metagenderism%22+OR+%22metagender%22+OR+%22metagendered%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjWzPWWj_TtAhWICOwKHZh8AWEQ6AEwA3oECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=%22meta-gender%22%20OR%20%20%22meta-gendered%22%20OR%20%22metagenderism%22%20OR%20%22metagender%22%20OR%20%22metagendered%22&f=false|archive-date=20 July 2023|access-date=29 December 2020|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> One [[Pagan|neopagan]] deity, Paneros of the Tetrad++, was "birthed" specifically as a metagendered deity.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/mediawiki/oclc/946958644|title=All-soul, all-body, all-love, all-power a transmythology|last=Lupus|first=P. Sufenas Virius|date=2016|isbn=978-1-4750-2528-6|language=English|oclc=946958644|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720072456/https://www.worldcat.org/title/mediawiki/oclc/946958644|archive-date=20 July 2023|access-date=29 December 2020|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://psufenasviriuslupus.wordpress.com/pantheons/the-antinoan-pantheon/paneros-of-the-tetrad/|title=Paneros of the Tetrad++|date=2019-01-28|website=P. SUFENAS VIRIUS LUPUS|language=en|access-date=2020-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720072949/https://psufenasviriuslupus.wordpress.com/pantheons/the-antinoan-pantheon/paneros-of-the-tetrad/|archive-date=2023-07-20|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

===Academic and technical usage===
Metagender(ed) (sometimes meta-gender(ed) or metagenderism) has been used to describe "the academic engagement with or the theorizing of gender,"<ref>{{Cite book|title=Africa after gender?|publisher=Indiana University Press|date=2007|location=Bloomington, IN|isbn=978-0-253-34816-6|editor-first=Catherine M.|editor-last=Cole|editor-first2=Takyiwaa|editor-last2=Manuh|editor-first3=Stephan|editor-last3=Miescher|last=|first=|year=|pages=287, 289}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/mediawiki/oclc/1137077647|title=Queering knowledge: analytics, devices and investments after Marilyn Strathern|last=Boyce|first=Paul|last2=Gonzalez-Polledo|first2=E. J|last3=Posocco|first3=Silvia|date=2020|publisher=|year=|isbn=978-1-138-23098-9|location=|pages=Note 20|language=English|oclc=1137077647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721212139/https://www.worldcat.org/title/mediawiki/oclc/1137077647|archive-date=21 July 2023|access-date=26 December 2020|url-status=bot: unknown}} Note 20.</ref> religious identities and spiritual states that transcend gender,<ref name=":7">Scherer, Burkhard. (2006). ‘Gender Transformed and Meta-gendered Enlightenment: Reading Buddhist Narratives as Paradigms of Inclusiveness’ ''Revista de Estudos da Religião'' – REVER 6(3), pp. 65-76.</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442664579|title=Writing Women Saints in Anglo-Saxon England|last=Szarmach|first=Paul|date=2019|isbn=978-1-4426-6457-9|oclc=1091659301|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720072953/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.3138/9781442664579/html|archive-date=20 July 2023|access-date=26 December 2020|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book|title=The third gender and Ælfric's Lives of saints|last=McDaniel|first=Rhonda L.|date=2018|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|isbn=978-1-58044-309-8|series=Richard Rawlinson Center series|location=Kalamazoo}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=al-Khawaldeh|first=Samira|date=2015-05-06|title=“The One Raised in Ornament?” Gendering Issues in the Qurʾan|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/haww/13/1/article-p1_1.xml|journal=Hawwa|volume=13|issue=1|pages=1–24|doi=10.1163/15692086-12341271|issn=1569-2078|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115235042/https://brill.com/view/journals/haww/13/1/article-p1_1.xml|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=5213031|title=Gender, sex, and sexualities: psychological perspectives|last=Dess|first=Nancy Kimberly|last2=Marecek|first2=Jeanne|last3=Bell|first3=Leslie C|date=2018|isbn=978-0-19-065855-7|language=English|oclc=1018308022|archive-url=False|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> systems of gender,<ref name=":18">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/mediawiki/oclc/953860344|title=Negotiating Boundaries? Identities, Sexualities, Diversities|last=Beckett|first=Clare|last2=Heathcote|first2=Owen|last3=Macey|first3=Marie|date=2009|isbn=978-1-4438-1092-0|language=English|oclc=953860344|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721212139/https://www.worldcat.org/title/mediawiki/oclc/953860344|archive-date=21 July 2023|access-date=26 December 2020|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/978-3-0353-0144-1/2|title=Queering Paradigms II|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3-0343-0295-1|year=2011|editor-last=Scherer|editor-first=Bee|editor-first2=Matthew|editor-last2=Ball|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720074053/https://www.peterlang.com/document/1052082|archive-date=20 July 2023|access-date=26 December 2020|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> sets of gender,<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Boyu|last2=Jin|first2=Hao|last3=Yang|first3=Zhiwen|last4=Qu|first4=Yingying|last5=Weng|first5=Heng|last6=Hao|first6=Tianyong|date=2019-04-09|title=An approach for transgender population information extraction and summarization from clinical trial text|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-019-0768-1|journal=BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making|volume=19|issue=2|pages=62|doi=10.1186/s12911-019-0768-1|issn=1472-6947|pmc=PMC6454593|pmid=30961595|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521084657/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-019-0768-1|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> being beyond or outside binary gender categories,<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=1987|title=Annales D'archéologie Égéenne de L'Université de Liège|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=f1fFPmPBAYcC|journal=Aegaeum|volume=30|pages=231|quote=We can see...what does help us to approach the door that opens onto Minoan realities is to study the meta-gender of the aniconic. We discern a cluster of symbols that were definitely greater than just female or male.|via=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518115259/https://books.google.de/books?id=f1fFPmPBAYcC|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118294291.ch24|title=A Companion to Gender Prehistory|last=Hitchcock|first=Louise|last2=Nikolaidou|first2=Marianna|date=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|isbn=978-1-118-29429-1|pages=502–525|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781118294291.ch24|year=|location=|quote=Applying the concept of a third gender is rare in Aegean scholarship... Cadogan observes that the genderless aspects of Minoan culture... are understudied. He believes that the term 'meta-gender' better conveys something above and beyond binary categories.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127062727/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118294291.ch24|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceproble0000vale/page/136/mode/2up?q=metagender|title=James Joyce and the problem of justice: negotiating sexual and colonial difference|last=Valente|first=Joseph|date=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=|isbn=978-0-521-47369-9|location=Cambridge [England] ; New York|pages=|archive-url=False|archive-date=17 July 2023}} "Since to be human is to be sexed, there can be no metagender position in discourse, no superintending perspective on the question of gender and its associated baggage."</ref><ref>Kazanjian, David (2011). "[https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/discourse/vol33/iss3/4/ Re-flexion: Genocide in Ruins]," ''Discourse: Journal for Theoretical Studies in Media and Culture'': 33(3), Article 4. "She is doubly excluded by Creon, then: a resident alien who must reside amongst the dead, a meta-gendered subject denied both the male polis and the female oikos." [https://web.archive.org/web/20220420013652/https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/discourse/vol33/iss3/4/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref><ref>Goodman, Z. J. (1997). [https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/20041/thesis_hum_1997_goodman_zilla_jane.pdf?sequence=1 Representations of the other in modern Hebrew literature](PhD). University of Cape Town. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230703210939/https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/20041/thesis_hum_1997_goodman_zilla_jane.pdf?sequence=1 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> applying regardless of gender or to all genders equally,<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9781351984041|title=Shakespeare and Feminist Criticism (1991): an Annotated Bibliography and Commentary|last=Kolin|first=Philip C|date=2017|isbn=978-1-351-98403-4|language=English|oclc=1052448663|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720074055/https://www.vlebooks.com/Account/Logon/none?returnurl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.vlebooks.com%2fproduct%2fopenreader%3fid%3dnone%26isbn%3d9781351984041|archive-date=20 July 2023|access-date=26 December 2020|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=Edinburgh&isbn=9781137054425|title=Doing feminist research in political and social science|last=Ackerly|first=Brooke A|last2=True|first2=Jacqui|date=2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-05442-5|location=Basingstoke; New York|language=English|oclc=1203336058|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720074016/https://www.ease.ed.ac.uk/cosign.cgi?cosign-eucsCosign-idp.ed.ac.uk&https://idp.ed.ac.uk/idp/profile/SAML2/Redirect/SSO?SAMLRequest=fVLLbtswEPwVgXeR1AOWRFgO3BhFDaSNYTk99EZSq5iIRKokZTd%2FX9qqgPSSI8HdmdmZWT%2F8GfroAtYpo2uUYIoi0NK0Sr%2FW6OX0NS7Rw2bt%2BNCPbDv5sz7C7wmcj8Keduz%2BUaPJama4U45pPoBjXrJm%2B%2F2JpZiy0RpvpOlRtHUOrA9Ej0a7aQDbgL0oCS%2FHpxqdvR8dI0QarUF6bEbQ3J9BO6zBk1duWx1kYmkG0mZtueJpHidUJHFe8iTmpejirFwlRbFquzIvCQ9qiZUXctOYktE4j6JdkK4C7v3ahVK1I4YWc4mnt9uDBMmd6oHcbkjJEVplgyTSNM8o2u9qBDwTokoCXQX5qhJVlUKRdIK2bcZFJ8KUcxPstfNc%2BxqlNM1iWsQpPdGC5ZQlFBcJ%2FYWiwz9zvig9W%2F6Zk2Iecuzb6XSID8%2FNCUU%2Fl%2BjCAJqDYndy%2ByGhz2H5EgvaLI5cr1d86UEY8zY7bjgB7ZV%2FX5MPFEsxfgTM%2Fe5geiXfo23fm%2BujBe4hFAqRzbzyf302fwE%3D&RelayState=https%3A%2F%2Fconnect.openathens.net%2Foidc%2Fauth%3Fclient_id%3Dgardners.com.oidc-app-v1.d998531e-01fc-4b98-83f1-07872f7801c0%26redirect_uri%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fauth.vlebooks.com%252Fredirect%26response_type%3Dcode%2520id_token%26scope%3Dopenid%26response_mode%3Dform_post%26nonce%3D638254356100750051.NDdkZjVkYmItMWYxYi00ZTRiLTk0NDgtYzc2NjlkNGMwYmQyMWJkZTE3ODUtNWU2Yy00ZWIwLWFkZTAtMjkzYzg4YWJhMDM4%26state%3DCfDJ8PrZ0Mm7DlVBoy_KlBtLPT565q0osSKlUWJmdwlV_sR9RDIxZrBNhYqUHEt6SdbreU0jQPmEhBTMinfdGlViKg2iWK-xj5Q8fSHAv-NJ-RuaRA7frC7zFL_Xf63OVH_e6jIDF6PWDNG9Bw4WEG6BIc-UTY1BKFxrco_dchdoAg4T8Drtgcj_8RzpnnZAlIgiOodt9EMJxUxuxd0OWycI1rMeYxwvjqOjkflcrFaa6xcOAfwdxOijx5uiLS5qxX-lXq8D3YU1NPU8y7f07kVlae4wdVo4Om0wmRbakOczavx8uF4OuxflYfkctNrg1oqX9QfzDcLDVGyHDSsRaoH0tB6KEVdLkJqNtpyuHVpcf_fc%26x-client-SKU%3DID_NETSTANDARD2_0%26x-client-ver%3D6.10.0.0|archive-date=20 July 2023|access-date=26 December 2020|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hussein Ali|first=Zahra A.|date=2018-09-01|title=George Meredith, John S. Mill, and Liberalized Womanhood|url=https://www.utexaspressjournals.org/doi/10.7560/TSLL60303|journal=Texas Studies in Literature and Language|volume=60|issue=3|pages=316–345|doi=10.7560/TSLL60303|issn=0040-4691|quote=...a triadic logos that interrelates "[b]lood and brain and spirit, three," which if "parted," "[s]ome one sailing will be wrecked!" ("Woods" 352, 355, 356). (8) This logos is meta-gender, and it can accommodate a broad spectrum of socioeconomic positions, from the liberal to the conservative.|via=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720074557/https://www.utexaspressjournals.org/doi/10.7560/TSLL60303|archive-date=2023-07-20|access-date=2021-01-02|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morozova|first=Iryna I.|date=2016|title=A woman in the victorian female discourse.|url=https://lingvj.oa.edu.ua/articles/2016/n61/84.pdf|journal=Наукові записки Національного університету Острозька академія. Серія: Філологічна|volume=61|issue=|pages=218-220.|doi=|issn=|quote=The Victorian woman’s discourse is dominated by the situational and contextual factors; on the other hand, the factor of gender is of relative importance. This testifies preeminence of the metagender (common to the society / mankind on the whole) in the stereotypic communication of the Victorian woman.|via=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115235051/https://lingvj.oa.edu.ua/articles/2016/n61/84.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ilina|first=Ekaterina V.|last2=Polyakova|first2=Tatyana A.|date=31 May 2021|title=Language Androcentrism in British Textbooks in the 80s of the XXth century|url=https://ap.pensoft.net/article/22752/|journal=ARPHA Proceedings|volume=4|pages=424-431|quote=This point of classification of signs of androcentrism is achieved due to the fact that the pronoun he is used as a metagender, so it can replace the representatives of any gender, although, from the context, it follows that this neutral pronoun refers to a man only.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401003852/https://ap.pensoft.net/article/22752/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> gender studies about gender studies,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sun|first=Yinying|last2=Lou|first2=Wen|last3=Zhang|first3=Lin|date=13 October 2021|title=Meta-gender-study: A Gender Study of Global Distribution on Gender Studies|url=https://doi.org/10.1002/pra2.581|journal=Annual Meeting of the Association for Information Science & Technology|volume=84th|pages=839-841|doi=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720074508/https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pra2.581|archive-date=20 July 2023|access-date=5 November 2021|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> and otherwise being about gender.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Devlin-Glass|first=Frances|date=1998|title='Teasing the audience with the play': feminism and Shakespeare at the Melbourne Theatre Company, 1984-93|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2870817|journal=Australasian Drama Studies|volume=|issue=33|pages=21-39|doi=|issn=0810-4123|via=https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=200000904;res=IELAPA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720074509/https://academic.oup.com/crawlprevention/governor?content=%2fsq%2farticle%2f40%2f2%2f165-174%2f5084521|archive-date=20 July 2023|access-date=26 December 2020|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Examples:

{{Quote|These dynamics are meta-gendered, in that they impact men and women and those who don’t identify in the binary, without particular discrimination, putting all of us at risk for weirdly pervasive and unexamined suffering.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=How not to be a hot mess: a semi-Buddhist guide for surviving modern life|url=https://www.overdrive.com/search?q=BFBB0679-884D-4AB3-9A4B-8E9F89EA5615|date=2020|isbn=978-0-8348-4269-4|oclc=1151626639|language=English|first=Craig|last=Hase|first2=Devon|last2=Hase|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720074508/https://www.overdrive.com/media/5043171/how-not-to-be-a-hot-mess|archive-date=20 July 2023|access-date=25 December 2020|url-status=bot: unknown}} Retrieved at https://archive.org/details/how-not-to-be-a-hot-mess/page/n51/mode/2up?q=%22meta-gendered%22</ref>|Craig & Devon Hase|2020||||lang1=|col2=}}{{Quote|All the mapped gender types with valid annotations are split into a list of meta gender types, i.e., ‘Biological Male’, ‘Biological Female’, ‘Transgender Male’ and ‘Transgender Female.’<ref name=":21" />|An approach for transgender population information extraction and summarization from clinical trial text|2019}}

{{Quote|I use the term metagender to indicate that all of the above work together. In order to conform successfully to the patriarchal requirements of the metagender binary the four genders must be congruent…all their gender building blocks incontestably in one metagender box…Some people do, however, reject the patriarchal binary and experiment with alternative metagenders.”<ref name=":18" />|Negotiating Boundaries? Identities, Sexualities, Diversities|2009}}

=== Miscellaneous===
In 2010, "MetaGender" was used as an informal community-specific term to refer to the metafilter website's open text field for gender.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metatalk.metafilter.com/20050/Gender-Go-nuts-Somebody-did|title=Gender (Go nuts). Somebody did.|last=oneswellfoop|first=|date=|website=metatalk.metafilter.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-29}}</ref> In 2017, pronouns were added as an open field, and in 2020 the gender field was deleted, citing the jokey nature of old answers that had aged badly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://faq.metafilter.com/332/profile-page-gender-pronouns-field|title=about the gender and pronouns field on the profile page {{!}} MetaFilter FAQ|website=faq.metafilter.com|access-date=2020-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615180628/http://faq.metafilter.com/332/profile-page-gender-pronouns-field|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

MÉTA GENDER is the name of a French Butoh-Queer performance deconstructing gender, body, music, and performance, first performed in the 2010s.<ref>2000 [http://iconoklastes.com/index.php?/danse/meta-gender-par-dolores-k/ MÉTA GENDER]. ''Iconoklastes'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20220817111232/http://iconoklastes.com/index.php?/danse/meta-gender-par-dolores-k/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>

==Metagender's relationship with Transgender==
Metagender's relationship with [[transgender]] has taken multiple forms over the decades. Both terms have gained less expansive definitions and more specific connotations, with some definitions overlapping and some contrasting to the point of mutual exclusion. Metagender's use in academia and as a technical term has diverged from [[LGBT]] uses, sometimes concerned with abstractions of gender independent of [[gender identity]] and thus [[Gender Modality|gender modalities]], including transgender.

Metagender has:

*Contained transgender
*Been contained by transgender
* Overlapped with transgender
*Been mutually exclusive with transgender
*Been tangentially related to transgender
*Been unrelated to transgender

Transgender once included gender non-conforming people who would now be considered [[cisgender]],<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":17">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lavenderhat.org/2019/03/17/gender-isnt-ternary-either/|title=Gender Isn’t Ternary Either|last=lavenderhat|date=2019-03-17|website=Lavender Hat|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422233945/https://www.lavenderhat.org/2019/03/17/gender-isnt-ternary-either/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> with metagender being alternatively a description for gender behavior and sexes outside [[binarism]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteronormativity heteronormativity]<ref name=":12" /> or a super-set containing all means of conceptualizing gender or lack thereof, including transgender definitions.<ref name=":13" /> Complaints about transgender's inclusiveness that specifically contrasted with an expansive definition of metagender emerged as early as 1994.<ref name=":12" /> Metagender was described as a more expansive approach to gender outside strict cis binaries than transgender without being mutually exclusive, used to highlight the limitations of a dichotomy to contain all gender experiences.<ref name=":13" />

Metagender developed several niche definitions that some metagender people put under an expansive ''transgressively-gendered'' transgender umbrella<ref name=":14" /> that included [[gender non-conforming]] people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.them.us/story/inqueery-genderqueer|title=Do You Know What It Means to Be Genderqueer?|last=them|website=them.|language=en-us|access-date=2021-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213094016/https://www.them.us/story/inqueery-genderqueer|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> Despite the work of [[Leslie Feinberg]] in the 1990s to coin transgender as a wide and inclusive umbrella term covering all forms of ''transgressive gender'', transgender became more associated with [[Transsexual|transsexualism]], [[gender dysphoria]], and [[Binary genders|binary gender]], while cisgender gender non-conforming people were no longer defined as transgender. [[Transmedicalism|Transmedicalists]] resisted the inclusion of nonbinary people as transgender or under a broader trans umbrella. Some terms were coined by people outside the gender binary out of frustration with the [[transgender]] umbrella. (See "[[Genderqueer#Is Genderqueer Transgender?|Is Genderqueer Transgender?]]") As with others of genderqueer or nonbinary gender, some people of metagender gender identity described themselves as technically transgender without identifying as transgender themselves or vice versa.<ref name=":20" /> Others saw their gender identity as complementary to transgender definitions.<ref name=":3" />

Metagender's re-coining as a gender modality that by definition is for people who are neither cis nor trans (or are not cisgender but do not consider themselves trans) is a stricter contrast to other definitions of transgender and metagender, but as with early definitions of metagender highlights the weakness of a dichotomy to contain all experiences of (non)gender.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":13" />

Some metagender people consider themselves to fall under the transgender umbrella and some do not. While the trans umbrella is broadly seen to include all non-cisgender individuals, the advice of public health, gender diverse advocates, and gender diverse people themselves is to always use the descriptive term(s) preferred by the individual.<ref name=":17" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://genderminorities.com/database/glossary-transgender/|title=Trans 101: glossary of trans words and how to use them.|date=2016-06-24|website=Gender Minorities Aotearoa|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525011240/https://genderminorities.com/database/glossary-transgender/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transgenderpartners.com/glossary-of-terms|title=Glossary of Terms for Transgender People|website=TransGenderPartners.com|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705181808/https://www.transgenderpartners.com/glossary-of-terms|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/reporting-about-transgender-people-read-this|title=HRC’s Brief Guide to Getting Transgender Coverage Right|website=HRC|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711045527/https://www.hrc.org/resources/reporting-about-transgender-people-read-this|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/gender-identity/transgender/transgender-identity-terms-and-labels|title=What Are Appropriate Labels & Terms For Transgender People?|website=www.plannedparenthood.org|language=en|access-date=2021-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212215451/https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/gender-identity/transgender/transgender-identity-terms-and-labels|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/transgender/nonbinary|title=Nonbinary: What Does It Mean?|date=2017-10-20|website=Healthline|language=en|access-date=2021-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514235733/https://www.healthline.com/health/transgender/nonbinary|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category: Nonbinary identities]]
[[Category: Spirituality]]

Gender neutral language in Portuguese

2024-03-02T02:03:23Z

Yunan: /* Pronouns */

{{stub}}{{Template:Gender neutral language}}
The vast majority of Portuguese words have one of two grammatical genders: the feminine or the masculine. The creation and implementation of gender neutral terms in the Portuguese language aims to make non-binary people feel included.
It is important to note that, in Portuguese, there’s a distinction between '''gender-neutral language''' and '''inclusive language'''. Though the two overlap in some aspects, the latter makes use of already existing binary terms and its main goal is to include both men and women in conversations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politize.com.br/linguagem-inclusiva-e-linguagem-neutra-entenda/|title=Linguagem inclusiva e linguagem neutra: entenda a diferença!|last=Folter|first=Regiane|date=9 March 2021|website=politize!|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Inclusive language and neutral language: understand the difference!|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704235358/https://www.politize.com.br/linguagem-inclusiva-e-linguagem-neutra-entenda/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> It comes as a response to the way Portuguese uses the masculine to encompass the feminine. This can be seen, for example, when groups are referred to with the masculine and plural form of a noun even when they’re not made-up exclusively of men.

{| class="wikitable"
|+How the sentence "good night, everyone!" is traditionally said and what each category of language suggests as an alternative:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.speakingbrazilian.com/post/neutral|title=Gender-Neutral Language in Brazilian Portuguese|last=Langhammer|first=Virginia|date=2021-11-02|website=Speaking Brazilian|language=en|access-date=2022-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404042634/https://www.speakingbrazilian.com/post/neutral|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!Common language
!Gender-neutral language
!Inclusive language
|-
| rowspan="2" |Boa noite a todos!
|Boa noite a todes!
|Boa noite a todos e todas!
|-
| colspan="2" |Boa noite a todos, todas e todes!
|-
| colspan="3" |Boa noite a todas as pessoas!
|-
| colspan="3" |Boa noite a todo mundo!
|}

This article will focus on '''gender neutral Portuguese language'''. While, in Portuguese, non-living things are also attributed a gender, that is not meant to change with the use of neutral language. The sentence "my chair is purple" would still be said like "a minha cadeira é roxa," in which ''cadeira'' is still a feminine noun and the article ''a'', the possessive pronoun ''minha'' and the adjective ''roxa'' are also feminine. Moreover, words like ''pessoa'' ("person"), which are gendered but used to refer to anyone regardless of gender, remain the same and gender agreement is still expected in sentences that use them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dezanove.pt/sistema-elu-linguagem-neutra-em-genero-1317469|title=Sistema Elu, Linguagem Neutra em Género|last=Valente|first=Pedro|date=13 April 2020|website=dezanove|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Elu System, Language Neutral in Gender|access-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520042942/https://dezanove.pt/sistema-elu-linguagem-neutra-em-genero-1317469|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

==Language sets==
There are two established ways of representing language sets in the Portuguese language. The first one, ''ela/dela'' follows the same format as the English "she/her," however, it is very incomplete. In Portuguese, word endings indicate gender, so the format ''ela/dela/-a'' was suggested as an alternative. Though this format is more complete than the previous one, it has been criticized. Some of the criticisms are that it doesn't take the particularities of the Portuguese language into account; that the other elements in the language that indicate gender, like articles and demonstrative pronouns, should also be declared and that article and word ending choice are unrelated to pronoun choice. For these reasons, the recommended representation is ''a/ela/a'', which follows the format article/pronoun/word ending.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amplifi.casa/~/Asterismos/motivos-para-n%C3%A3o-usar-pronome-d-pronome-como-indica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-conjuntos-de-linguagem|title=Motivos para não usar "pronome/d[pronome]" como indicação de conjuntos de linguagem|date=20 September 2019|website=Amplifi.casa|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Reasons not to use "pronoun/d[pronoun]" as an indication of language sets|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307205909/http://amplifi.casa/~/Asterismos/motivos-para-n%C3%A3o-usar-pronome-d-pronome-como-indica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-conjuntos-de-linguagem/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> An even more complete version of this format would be ''a/uma/da/ela/dela/minha/essa/a''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forum.orientando.org/thread-225.html|title=expansão do sistema artigo/pronome/final de palavra?|date=23 May 2018|website=Fórum Orientando|access-date=21 June 2021|language=Portuguese|trans-title=expansion of the article/pronoun/word ending system?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526212632/https://forum.orientando.org/thread-225.html|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> Note that, because pronouns aren't the only language elements that indicate gender in Portuguese, some people suggest calling these sets '''language sets''' instead of '''pronoun sets'''.

===Articles===
In Portuguese, there are two types of articles: '''definite articles''' - ''a'', ''o'', ''as'', ''os'' (equivalent to the English "the") - and '''indefinite articles''' - ''uma'', ''um'', ''umas'', ''uns'' (equivalent to the English "a" and "an") - all of which are gendered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/determiners-definite-and-indefinite-articles/|title=Definite and Indefinite Articles|website=Practice Portuguese|access-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905172255/https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/determiners-definite-and-indefinite-articles/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+The definite articles ''a'' and ''o'' compared to neutral alternatives:<ref name="SetTester">{{Cite web|url=https://orientando.org/conjuntos/avancado/|title=Testador de conjuntos: Modo avançado|website=Orientando|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Set tester: Advanced mode|type=Language set tester, containing a number of neutral language elements|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615143929/https://orientando.org/conjuntos/avancado/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!a/o
!ae
!el
!fi
!i
!u
!ê
!le
|-
|a/o estudante
|ae estudante
|el estudante
|fi estudante
|i estudante
|u estudante
|ê estudante
|le estudante
|}
There are many other alternatives, though '''''ê''''' is, by far, the most used one. As for indefinite articles, these depend on the word ending that was chosen.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Articles affected by word ending:<ref name="SetTester" />
!Word ending
!a
!ae
!e
!eo
!o
!oa
|-
|''um'' + word ending
|uma(s)
|umae(s)
|ume(s)
|umeo(s)
|umo(s)
|umoa(s)
|}

===Pronouns===
In Portuguese, there are two standard personal pronouns for the third person singular and two for the third person plural. ''Ela'' is equivalent to the English "she" and ''ele'' is equivalent to the English "he," while ''elas'' and ''eles'' are both equivalent to the English plural "they." Portuguese-speaking non-binary people who don't feel comfortable with these have had to come up with neopronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|+''Ela'' and ''ele'' compared to some Portuguese neopronouns:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://identidades.wikia.org/pt-br/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o-bin%C3%A1ria_ou_neutra|title=Linguagem não-binária ou neutra|last=Lobo|first=Cari|last2=Gaigaia|first2=V.|website=wikia|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Non-binary or neutral language|others=Revised by Kumiho Lim|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025071357/http://identidades.wikia.org/pt-br/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o-bin%C3%A1ria_ou_neutra|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronome_neutro_de_terceira_pessoa#Portugu%C3%AAs|title=Pronome neutro de terceira pessoa|website=Wikipedia|access-date=21 June 2021|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Neutral third person pronoun|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605221819/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronome_neutro_de_terceira_pessoa|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orientando.org/listas/tipos-de-linguagem/|title=Elementos de conjuntos de linguagem|website=orientando|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Elements of sets of language|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606023545/https://orientando.org/listas/tipos-de-linguagem/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_Portuguese|title=Gender neutrality in Portuguese|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2022-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306013844/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_Portuguese|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!ela/e(s)
!ael(s)
!el(s)
!el@(s)*
!elu(s)
!elx(s)*
!ile(s)
!ilu(s)
!êla(s)
!ilo(s)
!ila(s)
!elo(s)
|-
|dela/e(s)
|dael(s)
|del(s)
|del@(s)
|delu(s)
|delx(s)
|dile(s)
|dilu(s)
|dêla(s)
|dilo(s)
|dila(s)
|delo(s)
|-
|nela/e(s)
|nael(s)
|nel(s)
|nel@(s)
|nelu(s)
|nelx(s)
|nile(s)
|nilu(s)
|nêla(s)
|nilo(s)
|nila(s)
|nelo(s)
|-
|aquela/e(s)
|aquael(s)
|aquel(s)
|aquel@(s)
| aquelu(s)
|aquelx(s)
|aquile(s)
|aquilu(s)
|aquêla(s)
|aquilo(s)
|aquila(s)
|aquelo(s)
|-
|daquela/e(s)
| daquael(s)
|daquel(s)
|daquel@(s)
|daquelu(s)
|daquelx(s)
|daquile(s)
|daquilu(s)
|daquêla(s)
|daquilo(s)
|daquila(s)
|daquelo(s)
|-
|naquela/e(s)
|naquael(s)
|naquel(s)
|naquel@(s)
|naquelu(s)
|naquelx(s)
|naquile(s)
|naquilu(s)
|naquêla(s)
|naquilo(s)
|naquila(s)
|naquelo(s)
|-
|àquela/e(s)
|àquael(s)
|àquel(s)
| àquel@(s)
|àquelu(s)
|àquelx(s)
|àquile(s)
|àquilu(s)
|àquêla(s)
|àquilo(s)
|àquila(s)
|àquelo(s)
|-
|praquela/e(s)
|praquael(s)
|praquel(s)
|praquel@(s)
|praquelu(s)
|praquelx(s)
|praquile(s)
|praquilus(s)
|praquêla(s)
|praquilos(s)
|praquilas(s)
|praquelo(s)
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>The use of these sets has been increasingly discouraged for the following reasons: they aren't convenient for people who use screen readers; they can be hard to read for people with dyslexia and they aren't orally pronounceable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orgulhogay.pt/neutralidade-de-genero-na-lingua-portuguesa/|title=NEUTRALIDADE DE GÉNERO NA LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA|date=17 October 2019|website=ORGULHO GAY|language=Portuguese|trans-title=GENDER NEUTRALITY IN THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331091237/https://orgulhogay.pt/neutralidade-de-genero-na-lingua-portuguesa/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

The most well known and most used Portuguese neopronoun is '''''elu'''''. Its use is encouraged, mainly because it fits in with the pronouns ''ela'' ("she") and ''ele'' ("he") and it is easily pronounceable. Some people pronounce it as "élu", while others pronounce it as "êlu". A third option is saying "elú".

Some pronouns can depend on the word ending chosen by the user. While each pronoun, typically, has a word ending tied to it, using concordant language is not mandatory. Someone may use the word ending ''eo'' while using the pronoun ''ile'', for example.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Pronouns that can be affected by word ending:<ref name="SetTester" />
!Word ending
!a
!ae
!e
!eo
!o
!u
!oa
|-
|''est'' + word ending
|esta(s)
|estae(s)
|este(s)
|esteo(s)
|esto(s)
|estu(s)
|estoa(s)
|-
|''ess'' + word ending
|essa(s)
|essae(s)
|esse(s)
|esseo(s)
|esso(s)
|essu(s)
|essoa(s)
|-
|''mi'' or ''minh'' + word ending
|minha(s)
|minhae(s)
|minhe(s)
|minheo(s)
|minho(s)
|minhu(s)
|minhoa(s)
|-
|''tu'' + word ending
|tua(s)
|tuae(s)
|tue(s)
|tueo(s)
|tuo(s)
|tu(s)
|tuoa(s)
|-
|''su'' or ''su'' + word ending
|sua(s)
|suae(s)
|sue(s)
|sueo(s)
|suo(s)
|su(s)
|suoa(s)
|}
The pronouns ''esta'' and ''essa'' can follow one of two paths when being converted to neutral forms. '''''Est/ess'' + word ending''' or '''letters of personal pronoun before consonant + ''st/ss'' + letters of personal pronoun after consonant'''. The latter only works if the personal pronoun has a consonant in the middle, so it'd work for ''ilu'' and ''ile'' (''issu/istu'' and ''isse/iste'') but not for ael (''aess/aest''), for example.<ref>https://diversidades.fandom.com/pt-br/wiki/Neopronome</ref>

===Word endings===
In the Portuguese language, the ending of a word typically indicates gender. For this reason, the vast majority of words have two forms: the masculine and the feminine. Feminine words end in ''a'', while masculine words end in ''o''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|title=The Gender of Portuguese Words|website=Practice Portuguese|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719185109/https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> The word "friend," a noun, can translate to ''amiga'' or ''amigo''. The same rule applies to adjectives, however, so "tall" can translate to either ''alta'' or ''alto''. Moreover, adjectives and nouns are expected to agree in gender. Some non-binary people use more than one word ending and may not mind that non-concordant language is used when referring to them, like in the sentence ''ae meu amiga é bonito''. New word endings were created to accomodate people who don't feel comfortable with either of the standard word endings.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Word endings ''a'' and ''o'' compared to neutral alternatives:<ref name="SetTester" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.pronouns.page/dicionario|title=Dicionário de linguagem neutra|website=Pronouns.page|language=pt|trans-title=Neutral language dictionary|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530212655/https://pt.pronouns.page/dicionario|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o_sexista|title=Linguagem não sexista|website=Wikipédia|language=pt|trans-title=Non-sexist language|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605221452/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o_sexista|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!a/o
!ae
!e
!eo
!ie
!u
!y
!oa
|-
|menina/o
|meninae
|menine
|menineo
|meninie
|meninu
|meniny
|meninoa
|-
|parceira/o
|parceirae
|parceire
|parceireo
|parceirie
|parceiru
|parceiry
|parceiroa
|-
|companheira/o
|companheirae
|companheire
|companheireo
|companheirie
|companheiru
|companheiry
|companheiroa
|-
|adulta/o
|adultae
|adulte
|adulteo
|adultie
|adultu
|adulty
|adultoa
|-
|aluna/o
|alunae
|alune
|aluneo
|alunie
|alunu
|aluny
|alunoa
|-
|ambígua/o
|ambíguae
|ambígue
|ambígueo
|ambíguie
|ambígu
|ambíguy
|ambíguoa
|-
|amiga/o
|amigae
|amigue
|amigueo
|amiguie
|amigu
|amiguy
|amigoa
|-
|feia/o
|feiae
|feie
|feieo
|feie
|feiu
|feiy
|feioa
|-
|dona/o
|donae
|done
|doneo
|donie
|donu
|dony
|donoa
|-
|convidada/o
|convidadae
|convidade
|convidadeo
|convidadie
|convidadu
|convidady
|convidadoa
|-
|brasileira/o
|brasileirae
|brasileire
|brasileireo
|brasileirie
|brasileiru
|brasileiry
|brasileiroa
|-
|garota/o
|garotae
|garote
|garoteo
|garotie
|garotu
|garoty
|garotoa
|-
|estrangeira/o
|estrangeirae
|estrangeire
|estrangeireo
|estrangeirie
|estrangeiru
|estrangeiry
|estrangeiroa
|-
|moça/o
|moçae
|moce
|moceo
|mocie
|moçu
|mocy
|moçoa
|-
|menina/o
|meninae
|menine
|menineo
|meninie
|meninu
|meniny
|meninoa
|-
|solteira/o
|solteirae
|solteire
|solteireo
|solteirie
|solteiru
|solteiry
|solteiroa
|-
|prima/o
|primae
|prime
|primeo
|primie
|primu
|primy
|primoa
|-
|namorada/o
|namoradae
|namorade
|namoradeo
|namoradie
|namoradu
|namorady
|namoradoa
|-
|política/o
|políticae
|polítique
|polítiqueo
|polítiquie
|políticu
|polítiquy
|políticoa
|-
|psicóloga/o
|psicólogae
|psicólogue
|psicólogueo
|psicóloguie
|psicólogu
|psicóloguy
|psicólogoa
|-
|veterana/o
|veteranae
|veterane
|veteraneo
|veteranie
|veteranu
|veterany
|veteranoa
|-
|zagueira/o
|zagueirae
|zagueire
|zagueireo
|zagueirie
|zagueiru
|zagueiry
|zagueiroa
|-
|usuária/o
|usuáriae
|usuárie
|usuárieo
|usuárie
|usuáriu
|usuáriy
|usuárioa
|-
|noiva/o
|noivae
|noive
|noiveo
|noivie
|noivu
|noiviy
|noivoa
|-
|obrigada/o
|obrigadae
|obrigade
|obrigadeo
|obrigadie
|obrigadu
|obrigady
|obrigadoa
|-
|secretária/o
|secretáriae
|secretárie
|secretárieo
|secretárie
|secretáriu
|secretáriy
|secretárioa
|}
Some words, such as heteronyms, are also inflected in the beginning, some examples and proposals below.<ref>https://bloguealternative.wordpress.com/lista-de-neologismos/</ref><ref>https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/7546402/mod_resource/content/1/Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20para%20todas%2C%20todos%20e%20todes_UnB.pdf</ref><ref>https://repository.ufrpe.br/bitstream/123456789/3756/1/tcc_art_enildavaleriagomesmarinho.pdf</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|madrinha/padrinho
|nadrinhe
|xadrinhe
|adrinhe
|fadrinhe
|badrinhe
|zadrinhe
|-
|madre/padre
|nadre
|xadre
|adre
|fadre
|badre
|zadre
|-
|madrasta/padrasto
|nadraste
|xadraste
|adraste
|fadraste
|badraste
|zadraste
|-
|matriarca/patriarca
|natriarca
|xatriarca
|atriarca
|fadriarca
|batriarca
|zatriarca
|-
|maternidade/paternidade
|naternidade
|xaternidade
|aternidade
|faternidade
|baternidade
|zaternidade
|-
|mãe/pai
|nãe/nam
|pãe
| colspan="3" |ade
|zazi
|}

==See also ==
*[[Glossary of Brazilian Portuguese gender and sex terminology]]
*[[Glossary of European Portuguese gender and sex terminology]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://orientando.org/conjuntos/ Set tester]

[[Category:Gender neutral language]]

File:Agender symbol alt.png

2024-02-02T17:24:45Z

Yunan: Yunan uploaded a new version of File:Agender symbol alt.png

== Summary ==
From https://www.deviantart.com/pride-flags/art/Agender-Symbol-1-606306635

[[Category:Gender symbols]]

File:Demigirl symbol.png

2024-02-02T17:24:25Z

Yunan: Yunan uploaded a new version of File:Demigirl symbol.png

== Summary ==
https://www.deviantart.com/pride-flags/art/Demigirl-Symbol-606306745

[[Category:Gender symbols]]

File:Demiboy symbol.png

2024-02-02T17:23:56Z

Yunan: Yunan uploaded a new version of File:Demiboy symbol.png

== Summary ==
deviantart.com/pride-flags/art/Demiboy-Symbol-606306724

[[Category:Gender symbols]]

Gender neutral language in Portuguese

2023-08-12T23:17:58Z

Yunan: /* See also */

{{stub}}{{Template:Gender neutral language}}
The vast majority of Portuguese words have one of two grammatical genders: the feminine or the masculine. The creation and implementation of gender neutral terms in the Portuguese language aims to make non-binary people feel included.
It is important to note that, in Portuguese, there’s a distinction between '''gender-neutral language''' and '''inclusive language'''. Though the two overlap in some aspects, the latter makes use of already existing binary terms and its main goal is to include both men and women in conversations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politize.com.br/linguagem-inclusiva-e-linguagem-neutra-entenda/|title=Linguagem inclusiva e linguagem neutra: entenda a diferença!|last=Folter|first=Regiane|date=9 March 2021|website=politize!|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Inclusive language and neutral language: understand the difference!|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704235358/https://www.politize.com.br/linguagem-inclusiva-e-linguagem-neutra-entenda/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> It comes as a response to the way Portuguese uses the masculine to encompass the feminine. This can be seen, for example, when groups are referred to with the masculine and plural form of a noun even when they’re not made-up exclusively of men.

{| class="wikitable"
|+How the sentence "good night, everyone!" is traditionally said and what each category of language suggests as an alternative:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.speakingbrazilian.com/post/neutral|title=Gender-Neutral Language in Brazilian Portuguese|last=Langhammer|first=Virginia|date=2021-11-02|website=Speaking Brazilian|language=en|access-date=2022-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404042634/https://www.speakingbrazilian.com/post/neutral|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!Common language
!Gender-neutral language
!Inclusive language
|-
| rowspan="2" |Boa noite a todos!
|Boa noite a todes!
|Boa noite a todos e todas!
|-
| colspan="2" |Boa noite a todos, todas e todes!
|-
| colspan="3" |Boa noite a todas as pessoas!
|-
| colspan="3" |Boa noite a todo mundo!
|}

This article will focus on '''gender neutral Portuguese language'''. While, in Portuguese, non-living things are also attributed a gender, that is not meant to change with the use of neutral language. The sentence "my chair is purple" would still be said like "a minha cadeira é roxa," in which ''cadeira'' is still a feminine noun and the article ''a'', the possessive pronoun ''minha'' and the adjective ''roxa'' are also feminine. Moreover, words like ''pessoa'' ("person"), which are gendered but used to refer to anyone regardless of gender, remain the same and gender agreement is still expected in sentences that use them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dezanove.pt/sistema-elu-linguagem-neutra-em-genero-1317469|title=Sistema Elu, Linguagem Neutra em Género|last=Valente|first=Pedro|date=13 April 2020|website=dezanove|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Elu System, Language Neutral in Gender|access-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520042942/https://dezanove.pt/sistema-elu-linguagem-neutra-em-genero-1317469|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

==Language sets==
There are two established ways of representing language sets in the Portuguese language. The first one, ''ela/dela'' follows the same format as the English "she/her," however, it is very incomplete. In Portuguese, word endings indicate gender, so the format ''ela/dela/-a'' was suggested as an alternative. Though this format is more complete than the previous one, it has been criticized. Some of the criticisms are that it doesn't take the particularities of the Portuguese language into account; that the other elements in the language that indicate gender, like articles and demonstrative pronouns, should also be declared and that article and word ending choice are unrelated to pronoun choice. For these reasons, the recommended representation is ''a/ela/a'', which follows the format article/pronoun/word ending.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amplifi.casa/~/Asterismos/motivos-para-n%C3%A3o-usar-pronome-d-pronome-como-indica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-conjuntos-de-linguagem|title=Motivos para não usar "pronome/d[pronome]" como indicação de conjuntos de linguagem|date=20 September 2019|website=Amplifi.casa|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Reasons not to use "pronoun/d[pronoun]" as an indication of language sets|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307205909/http://amplifi.casa/~/Asterismos/motivos-para-n%C3%A3o-usar-pronome-d-pronome-como-indica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-conjuntos-de-linguagem/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> An even more complete version of this format would be ''a/uma/da/ela/dela/minha/essa/a''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forum.orientando.org/thread-225.html|title=expansão do sistema artigo/pronome/final de palavra?|date=23 May 2018|website=Fórum Orientando|access-date=21 June 2021|language=Portuguese|trans-title=expansion of the article/pronoun/word ending system?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526212632/https://forum.orientando.org/thread-225.html|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> Note that, because pronouns aren't the only language elements that indicate gender in Portuguese, some people suggest calling these sets '''language sets''' instead of '''pronoun sets'''.

===Articles===
In Portuguese, there are two types of articles: '''definite articles''' - ''a'', ''o'', ''as'', ''os'' (equivalent to the English "the") - and '''indefinite articles''' - ''uma'', ''um'', ''umas'', ''uns'' (equivalent to the English "a" and "an") - all of which are gendered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/determiners-definite-and-indefinite-articles/|title=Definite and Indefinite Articles|website=Practice Portuguese|access-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905172255/https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/determiners-definite-and-indefinite-articles/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+The definite articles ''a'' and ''o'' compared to neutral alternatives:<ref name="SetTester">{{Cite web|url=https://orientando.org/conjuntos/avancado/|title=Testador de conjuntos: Modo avançado|website=Orientando|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Set tester: Advanced mode|type=Language set tester, containing a number of neutral language elements|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615143929/https://orientando.org/conjuntos/avancado/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!a/o
!ae
!el
!fi
!i
!u
!ê
!le
|-
|a/o estudante
|ae estudante
|el estudante
|fi estudante
|i estudante
|u estudante
|ê estudante
|le estudante
|}
There are many other alternatives, though '''''ê''''' is, by far, the most used one. As for indefinite articles, these depend on the word ending that was chosen.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Articles affected by word ending:<ref name="SetTester" />
!Word ending
!a
!ae
!e
!eo
!o
!oa
|-
|''um'' + word ending
|uma(s)
|umae(s)
|ume(s)
|umeo(s)
|umo(s)
|umoa(s)
|}

===Pronouns===
In Portuguese, there are two standard personal pronouns for the third person singular and two for the third person plural. ''Ela'' is equivalent to the English "she" and ''ele'' is equivalent to the English "he," while ''elas'' and ''eles'' are both equivalent to the English plural "they." Portuguese-speaking non-binary people who don't feel comfortable with these have had to come up with neopronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|+''Ela'' and ''ele'' compared to some Portuguese neopronouns:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://identidades.wikia.org/pt-br/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o-bin%C3%A1ria_ou_neutra|title=Linguagem não-binária ou neutra|last=Lobo|first=Cari|last2=Gaigaia|first2=V.|website=wikia|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Non-binary or neutral language|others=Revised by Kumiho Lim|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025071357/http://identidades.wikia.org/pt-br/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o-bin%C3%A1ria_ou_neutra|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronome_neutro_de_terceira_pessoa#Portugu%C3%AAs|title=Pronome neutro de terceira pessoa|website=Wikipedia|access-date=21 June 2021|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Neutral third person pronoun|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605221819/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronome_neutro_de_terceira_pessoa|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orientando.org/listas/tipos-de-linguagem/|title=Elementos de conjuntos de linguagem|website=orientando|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Elements of sets of language|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606023545/https://orientando.org/listas/tipos-de-linguagem/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_Portuguese|title=Gender neutrality in Portuguese|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2022-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306013844/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_Portuguese|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!ela/e(s)
!ael(s)
!el(s)
!el@(s)*
!elu(s)
!elx(s)*
!ile(s)
!ilu(s)
!êla(s)
!ilo(s)
!ila(s)
!elo(s)
|-
|dela/e(s)
|dael(s)
|del(s)
|del@(s)
|delu(s)
|delx(s)
|dile(s)
|dilu(s)
|dêla(s)
|dilo(s)
|dila(s)
|delo(s)
|-
|nela/e(s)
|nael(s)
|nel(s)
|nel@(s)
|nelu(s)
|nelx(s)
|nile(s)
|nilu(s)
|nêla(s)
|nilo(s)
|nila(s)
|nelo(s)
|-
|aquela/e(s)
|aquael(s)
|aquel(s)
|aquel@(s)
| aquelu(s)
|aquelx(s)
|aquile(s)
|aquilu(s)
|aquêla(s)
|aquilo(s)
|aquila(s)
|aquelo(s)
|-
|daquela/e(s)
| daquael(s)
|daquel(s)
|daquel@(s)
|daquelu(s)
|daquelx(s)
|daquile(s)
|daquilu(s)
|daquêla(s)
|daquilo(s)
|daquila(s)
|daquelo(s)
|-
|naquela/e(s)
|naquael(s)
|naquel(s)
|naquel@(s)
|naquelu(s)
|naquelx(s)
|naquile(s)
|naquilu(s)
|naquêla(s)
|naquilo(s)
|naquila(s)
|naquelo(s)
|-
|àquela/e(s)
|àquael(s)
|àquel(s)
| àquel@(s)
|àquelu(s)
|àquelx(s)
|àquile(s)
|àquilu(s)
|àquêla(s)
|àquilo(s)
|àquila(s)
|àquelo(s)
|-
|praquela/e(s)
|praquael(s)
|praquel(s)
|praquel@(s)
|praquelu(s)
|praquelx(s)
|praquile(s)
|praquilus(s)
|praquêla(s)
|praquilos(s)
|praquilas(s)
|praquelo(s)
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>The use of these sets has been increasingly discouraged for the following reasons: they aren't convenient for people who use screen readers; they can be hard to read for people with dyslexia and they aren't orally pronounceable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orgulhogay.pt/neutralidade-de-genero-na-lingua-portuguesa/|title=NEUTRALIDADE DE GÉNERO NA LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA|date=17 October 2019|website=ORGULHO GAY|language=Portuguese|trans-title=GENDER NEUTRALITY IN THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331091237/https://orgulhogay.pt/neutralidade-de-genero-na-lingua-portuguesa/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

The most well known and most used Portuguese neopronoun is '''''elu'''''. Its use is encouraged, mainly because it fits in with the pronouns ''ela'' ("she") and ''ele'' ("he") and it is easily pronounceable. Some people pronounce it as "élu," while others pronounce it as "êlu."

Some pronouns can depend on the word ending chosen by the user. While each pronoun, typically, has a word ending tied to it, using concordant language is not mandatory. Someone may use the word ending ''eo'' while using the pronoun ''ile'', for example.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Pronouns that can be affected by word ending:<ref name="SetTester" />
!Word ending
!a
!ae
!e
!eo
!o
!u
!oa
|-
|''est'' + word ending
|esta(s)
|estae(s)
|este(s)
|esteo(s)
|esto(s)
|estu(s)
|estoa(s)
|-
|''ess'' + word ending
|essa(s)
|essae(s)
|esse(s)
|esseo(s)
|esso(s)
|essu(s)
|essoa(s)
|-
|''mi'' or ''minh'' + word ending
|minha(s)
|minhae(s)
|minhe(s)
|minheo(s)
|minho(s)
|minhu(s)
|minhoa(s)
|-
|''tu'' + word ending
|tua(s)
|tuae(s)
|tue(s)
|tueo(s)
|tuo(s)
|tu(s)
|tuoa(s)
|-
|''su'' or ''su'' + word ending
|sua(s)
|suae(s)
|sue(s)
|sueo(s)
|suo(s)
|su(s)
|suoa(s)
|}
The pronouns ''esta'' and ''essa'' can follow one of two paths when being converted to neutral forms. '''''Est/ess'' + word ending''' or '''letters of personal pronoun before consonant + ''st/ss'' + letters of personal pronoun after consonant'''. The latter only works if the personal pronoun has a consonant in the middle, so it'd work for ''ilu'' and ''ile'' (''issu/istu'' and ''isse/iste'') but not for ael (''aess/aest''), for example.

===Word endings===
In the Portuguese language, the ending of a word typically indicates gender. For this reason, the vast majority of words have two forms: the masculine and the feminine. Feminine words end in ''a'', while masculine words end in ''o''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|title=The Gender of Portuguese Words|website=Practice Portuguese|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719185109/https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> The word "friend," a noun, can translate to ''amiga'' or ''amigo''. The same rule applies to adjectives, however, so "tall" can translate to either ''alta'' or ''alto''. Moreover, adjectives and nouns are expected to agree in gender. Some non-binary people use more than one word ending and may not mind that non-concordant language is used when referring to them, like in the sentence ''ae meu amiga é bonito''. New word endings were created to accomodate people who don't feel comfortable with either of the standard word endings.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Word endings ''a'' and ''o'' compared to neutral alternatives:<ref name="SetTester" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.pronouns.page/dicionario|title=Dicionário de linguagem neutra|website=Pronouns.page|language=pt|trans-title=Neutral language dictionary|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530212655/https://pt.pronouns.page/dicionario|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o_sexista|title=Linguagem não sexista|website=Wikipédia|language=pt|trans-title=Non-sexist language|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605221452/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o_sexista|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!a/o
!ae
!e
!eo
!ie
!u
!y
!oa
|-
|menina/o
|meninae
|menine
|menineo
|meninie
|meninu
|meniny
|meninoa
|-
|parceira/o
|parceirae
|parceire
|parceireo
|parceirie
|parceiru
|parceiry
|parceiroa
|-
|companheira/o
|companheirae
|companheire
|companheireo
|companheirie
|companheiru
|companheiry
|companheiroa
|-
|adulta/o
|adultae
|adulte
|adulteo
|adultie
|adultu
|adulty
|adultoa
|-
|aluna/o
|alunae
|alune
|aluneo
|alunie
|alunu
|aluny
|alunoa
|-
|ambígua/o
|ambíguae
|ambígue
|ambígueo
|ambíguie
|ambígu
|ambíguy
|ambíguoa
|-
|amiga/o
|amigae
|amigue
|amigueo
|amiguie
|amigu
|amiguy
|amigoa
|-
|feia/o
|feiae
|feie
|feieo
|feie
|feiu
|feiy
|feioa
|-
|dona/o
|donae
|done
|doneo
|donie
|donu
|dony
|donoa
|-
|convidada/o
|convidadae
|convidade
|convidadeo
|convidadie
|convidadu
|convidady
|convidadoa
|-
|brasileira/o
|brasileirae
|brasileire
|brasileireo
|brasileirie
|brasileiru
|brasileiry
|brasileiroa
|-
|garota/o
|garotae
|garote
|garoteo
|garotie
|garotu
|garoty
|garotoa
|-
|estrangeira/o
|estrangeirae
|estrangeire
|estrangeireo
|estrangeirie
|estrangeiru
|estrangeiry
|estrangeiroa
|-
|moça/o
|moçae
|moce
|moceo
|mocie
|moçu
|mocy
|moçoa
|-
|menina/o
|meninae
|menine
|menineo
|meninie
|meninu
|meniny
|meninoa
|-
|solteira/o
|solteirae
|solteire
|solteireo
|solteirie
|solteiru
|solteiry
|solteiroa
|-
|prima/o
|primae
|prime
|primeo
|primie
|primu
|primy
|primoa
|-
|namorada/o
|namoradae
|namorade
|namoradeo
|namoradie
|namoradu
|namorady
|namoradoa
|-
|política/o
|políticae
|polítique
|polítiqueo
|polítiquie
|políticu
|polítiquy
|políticoa
|-
|psicóloga/o
|psicólogae
|psicólogue
|psicólogueo
|psicóloguie
|psicólogu
|psicóloguy
|psicólogoa
|-
|veterana/o
|veteranae
|veterane
|veteraneo
|veteranie
|veteranu
|veterany
|veteranoa
|-
|zagueira/o
|zagueirae
|zagueire
|zagueireo
|zagueirie
|zagueiru
|zagueiry
|zagueiroa
|-
|usuária/o
|usuáriae
|usuárie
|usuárieo
|usuárie
|usuáriu
|usuáriy
|usuárioa
|-
|noiva/o
|noivae
|noive
|noiveo
|noivie
|noivu
|noiviy
|noivoa
|-
|obrigada/o
|obrigadae
|obrigade
|obrigadeo
|obrigadie
|obrigadu
|obrigady
|obrigadoa
|-
|secretária/o
|secretáriae
|secretárie
|secretárieo
|secretárie
|secretáriu
|secretáriy
|secretárioa
|}
Some words, such as heteronyms, are also inflected in the beginning, some examples and proposals below.<ref>https://bloguealternative.wordpress.com/lista-de-neologismos/</ref><ref>https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/7546402/mod_resource/content/1/Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20para%20todas%2C%20todos%20e%20todes_UnB.pdf</ref><ref>https://repository.ufrpe.br/bitstream/123456789/3756/1/tcc_art_enildavaleriagomesmarinho.pdf</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|madrinha/padrinho
|nadrinhe
|xadrinhe
|adrinhe
|fadrinhe
|badrinhe
|zadrinhe
|-
|madre/padre
|nadre
|xadre
|adre
|fadre
|badre
|zadre
|-
|madrasta/padrasto
|nadraste
|xadraste
|adraste
|fadraste
|badraste
|zadraste
|-
|matriarca/patriarca
|natriarca
|xatriarca
|atriarca
|fadriarca
|batriarca
|zatriarca
|-
|maternidade/paternidade
|naternidade
|xaternidade
|aternidade
|faternidade
|baternidade
|zaternidade
|-
|mãe/pai
|nãe/nam
|pãe
| colspan="3" |ade
|zazi
|}

==See also ==
*[[Glossary of Brazilian Portuguese gender and sex terminology]]
*[[Glossary of European Portuguese gender and sex terminology]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://orientando.org/conjuntos/ Set tester]

[[Category:Gender neutral language]]

Gender neutral language in Portuguese

2023-08-02T02:39:23Z

Yunan:

{{stub}}{{Template:Gender neutral language}}
The vast majority of Portuguese words have one of two grammatical genders: the feminine or the masculine. The creation and implementation of gender neutral terms in the Portuguese language aims to make non-binary people feel included.
It is important to note that, in Portuguese, there’s a distinction between '''gender-neutral language''' and '''inclusive language'''. Though the two overlap in some aspects, the latter makes use of already existing binary terms and its main goal is to include both men and women in conversations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politize.com.br/linguagem-inclusiva-e-linguagem-neutra-entenda/|title=Linguagem inclusiva e linguagem neutra: entenda a diferença!|last=Folter|first=Regiane|date=9 March 2021|website=politize!|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Inclusive language and neutral language: understand the difference!|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704235358/https://www.politize.com.br/linguagem-inclusiva-e-linguagem-neutra-entenda/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> It comes as a response to the way Portuguese uses the masculine to encompass the feminine. This can be seen, for example, when groups are referred to with the masculine and plural form of a noun even when they’re not made-up exclusively of men.

{| class="wikitable"
|+How the sentence "good night, everyone!" is traditionally said and what each category of language suggests as an alternative:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.speakingbrazilian.com/post/neutral|title=Gender-Neutral Language in Brazilian Portuguese|last=Langhammer|first=Virginia|date=2021-11-02|website=Speaking Brazilian|language=en|access-date=2022-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404042634/https://www.speakingbrazilian.com/post/neutral|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!Common language
!Gender-neutral language
!Inclusive language
|-
| rowspan="2" |Boa noite a todos!
|Boa noite a todes!
|Boa noite a todos e todas!
|-
| colspan="2" |Boa noite a todos, todas e todes!
|-
| colspan="3" |Boa noite a todas as pessoas!
|-
| colspan="3" |Boa noite a todo mundo!
|}

This article will focus on '''gender neutral Portuguese language'''. While, in Portuguese, non-living things are also attributed a gender, that is not meant to change with the use of neutral language. The sentence "my chair is purple" would still be said like "a minha cadeira é roxa," in which ''cadeira'' is still a feminine noun and the article ''a'', the possessive pronoun ''minha'' and the adjective ''roxa'' are also feminine. Moreover, words like ''pessoa'' ("person"), which are gendered but used to refer to anyone regardless of gender, remain the same and gender agreement is still expected in sentences that use them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dezanove.pt/sistema-elu-linguagem-neutra-em-genero-1317469|title=Sistema Elu, Linguagem Neutra em Género|last=Valente|first=Pedro|date=13 April 2020|website=dezanove|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Elu System, Language Neutral in Gender|access-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520042942/https://dezanove.pt/sistema-elu-linguagem-neutra-em-genero-1317469|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

==Language sets==
There are two established ways of representing language sets in the Portuguese language. The first one, ''ela/dela'' follows the same format as the English "she/her," however, it is very incomplete. In Portuguese, word endings indicate gender, so the format ''ela/dela/-a'' was suggested as an alternative. Though this format is more complete than the previous one, it has been criticized. Some of the criticisms are that it doesn't take the particularities of the Portuguese language into account; that the other elements in the language that indicate gender, like articles and demonstrative pronouns, should also be declared and that article and word ending choice are unrelated to pronoun choice. For these reasons, the recommended representation is ''a/ela/a'', which follows the format article/pronoun/word ending.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amplifi.casa/~/Asterismos/motivos-para-n%C3%A3o-usar-pronome-d-pronome-como-indica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-conjuntos-de-linguagem|title=Motivos para não usar "pronome/d[pronome]" como indicação de conjuntos de linguagem|date=20 September 2019|website=Amplifi.casa|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Reasons not to use "pronoun/d[pronoun]" as an indication of language sets|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307205909/http://amplifi.casa/~/Asterismos/motivos-para-n%C3%A3o-usar-pronome-d-pronome-como-indica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-conjuntos-de-linguagem/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> An even more complete version of this format would be ''a/uma/da/ela/dela/minha/essa/a''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forum.orientando.org/thread-225.html|title=expansão do sistema artigo/pronome/final de palavra?|date=23 May 2018|website=Fórum Orientando|access-date=21 June 2021|language=Portuguese|trans-title=expansion of the article/pronoun/word ending system?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526212632/https://forum.orientando.org/thread-225.html|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> Note that, because pronouns aren't the only language elements that indicate gender in Portuguese, some people suggest calling these sets '''language sets''' instead of '''pronoun sets'''.

===Articles===
In Portuguese, there are two types of articles: '''definite articles''' - ''a'', ''o'', ''as'', ''os'' (equivalent to the English "the") - and '''indefinite articles''' - ''uma'', ''um'', ''umas'', ''uns'' (equivalent to the English "a" and "an") - all of which are gendered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/determiners-definite-and-indefinite-articles/|title=Definite and Indefinite Articles|website=Practice Portuguese|access-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905172255/https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/determiners-definite-and-indefinite-articles/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+The definite articles ''a'' and ''o'' compared to neutral alternatives:<ref name="SetTester">{{Cite web|url=https://orientando.org/conjuntos/avancado/|title=Testador de conjuntos: Modo avançado|website=Orientando|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Set tester: Advanced mode|type=Language set tester, containing a number of neutral language elements|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615143929/https://orientando.org/conjuntos/avancado/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!a/o
!ae
!el
!fi
!i
!u
!ê
!le
|-
|a/o estudante
|ae estudante
|el estudante
|fi estudante
|i estudante
|u estudante
|ê estudante
|le estudante
|}
There are many other alternatives, though '''''ê''''' is, by far, the most used one. As for indefinite articles, these depend on the word ending that was chosen.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Articles affected by word ending:<ref name="SetTester" />
!Word ending
!a
!ae
!e
!eo
!o
!oa
|-
|''um'' + word ending
|uma(s)
|umae(s)
|ume(s)
|umeo(s)
|umo(s)
|umoa(s)
|}

===Pronouns===
In Portuguese, there are two standard personal pronouns for the third person singular and two for the third person plural. ''Ela'' is equivalent to the English "she" and ''ele'' is equivalent to the English "he," while ''elas'' and ''eles'' are both equivalent to the English plural "they." Portuguese-speaking non-binary people who don't feel comfortable with these have had to come up with neopronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|+''Ela'' and ''ele'' compared to some Portuguese neopronouns:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://identidades.wikia.org/pt-br/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o-bin%C3%A1ria_ou_neutra|title=Linguagem não-binária ou neutra|last=Lobo|first=Cari|last2=Gaigaia|first2=V.|website=wikia|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Non-binary or neutral language|others=Revised by Kumiho Lim|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025071357/http://identidades.wikia.org/pt-br/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o-bin%C3%A1ria_ou_neutra|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronome_neutro_de_terceira_pessoa#Portugu%C3%AAs|title=Pronome neutro de terceira pessoa|website=Wikipedia|access-date=21 June 2021|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Neutral third person pronoun|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605221819/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronome_neutro_de_terceira_pessoa|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orientando.org/listas/tipos-de-linguagem/|title=Elementos de conjuntos de linguagem|website=orientando|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Elements of sets of language|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606023545/https://orientando.org/listas/tipos-de-linguagem/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_Portuguese|title=Gender neutrality in Portuguese|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2022-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306013844/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_Portuguese|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!ela/e(s)
!ael(s)
!el(s)
!el@(s)*
!elu(s)
!elx(s)*
!ile(s)
!ilu(s)
!êla(s)
!ilo(s)
!ila(s)
!elo(s)
|-
|dela/e(s)
|dael(s)
|del(s)
|del@(s)
|delu(s)
|delx(s)
|dile(s)
|dilu(s)
|dêla(s)
|dilo(s)
|dila(s)
|delo(s)
|-
|nela/e(s)
|nael(s)
|nel(s)
|nel@(s)
|nelu(s)
|nelx(s)
|nile(s)
|nilu(s)
|nêla(s)
|nilo(s)
|nila(s)
|nelo(s)
|-
|aquela/e(s)
|aquael(s)
|aquel(s)
|aquel@(s)
| aquelu(s)
|aquelx(s)
|aquile(s)
|aquilu(s)
|aquêla(s)
|aquilo(s)
|aquila(s)
|aquelo(s)
|-
|daquela/e(s)
| daquael(s)
|daquel(s)
|daquel@(s)
|daquelu(s)
|daquelx(s)
|daquile(s)
|daquilu(s)
|daquêla(s)
|daquilo(s)
|daquila(s)
|daquelo(s)
|-
|naquela/e(s)
|naquael(s)
|naquel(s)
|naquel@(s)
|naquelu(s)
|naquelx(s)
|naquile(s)
|naquilu(s)
|naquêla(s)
|naquilo(s)
|naquila(s)
|naquelo(s)
|-
|àquela/e(s)
|àquael(s)
|àquel(s)
| àquel@(s)
|àquelu(s)
|àquelx(s)
|àquile(s)
|àquilu(s)
|àquêla(s)
|àquilo(s)
|àquila(s)
|àquelo(s)
|-
|praquela/e(s)
|praquael(s)
|praquel(s)
|praquel@(s)
|praquelu(s)
|praquelx(s)
|praquile(s)
|praquilus(s)
|praquêla(s)
|praquilos(s)
|praquilas(s)
|praquelo(s)
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>The use of these sets has been increasingly discouraged for the following reasons: they aren't convenient for people who use screen readers; they can be hard to read for people with dyslexia and they aren't orally pronounceable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orgulhogay.pt/neutralidade-de-genero-na-lingua-portuguesa/|title=NEUTRALIDADE DE GÉNERO NA LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA|date=17 October 2019|website=ORGULHO GAY|language=Portuguese|trans-title=GENDER NEUTRALITY IN THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331091237/https://orgulhogay.pt/neutralidade-de-genero-na-lingua-portuguesa/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

The most well known and most used Portuguese neopronoun is '''''elu'''''. Its use is encouraged, mainly because it fits in with the pronouns ''ela'' ("she") and ''ele'' ("he") and it is easily pronounceable. Some people pronounce it as "élu," while others pronounce it as "êlu."

Some pronouns can depend on the word ending chosen by the user. While each pronoun, typically, has a word ending tied to it, using concordant language is not mandatory. Someone may use the word ending ''eo'' while using the pronoun ''ile'', for example.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Pronouns that can be affected by word ending:<ref name="SetTester" />
!Word ending
!a
!ae
!e
!eo
!o
!u
!oa
|-
|''est'' + word ending
|esta(s)
|estae(s)
|este(s)
|esteo(s)
|esto(s)
|estu(s)
|estoa(s)
|-
|''ess'' + word ending
|essa(s)
|essae(s)
|esse(s)
|esseo(s)
|esso(s)
|essu(s)
|essoa(s)
|-
|''mi'' or ''minh'' + word ending
|minha(s)
|minhae(s)
|minhe(s)
|minheo(s)
|minho(s)
|minhu(s)
|minhoa(s)
|-
|''tu'' + word ending
|tua(s)
|tuae(s)
|tue(s)
|tueo(s)
|tuo(s)
|tu(s)
|tuoa(s)
|-
|''su'' or ''su'' + word ending
|sua(s)
|suae(s)
|sue(s)
|sueo(s)
|suo(s)
|su(s)
|suoa(s)
|}
The pronouns ''esta'' and ''essa'' can follow one of two paths when being converted to neutral forms. '''''Est/ess'' + word ending''' or '''letters of personal pronoun before consonant + ''st/ss'' + letters of personal pronoun after consonant'''. The latter only works if the personal pronoun has a consonant in the middle, so it'd work for ''ilu'' and ''ile'' (''issu/istu'' and ''isse/iste'') but not for ael (''aess/aest''), for example.

===Word endings===
In the Portuguese language, the ending of a word typically indicates gender. For this reason, the vast majority of words have two forms: the masculine and the feminine. Feminine words end in ''a'', while masculine words end in ''o''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|title=The Gender of Portuguese Words|website=Practice Portuguese|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719185109/https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> The word "friend," a noun, can translate to ''amiga'' or ''amigo''. The same rule applies to adjectives, however, so "tall" can translate to either ''alta'' or ''alto''. Moreover, adjectives and nouns are expected to agree in gender. Some non-binary people use more than one word ending and may not mind that non-concordant language is used when referring to them, like in the sentence ''ae meu amiga é bonito''. New word endings were created to accomodate people who don't feel comfortable with either of the standard word endings.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Word endings ''a'' and ''o'' compared to neutral alternatives:<ref name="SetTester" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.pronouns.page/dicionario|title=Dicionário de linguagem neutra|website=Pronouns.page|language=pt|trans-title=Neutral language dictionary|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530212655/https://pt.pronouns.page/dicionario|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o_sexista|title=Linguagem não sexista|website=Wikipédia|language=pt|trans-title=Non-sexist language|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605221452/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o_sexista|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
!a/o
!ae
!e
!eo
!ie
!u
!y
!oa
|-
|menina/o
|meninae
|menine
|menineo
|meninie
|meninu
|meniny
|meninoa
|-
|parceira/o
|parceirae
|parceire
|parceireo
|parceirie
|parceiru
|parceiry
|parceiroa
|-
|companheira/o
|companheirae
|companheire
|companheireo
|companheirie
|companheiru
|companheiry
|companheiroa
|-
|adulta/o
|adultae
|adulte
|adulteo
|adultie
|adultu
|adulty
|adultoa
|-
|aluna/o
|alunae
|alune
|aluneo
|alunie
|alunu
|aluny
|alunoa
|-
|ambígua/o
|ambíguae
|ambígue
|ambígueo
|ambíguie
|ambígu
|ambíguy
|ambíguoa
|-
|amiga/o
|amigae
|amigue
|amigueo
|amiguie
|amigu
|amiguy
|amigoa
|-
|feia/o
|feiae
|feie
|feieo
|feie
|feiu
|feiy
|feioa
|-
|dona/o
|donae
|done
|doneo
|donie
|donu
|dony
|donoa
|-
|convidada/o
|convidadae
|convidade
|convidadeo
|convidadie
|convidadu
|convidady
|convidadoa
|-
|brasileira/o
|brasileirae
|brasileire
|brasileireo
|brasileirie
|brasileiru
|brasileiry
|brasileiroa
|-
|garota/o
|garotae
|garote
|garoteo
|garotie
|garotu
|garoty
|garotoa
|-
|estrangeira/o
|estrangeirae
|estrangeire
|estrangeireo
|estrangeirie
|estrangeiru
|estrangeiry
|estrangeiroa
|-
|moça/o
|moçae
|moce
|moceo
|mocie
|moçu
|mocy
|moçoa
|-
|menina/o
|meninae
|menine
|menineo
|meninie
|meninu
|meniny
|meninoa
|-
|solteira/o
|solteirae
|solteire
|solteireo
|solteirie
|solteiru
|solteiry
|solteiroa
|-
|prima/o
|primae
|prime
|primeo
|primie
|primu
|primy
|primoa
|-
|namorada/o
|namoradae
|namorade
|namoradeo
|namoradie
|namoradu
|namorady
|namoradoa
|-
|política/o
|políticae
|polítique
|polítiqueo
|polítiquie
|políticu
|polítiquy
|políticoa
|-
|psicóloga/o
|psicólogae
|psicólogue
|psicólogueo
|psicóloguie
|psicólogu
|psicóloguy
|psicólogoa
|-
|veterana/o
|veteranae
|veterane
|veteraneo
|veteranie
|veteranu
|veterany
|veteranoa
|-
|zagueira/o
|zagueirae
|zagueire
|zagueireo
|zagueirie
|zagueiru
|zagueiry
|zagueiroa
|-
|usuária/o
|usuáriae
|usuárie
|usuárieo
|usuárie
|usuáriu
|usuáriy
|usuárioa
|-
|noiva/o
|noivae
|noive
|noiveo
|noivie
|noivu
|noiviy
|noivoa
|-
|obrigada/o
|obrigadae
|obrigade
|obrigadeo
|obrigadie
|obrigadu
|obrigady
|obrigadoa
|-
|secretária/o
|secretáriae
|secretárie
|secretárieo
|secretárie
|secretáriu
|secretáriy
|secretárioa
|}
Some words are also inflected in the beginning, some examples and proposals below.<ref>https://bloguealternative.wordpress.com/lista-de-neologismos/</ref><ref>https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/7546402/mod_resource/content/1/Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20para%20todas%2C%20todos%20e%20todes_UnB.pdf</ref><ref>https://repository.ufrpe.br/bitstream/123456789/3756/1/tcc_art_enildavaleriagomesmarinho.pdf</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|madrinha/padrinho
|nadrinhe
|xadrinhe
|adrinhe
|fadrinhe
|badrinhe
|zadrinhe
|-
|madre/padre
|nadre
|xadre
|adre
|fadre
|badre
|zadre
|-
|madrasta/padrasto
|nadraste
|xadraste
|adraste
|fadraste
|badraste
|zadraste
|-
|matriarca/patriarca
|natriarca
|xatriarca
|atriarca
|fadriarca
|batriarca
|zatriarca
|-
|maternidade/paternidade
|naternidade
|xaternidade
|aternidade
|faternidade
|baternidade
|zaternidade
|-
|mãe/pai
|nãe/nam
|pãe
| colspan="3" |ade
|zazi
|}

==See also ==
*[[Glossary of Brazilian Portuguese gender and sex terminology]]
*[[Glossary of European Portuguese gender and sex terminology]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://orientando.org/conjuntos/ Set tester]

[[Category:Gender neutral language]]

Abinary

2023-08-02T02:17:58Z

Yunan: Created page with "Abinary flag<ref>https://beyondmogai.home.blog/2018/05/16/abinary-pride-flag/</ref> '''Abinary''' is an umbrella term for genders totally unrelated to the gender binary. This includes agender, maverique, aporagender, neutrois, and some xenogenders, for example. The word ''abinär'' in German has been used similarly and is often translated literally as abinary.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/2021101623..."

[[File:Abinary flag.png|thumb|Abinary flag<ref>https://beyondmogai.home.blog/2018/05/16/abinary-pride-flag/</ref>]]
'''Abinary''' is an [[umbrella term]] for [[gender]]s totally unrelated to the [[gender binary]].

This includes [[agender]], [[maverique]], [[aporagender]], [[neutrois]], and some [[xenogenders]], for example.

The word ''abinär'' in [[German]] has been used similarly and is often translated literally as abinary.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20211016231437/https://aidshilfe.org/trans-inter-abinaer/</ref><ref>https://www.uni-bremen.de/fileadmin/user_upload/sites/diversity/TiN_Broschuere_AbinaerePersonen_Online-1.pdf</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Nonbinary identities]]