Fa'afafine - Revision history

100.101.254.78 at 17:34, 25 May 2025

2025-05-25T17:34:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:34, 25 May 2025
Line 12:		Line 12:
	The word ''fa'afafine'' includes the causative prefix ''fa'a–'', meaning "in the manner of", and the word ''fafine'', meaning "woman".<ref>Milner, G.B. 1966. Samoan-English Dictionary. "Fa'afafine" entry pg. 52 under "Fafine"</ref> It is cognate with linguistically related words or social categories in other Polynesian languages, such as the Tongan ''fakaleiti'' (also ''fakafefine''), the Cook Islands Māori ''akava'ine'', the Hawaiian and Tahitian ''[[māhū]]'' (literally ''in the middle''), the Māori ''whakawāhine'', the Niuean ''fiafifine'' (also ''fakafifine''), the Tokelauan ''fakafāfine'', the Tuvaluan ''pinapinaaine'', the Gilbertese ''binabinaaine'', and the Wallisian ''fakafafine''.		The word ''fa'afafine'' includes the causative prefix ''fa'a–'', meaning "in the manner of", and the word ''fafine'', meaning "woman".<ref>Milner, G.B. 1966. Samoan-English Dictionary. "Fa'afafine" entry pg. 52 under "Fafine"</ref> It is cognate with linguistically related words or social categories in other Polynesian languages, such as the Tongan ''fakaleiti'' (also ''fakafefine''), the Cook Islands Māori ''akava'ine'', the Hawaiian and Tahitian ''[[māhū]]'' (literally ''in the middle''), the Māori ''whakawāhine'', the Niuean ''fiafifine'' (also ''fakafifine''), the Tokelauan ''fakafāfine'', the Tuvaluan ''pinapinaaine'', the Gilbertese ''binabinaaine'', and the Wallisian ''fakafafine''.

	The FTM or female-to-male equivalent in Samoa are known variously as ''fa'atane'', ''fa'atama'', and ''fafatama''.{{~~Citation needed~~}} Ultimately, Western terms like gay, transgender, FTM, etc., do not align exactly with Samoan terms like fa'afafine, fa'atane, etc., which have meaning within the fa'asamoa traditional cultural systems of Samoa.		The FTM or female-to-male equivalent in Samoa are known variously as ''fa'atane'', ''fa'atama'', and ''fafatama''.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://nhm.org/stories/beyond-gender-indigenous-perspectives-faafafine-and-faafatama\|title=Beyond Gender: Indigenous Perspectives, Fa’afafine and Fa’afatama\|date=2020-09-01\|website=Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County\|archive-url=https://archive.is/FVlWG\|archive-date=2024-11-18\|access-date=2025-05-25}}</ref> Ultimately, Western terms like gay, transgender, FTM, etc., do not align exactly with Samoan terms like fa'afafine, fa'atane, etc., which have meaning within the fa'asamoa traditional cultural systems of Samoa.

	The Samoan slang word ''mala'' (or "devastation" in the Samoan language) is in less frequent use for fa'afafine, as it arose from fundamentalist influenced homophobia and transphobia.<ref>{{Cite journal \| title = Fa'afafine Notes: On Tagaloa, Jesus, and Nafanua\| journal = Queer Indigenous Studies: Critical Interventions in Theory, Politics, and Literature. Tucson: University of Arizona Press\| pages = 81–94\| year = 2011\| last1 = Taulapapa McMullin \| first1 = Dan}}</ref>		The Samoan slang word ''mala'' (or "devastation" in the Samoan language) is in less frequent use for fa'afafine, as it arose from fundamentalist influenced homophobia and transphobia.<ref>{{Cite journal \| title = Fa'afafine Notes: On Tagaloa, Jesus, and Nafanua\| journal = Queer Indigenous Studies: Critical Interventions in Theory, Politics, and Literature. Tucson: University of Arizona Press\| pages = 81–94\| year = 2011\| last1 = Taulapapa McMullin \| first1 = Dan}}</ref>

U9000: /* History and terminology */ Carry over {{Citation needed}} from List of nonbinary identities

2024-07-12T06:00:28Z

History and terminology: Carry over {{Citation needed}} from List of nonbinary identities

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:00, 12 July 2024
Line 12:		Line 12:
	The word ''fa'afafine'' includes the causative prefix ''fa'a–'', meaning "in the manner of", and the word ''fafine'', meaning "woman".<ref>Milner, G.B. 1966. Samoan-English Dictionary. "Fa'afafine" entry pg. 52 under "Fafine"</ref> It is cognate with linguistically related words or social categories in other Polynesian languages, such as the Tongan ''fakaleiti'' (also ''fakafefine''), the Cook Islands Māori ''akava'ine'', the Hawaiian and Tahitian ''[[māhū]]'' (literally ''in the middle''), the Māori ''whakawāhine'', the Niuean ''fiafifine'' (also ''fakafifine''), the Tokelauan ''fakafāfine'', the Tuvaluan ''pinapinaaine'', the Gilbertese ''binabinaaine'', and the Wallisian ''fakafafine''.		The word ''fa'afafine'' includes the causative prefix ''fa'a–'', meaning "in the manner of", and the word ''fafine'', meaning "woman".<ref>Milner, G.B. 1966. Samoan-English Dictionary. "Fa'afafine" entry pg. 52 under "Fafine"</ref> It is cognate with linguistically related words or social categories in other Polynesian languages, such as the Tongan ''fakaleiti'' (also ''fakafefine''), the Cook Islands Māori ''akava'ine'', the Hawaiian and Tahitian ''[[māhū]]'' (literally ''in the middle''), the Māori ''whakawāhine'', the Niuean ''fiafifine'' (also ''fakafifine''), the Tokelauan ''fakafāfine'', the Tuvaluan ''pinapinaaine'', the Gilbertese ''binabinaaine'', and the Wallisian ''fakafafine''.

	The FTM or female-to-male equivalent in Samoa are known variously as ''fa'atane'', ''fa'atama'', and ''fafatama''. Ultimately, Western terms like gay, transgender, FTM, etc., do not align exactly with Samoan terms like fa'afafine, fa'atane, etc., which have meaning within the fa'asamoa traditional cultural systems of Samoa.		The FTM or female-to-male equivalent in Samoa are known variously as ''fa'atane'', ''fa'atama'', and ''fafatama''.{{Citation needed}} Ultimately, Western terms like gay, transgender, FTM, etc., do not align exactly with Samoan terms like fa'afafine, fa'atane, etc., which have meaning within the fa'asamoa traditional cultural systems of Samoa.

	The Samoan slang word ''mala'' (or "devastation" in the Samoan language) is in less frequent use for fa'afafine, as it arose from fundamentalist influenced homophobia and transphobia.<ref>{{Cite journal \| title = Fa'afafine Notes: On Tagaloa, Jesus, and Nafanua\| journal = Queer Indigenous Studies: Critical Interventions in Theory, Politics, and Literature. Tucson: University of Arizona Press\| pages = 81–94\| year = 2011\| last1 = Taulapapa McMullin \| first1 = Dan}}</ref>		The Samoan slang word ''mala'' (or "devastation" in the Samoan language) is in less frequent use for fa'afafine, as it arose from fundamentalist influenced homophobia and transphobia.<ref>{{Cite journal \| title = Fa'afafine Notes: On Tagaloa, Jesus, and Nafanua\| journal = Queer Indigenous Studies: Critical Interventions in Theory, Politics, and Literature. Tucson: University of Arizona Press\| pages = 81–94\| year = 2011\| last1 = Taulapapa McMullin \| first1 = Dan}}</ref>

Jolielavender at 10:48, 1 November 2023

2023-11-01T10:48:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:48, 1 November 2023
Line 7:		Line 7:
	A prominent Western theory, among the many anthropological theories about Samoans, was that if a family had more boys than girls or not enough girls to help with women's duties about the house, male children would be chosen to be raised as ''fa'afafine'';<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.abc.net.au/ra/pacific/people/hazy.htm\|title=Charting the Pacific – Fa'afafine – Samoan boys brought up as girls\|website=www.abc.net.au\|access-date=2016-06-20\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514145047/https://www.abc.net.au/ra/pacific/people/hazy.htm\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> although this theory has been refuted by studies.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10063/3179/thesis.pdf?sequence=7\|title=Ia e Ola Malamalama i lou Faasinomaga, A comparative Study of the Faafafine of Samoa and the Whakawahine of Aotearoa-New Zealand\|date=2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170435/http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10063/3179/thesis.pdf?sequence=7\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>		A prominent Western theory, among the many anthropological theories about Samoans, was that if a family had more boys than girls or not enough girls to help with women's duties about the house, male children would be chosen to be raised as ''fa'afafine'';<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.abc.net.au/ra/pacific/people/hazy.htm\|title=Charting the Pacific – Fa'afafine – Samoan boys brought up as girls\|website=www.abc.net.au\|access-date=2016-06-20\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514145047/https://www.abc.net.au/ra/pacific/people/hazy.htm\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> although this theory has been refuted by studies.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10063/3179/thesis.pdf?sequence=7\|title=Ia e Ola Malamalama i lou Faasinomaga, A comparative Study of the Faafafine of Samoa and the Whakawahine of Aotearoa-New Zealand\|date=2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170435/http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10063/3179/thesis.pdf?sequence=7\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

	It has been estimated that 1–5% of Samoans identify as ''fa'afafine''.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37227803\|title=Samoa's 'third gender' beauty pageant\|first=Yvette\|last=Tan\|date=September 1, 2016\|via=www.bbc.com\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323203928/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37227803\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand estimates that there are 500 ''fa’afafine'' in Samoa, and the same number in the Samoan diaspora in New Zealand;<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/160363\|title=3. – Gender diversity – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand\|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu\|last=Taonga\|website=teara.govt.nz\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310081109/https://teara.govt.nz/en/160363\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> while according to SBS news, there are up to 3000 ''fa'afafine'' currently living in Samoa.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2013/07/16/faafafine-boys-raised-be-girls\| title=Fa'afafine: Boys Raised to be Girls ten minute news video about faafafine in Australia\|date=26 August 2013\| \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323202418/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2013/07/16/faafafine-boys-raised-be-girls\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>		It has been estimated that 1–5% of Samoans identify as ''fa'afafine''.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37227803\|title=Samoa's 'third gender' beauty pageant\|first=Yvette\|last=Tan\|date=September 1, 2016\|via=www.bbc.com\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323203928/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37227803\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand estimates that there are 500 ''fa’afafine'' in Samoa, and the same number in the Samoan diaspora in New Zealand;<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/160363\|title=3. – Gender diversity – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand\|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu\|last=Taonga\|website=teara.govt.nz\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310081109/https://teara.govt.nz/en/160363\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> while according to SBS news, there are up to 3000 ''fa'afafine'' currently living in Samoa.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2013/07/16/faafafine-boys-raised-be-girls\| title=Fa'afafine: Boys Raised to be Girls ten minute news video about faafafine in Australia\|date=26 August 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323202418/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2013/07/16/faafafine-boys-raised-be-girls\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

	== History and terminology ==		== History and terminology ==

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

2023-10-20T01:16:26Z

Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:16, 20 October 2023
Line 63:		Line 63:
	==External links==		==External links==
	* [https://www.facebook.com/sfainc/ Facebook page for S.F.A. Samoan Faafafine Association Incorporated, Apia, Samoa.]		* [https://www.facebook.com/sfainc/ Facebook page for S.F.A. Samoan Faafafine Association Incorporated, Apia, Samoa.]
	* [http://assofias.webs.com/visionmissioncharity.htm Official website of S.O.F.I.A.S. Society of Fa’afaafine in American Samoa, Pago Pago, American Samoa.]		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150712172510/http://assofias.webs.com/visionmissioncharity.htm Official website of S.O.F.I.A.S. Society of Fa’afaafine in American Samoa, Pago Pago, American Samoa.]
	* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/97170793479/ Facebook page for UTOPIA San Francisco.]		* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/97170793479/ Facebook page for UTOPIA San Francisco.]
	* Montague, James. 2011. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/26/sports/soccer/jonny-saelua-transgender-player-helps-american-samoa-to-first-international-soccer-win.html "Transgender Player Helps American Samoa to First International Soccer Win"]. New York Times, November 25, 2011.		* Montague, James. 2011. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/26/sports/soccer/jonny-saelua-transgender-player-helps-american-samoa-to-first-international-soccer-win.html "Transgender Player Helps American Samoa to First International Soccer Win"]. New York Times, November 25, 2011.

BinaryBot: Bot: adding archive links to references (error log).

2023-07-17T13:03:53Z

Bot: adding archive links to references (error log).

imported>TXJ at 16:48, 1 December 2020

2020-12-01T16:48:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:48, 1 December 2020
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:Auckland pride parade 2016 37.jpg\|thumb\|Fa'afafine banner at the Auckland pride parade in 2016.]]		[[File:Auckland pride parade 2016 37.jpg\|thumb\|Fa'afafine banner at the Auckland pride parade in 2016.]]
	[[File:SOFIAS_LOGO.jpg\|thumb\|The Society of Fa'afafine in American Samoa official logo created and designed by Ammon Fepuleai. 2014.]]		[[File:SOFIAS_LOGO.jpg\|thumb\|The Society of Fa'afafine in American Samoa official logo created and designed by Ammon Fepuleai. 2014.]]
			[[File:Faʻafafine Pride-Flag.png\|thumb\|A fa'afafine pride flag created in 2016.]]

	'''Fa'afafine''' are people who identify themselves as having a [[third gender\|third-gender]] or [[nonbinary]] role in Samoa, American Samoa and the Samoan diaspora. A recognized [[gender identity]]/[[gender role]] in traditional Samoan society, and an integral part of Samoan culture, ''fa'afafine'' are assigned male at birth, and explicitly embody both masculine and feminine gender traits in a way unique to Polynesia. Their behaviour typically ranges from extravagantly feminine to conventionally masculine.<ref name=bartlett>{{Cite journal \| doi = 10.1007/s10508-006-9055-1\| pmid = 16909317\| title = A Retrospective Study of Childhood Gender-Atypical Behavior in Samoan Fa'afafine\| journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior\| volume = 35\| issue = 6\| pages = 659–66\| year = 2006\| last1 = Bartlett \| first1 = N. H. \| last2 = Vasey \| first2 = P. L. }}</ref>		'''Fa'afafine''' are people who identify themselves as having a [[third gender\|third-gender]] or [[nonbinary]] role in Samoa, American Samoa and the Samoan diaspora. A recognized [[gender identity]]/[[gender role]] in traditional Samoan society, and an integral part of Samoan culture, ''fa'afafine'' are assigned male at birth, and explicitly embody both masculine and feminine gender traits in a way unique to Polynesia. Their behaviour typically ranges from extravagantly feminine to conventionally masculine.<ref name=bartlett>{{Cite journal \| doi = 10.1007/s10508-006-9055-1\| pmid = 16909317\| title = A Retrospective Study of Childhood Gender-Atypical Behavior in Samoan Fa'afafine\| journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior\| volume = 35\| issue = 6\| pages = 659–66\| year = 2006\| last1 = Bartlett \| first1 = N. H. \| last2 = Vasey \| first2 = P. L. }}</ref>

Ondo: /* References */

2019-11-16T10:08:39Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:08, 16 November 2019
Line 70:		Line 70:
	* [[Wikipedia:Fa'afafine]]		* [[Wikipedia:Fa'afafine]]
	* [[Gender-variant identities worldwide]]		* [[Gender-variant identities worldwide]]

	~~==References==~~
	~~<references/>~~

	[[Category:Gender-variant identities worldwide]]		[[Category:Gender-variant identities worldwide]]

Ondo: /* Role in Samoan society */

2019-11-16T10:08:07Z

Role in Samoan society

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:08, 16 November 2019
Line 20:		Line 20:
	Fa'afafine are known for their hard work and dedication to the family, in the Samoan tradition of ''tautua'' or service to family. Ideas of the family in Samoa and Polynesia are markedly different from Western constructions, and include all the members of a ''sa'', or communal family within the ''fa'amatai'' family systems.<ref>Saleimoa Vaai, Samoa Faa-matai and the Rule of Law (Apia: The National University of Samoa Le Papa-I-Galagala, 1999).</ref>		Fa'afafine are known for their hard work and dedication to the family, in the Samoan tradition of ''tautua'' or service to family. Ideas of the family in Samoa and Polynesia are markedly different from Western constructions, and include all the members of a ''sa'', or communal family within the ''fa'amatai'' family systems.<ref>Saleimoa Vaai, Samoa Faa-matai and the Rule of Law (Apia: The National University of Samoa Le Papa-I-Galagala, 1999).</ref>

	Fa'afafine, as a third gender, have sexual relationships almost exclusively with men who do not identify as fa'afafine, and sometimes with women, but apparently not with other fa'afafine.<ref>{{cite journal \|url=http://www.gendercentre.org.au/resources/polare-archive/archived-articles/like-a-lady-in-polynesia.htm \|title=Like a Lady in Polynesia \|work=Polare magazine \|publisher=gendercentre.org.au \|first=Roberta \|last=Perkins \|date=March 1994 \|edition=3 ~~\|url-status=dead~~ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927132628/http://www.gendercentre.org.au/resources/polare-archive/archived-articles/like-a-lady-in-polynesia.htm \|archive-date=2013-09-27 \|df= }}</ref> This third gender is so well-accepted in Samoan culture that most Samoans state that they have friendship relationships with at least one fa'afafine; it is, however, not totally accepted in other communities, such as some Catholic groups and traditional leaders. Traditionally, fa'afafine follow the training of the women's daily work in an ''Aiga'' (Samoan family group).<ref name=bartlett/><ref>Danielsson, B., T. Danielsson, and R. Pierson. 1978. Polynesia's third sex: The gay life starts in the kitchen. Pacific Islands Monthly 49:10–13.</ref>		Fa'afafine, as a third gender, have sexual relationships almost exclusively with men who do not identify as fa'afafine, and sometimes with women, but apparently not with other fa'afafine.<ref>{{cite journal \|url=http://www.gendercentre.org.au/resources/polare-archive/archived-articles/like-a-lady-in-polynesia.htm \|title=Like a Lady in Polynesia \|work=Polare magazine \|publisher=gendercentre.org.au \|first=Roberta \|last=Perkins \|date=March 1994 \|edition=3 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927132628/http://www.gendercentre.org.au/resources/polare-archive/archived-articles/like-a-lady-in-polynesia.htm \|archive-date=2013-09-27 \|df= }}</ref> This third gender is so well-accepted in Samoan culture that most Samoans state that they have friendship relationships with at least one fa'afafine; it is, however, not totally accepted in other communities, such as some Catholic groups and traditional leaders. Traditionally, fa'afafine follow the training of the women's daily work in an ''Aiga'' (Samoan family group).<ref name=bartlett/><ref>Danielsson, B., T. Danielsson, and R. Pierson. 1978. Polynesia's third sex: The gay life starts in the kitchen. Pacific Islands Monthly 49:10–13.</ref>

	Fa'afafine state that they "loved" engaging in feminine activities as children, such as playing with female peers, playing female characters during role play, dressing up in female clothes, and playing with female gender-typical toys. This is in contrast to women who stated that they merely "liked" engaging in those activities as children. Some fa'afafine recall believing they were girls in childhood, but knew better as adults. In Samoa, there is very seldom ridicule or displeasure towards a biologically male child who states that they are a girl. For instance, one study showed only a minority of parents (20 per cent) tried to stop their fa'afafine children from engaging in feminine behavior. Being pushed into the male gender role is upsetting to many fa'afafine. A significant number stated that they "hated" masculine play, such as rough games and sports, even more than females did as children.<ref name=bartlett/>		Fa'afafine state that they "loved" engaging in feminine activities as children, such as playing with female peers, playing female characters during role play, dressing up in female clothes, and playing with female gender-typical toys. This is in contrast to women who stated that they merely "liked" engaging in those activities as children. Some fa'afafine recall believing they were girls in childhood, but knew better as adults. In Samoa, there is very seldom ridicule or displeasure towards a biologically male child who states that they are a girl. For instance, one study showed only a minority of parents (20 per cent) tried to stop their fa'afafine children from engaging in feminine behavior. Being pushed into the male gender role is upsetting to many fa'afafine. A significant number stated that they "hated" masculine play, such as rough games and sports, even more than females did as children.<ref name=bartlett/>

	==Society of Fa'afafine in American Samoa and Samoa Fa'afafine Association==		==Society of Fa'afafine in American Samoa and Samoa Fa'afafine Association==
	The Society of Fa'afafine in American Samoa or "Le Sosaiete o Fa’afafine i Amerika Samoa" (S.O.F.I.A.S) is an organization designed to foster collaboration between the fa'afafine and the LGBTQI+ communities in both American Samoa, the Asia Pacific region, and the world.<ref>{{Cite web\|title = Shevon Kaio Matai passes away\|url = http://www.samoanews.com/content/en/shevon-kaio-matai-passes-away\|website = Samoa News\|access-date = 2015-06-06~~\|url-status = dead~~\|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150530072617/http://www.samoanews.com/content/en/shevon-kaio-matai-passes-away\|archive-date = 2015-05-30\|df = }}</ref> SOFIAS describes itself as an organization dedicated to balancing both Samoan values with western influences and aims to promote a positive attitude toward the Samoan fa'afafine community. Now known as ''Miss SOFIAS'', the Miss Island Queen Pageant has been held in Pago Pago, American Samoa, since 1979.		The Society of Fa'afafine in American Samoa or "Le Sosaiete o Fa’afafine i Amerika Samoa" (S.O.F.I.A.S) is an organization designed to foster collaboration between the fa'afafine and the LGBTQI+ communities in both American Samoa, the Asia Pacific region, and the world.<ref>{{Cite web\|title = Shevon Kaio Matai passes away\|url = http://www.samoanews.com/content/en/shevon-kaio-matai-passes-away\|website = Samoa News\|access-date = 2015-06-06\|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150530072617/http://www.samoanews.com/content/en/shevon-kaio-matai-passes-away\|archive-date = 2015-05-30\|df = }}</ref> SOFIAS describes itself as an organization dedicated to balancing both Samoan values with western influences and aims to promote a positive attitude toward the Samoan fa'afafine community. Now known as ''Miss SOFIAS'', the Miss Island Queen Pageant has been held in Pago Pago, American Samoa, since 1979.

	The Samoan Faafafine Association Incorporated (S.F.A.) of independent Samoa, based in Apia, has been active for over a decade. It works closely with government, local churches, and youth organizations, supporting community projects for the faafafine community, but also for elders and youth in Samoa. SFA has been active on the international level working with the United Nations and Pacific regional NGO's, on behalf of the fa'afafine, transgender, and LGBT communities of the Pacific Islands. They also been active working with media developing a more equitable representation of fa'afafine by media.<ref>{{Cite web\|title =Fa’afafine want fair and inclusive reporting\|url =http://www.samoaobserver.ws/en/31_03_2017/local/18512/Fa%E2%80%99afafine-want-fair-and-inclusive-reporting.htm\|website = Samoa Observer}}</ref>		The Samoan Faafafine Association Incorporated (S.F.A.) of independent Samoa, based in Apia, has been active for over a decade. It works closely with government, local churches, and youth organizations, supporting community projects for the faafafine community, but also for elders and youth in Samoa. SFA has been active on the international level working with the United Nations and Pacific regional NGO's, on behalf of the fa'afafine, transgender, and LGBT communities of the Pacific Islands. They also been active working with media developing a more equitable representation of fa'afafine by media.<ref>{{Cite web\|title =Fa’afafine want fair and inclusive reporting\|url =http://www.samoaobserver.ws/en/31_03_2017/local/18512/Fa%E2%80%99afafine-want-fair-and-inclusive-reporting.htm\|website = Samoa Observer}}</ref>
Line 43:		Line 43:
	* ''half-man half-girl'', an unnamed character in Albert Wendt's novel ''Flying Fox in a Freedom Tree'' (1979).		* ''half-man half-girl'', an unnamed character in Albert Wendt's novel ''Flying Fox in a Freedom Tree'' (1979).
	* ''Sugar Shirley'', a character in Sia Figiel's novel ''Where We Once Belonged'' (1996).<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Yamamoto\|first=Traise\|date=2000-10-01\|title=Where We Once Belonged (review)\|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/14610\|journal=Journal of Asian American Studies\|language=en\|volume=3\|issue=3\|pages=384–386\|doi=10.1353/jaas.2000.0042\|issn=1096-8598}}</ref>		* ''Sugar Shirley'', a character in Sia Figiel's novel ''Where We Once Belonged'' (1996).<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Yamamoto\|first=Traise\|date=2000-10-01\|title=Where We Once Belonged (review)\|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/14610\|journal=Journal of Asian American Studies\|language=en\|volume=3\|issue=3\|pages=384–386\|doi=10.1353/jaas.2000.0042\|issn=1096-8598}}</ref>
	* ''Vili Atafa'', a character in the ''Pasifika'' play ''A Frigate Bird Sings'' (1996) by Oscar Kightley, David Fane and Nathaniel Lees<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.playmarket.org.nz/a_frigate_bird_sings \|title=''A Frigate Bird Sings'' \|access-date=2014-04-13 ~~\|url-status=dead~~ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145005/http://www.playmarket.org.nz/a_frigate_bird_sings \|archive-date=2014-04-13 \|df= }}</ref>		* ''Vili Atafa'', a character in the ''Pasifika'' play ''A Frigate Bird Sings'' (1996) by Oscar Kightley, David Fane and Nathaniel Lees<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.playmarket.org.nz/a_frigate_bird_sings \|title=''A Frigate Bird Sings'' \|access-date=2014-04-13 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145005/http://www.playmarket.org.nz/a_frigate_bird_sings \|archive-date=2014-04-13 \|df= }}</ref>
	* ''Sinalela'' (2001), a fictional character in the short film ''Sinalela'' by Dan Taulapapa McMullin, awarded Best Short Film in the Honolulu Rainbow Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://archive.freewaves.org/video/sinalela\|title=Sinalela \| Freewaves Video Archive\|website=archive.freewaves.org}}</ref>		* ''Sinalela'' (2001), a fictional character in the short film ''Sinalela'' by Dan Taulapapa McMullin, awarded Best Short Film in the Honolulu Rainbow Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://archive.freewaves.org/video/sinalela\|title=Sinalela \| Freewaves Video Archive\|website=archive.freewaves.org}}</ref>
	* ''Jerry the Faafafine'' (2011), a thematic figure (influenced by the poetry of Taulapapa) in an artwork series by Tanu Gago.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://pimpiknows.com/tag/jerry-the-faafafine/\|title=Jerry The Fa’afafine \| PIMPI KNOWS}}</ref>		* ''Jerry the Faafafine'' (2011), a thematic figure (influenced by the poetry of Taulapapa) in an artwork series by Tanu Gago.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://pimpiknows.com/tag/jerry-the-faafafine/\|title=Jerry The Fa’afafine \| PIMPI KNOWS}}</ref>

imported>Sekhet: This article was a stub. Importing nearly all content from the Wikipedia article, and adapting it for this smaller wiki. I would appreciate it if an admin would add the citation templates to our wiki that are required to display the Wikipedia style citations here.

2019-11-16T04:56:00Z

This article was a stub. Importing nearly all content from the Wikipedia article, and adapting it for this smaller wiki. I would appreciate it if an admin would add the citation templates to our wiki that are required to display the Wikipedia style citations here.

Show changes

imported>NbwikiUploadBot: /* References */removing import tag

2019-02-07T11:41:57Z

References: removing import tag

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:41, 7 February 2019
Line 11:		Line 11:

	[[Category:Gender-variant identities worldwide]]		[[Category:Gender-variant identities worldwide]]
	~~{{imported from nonbinary.wiki\| type = page\|It is part of nonbinary.wiki's import of the original Nonbinary Wiki and is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ CC BY 3.0].}}~~

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:48, 1 December 2020
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:Auckland pride parade 2016 37.jpg\|thumb\|Fa'afafine banner at the Auckland pride parade in 2016.]]		[[File:Auckland pride parade 2016 37.jpg\|thumb\|Fa'afafine banner at the Auckland pride parade in 2016.]]
	[[File:SOFIAS_LOGO.jpg\|thumb\|The Society of Fa'afafine in American Samoa official logo created and designed by Ammon Fepuleai. 2014.]]		[[File:SOFIAS_LOGO.jpg\|thumb\|The Society of Fa'afafine in American Samoa official logo created and designed by Ammon Fepuleai. 2014.]]
			[[File:Faʻafafine Pride-Flag.png\|thumb\|A fa'afafine pride flag created in 2016.]]

	'''Fa'afafine''' are people who identify themselves as having a [[third gender\|third-gender]] or [[nonbinary]] role in Samoa, American Samoa and the Samoan diaspora. A recognized [[gender identity]]/[[gender role]] in traditional Samoan society, and an integral part of Samoan culture, ''fa'afafine'' are assigned male at birth, and explicitly embody both masculine and feminine gender traits in a way unique to Polynesia. Their behaviour typically ranges from extravagantly feminine to conventionally masculine.<ref name=bartlett>{{Cite journal \| doi = 10.1007/s10508-006-9055-1\| pmid = 16909317\| title = A Retrospective Study of Childhood Gender-Atypical Behavior in Samoan Fa'afafine\| journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior\| volume = 35\| issue = 6\| pages = 659–66\| year = 2006\| last1 = Bartlett \| first1 = N. H. \| last2 = Vasey \| first2 = P. L. }}</ref>		'''Fa'afafine''' are people who identify themselves as having a [[third gender\|third-gender]] or [[nonbinary]] role in Samoa, American Samoa and the Samoan diaspora. A recognized [[gender identity]]/[[gender role]] in traditional Samoan society, and an integral part of Samoan culture, ''fa'afafine'' are assigned male at birth, and explicitly embody both masculine and feminine gender traits in a way unique to Polynesia. Their behaviour typically ranges from extravagantly feminine to conventionally masculine.<ref name=bartlett>{{Cite journal \| doi = 10.1007/s10508-006-9055-1\| pmid = 16909317\| title = A Retrospective Study of Childhood Gender-Atypical Behavior in Samoan Fa'afafine\| journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior\| volume = 35\| issue = 6\| pages = 659–66\| year = 2006\| last1 = Bartlett \| first1 = N. H. \| last2 = Vasey \| first2 = P. L. }}</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:03, 17 July 2023
Line 5:		Line 5:
	'''Fa'afafine''' are people who identify themselves as having a [[third gender\|third-gender]] or [[nonbinary]] role in Samoa, American Samoa and the Samoan diaspora. A recognized [[gender identity]]/[[gender role]] in traditional Samoan society, and an integral part of Samoan culture, ''fa'afafine'' are assigned male at birth, and explicitly embody both masculine and feminine gender traits in a way unique to Polynesia. Their behaviour typically ranges from extravagantly feminine to conventionally masculine.<ref name=bartlett>{{Cite journal \| doi = 10.1007/s10508-006-9055-1\| pmid = 16909317\| title = A Retrospective Study of Childhood Gender-Atypical Behavior in Samoan Fa'afafine\| journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior\| volume = 35\| issue = 6\| pages = 659–66\| year = 2006\| last1 = Bartlett \| first1 = N. H. \| last2 = Vasey \| first2 = P. L. }}</ref>		'''Fa'afafine''' are people who identify themselves as having a [[third gender\|third-gender]] or [[nonbinary]] role in Samoa, American Samoa and the Samoan diaspora. A recognized [[gender identity]]/[[gender role]] in traditional Samoan society, and an integral part of Samoan culture, ''fa'afafine'' are assigned male at birth, and explicitly embody both masculine and feminine gender traits in a way unique to Polynesia. Their behaviour typically ranges from extravagantly feminine to conventionally masculine.<ref name=bartlett>{{Cite journal \| doi = 10.1007/s10508-006-9055-1\| pmid = 16909317\| title = A Retrospective Study of Childhood Gender-Atypical Behavior in Samoan Fa'afafine\| journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior\| volume = 35\| issue = 6\| pages = 659–66\| year = 2006\| last1 = Bartlett \| first1 = N. H. \| last2 = Vasey \| first2 = P. L. }}</ref>

	A prominent Western theory, among the many anthropological theories about Samoans, was that if a family had more boys than girls or not enough girls to help with women's duties about the house, male children would be chosen to be raised as ''fa'afafine'';<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.abc.net.au/ra/pacific/people/hazy.htm\|title=Charting the Pacific – Fa'afafine – Samoan boys brought up as girls\|website=www.abc.net.au\|access-date=2016-06-20}}</ref> although this theory has been refuted by studies.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10063/3179/thesis.pdf?sequence=7\|title=Ia e Ola Malamalama i lou Faasinomaga, A comparative Study of the Faafafine of Samoa and the Whakawahine of Aotearoa-New Zealand\|date=2013}}</ref>		A prominent Western theory, among the many anthropological theories about Samoans, was that if a family had more boys than girls or not enough girls to help with women's duties about the house, male children would be chosen to be raised as ''fa'afafine'';<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.abc.net.au/ra/pacific/people/hazy.htm\|title=Charting the Pacific – Fa'afafine – Samoan boys brought up as girls\|website=www.abc.net.au\|access-date=2016-06-20\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514145047/https://www.abc.net.au/ra/pacific/people/hazy.htm\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> although this theory has been refuted by studies.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10063/3179/thesis.pdf?sequence=7\|title=Ia e Ola Malamalama i lou Faasinomaga, A comparative Study of the Faafafine of Samoa and the Whakawahine of Aotearoa-New Zealand\|date=2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170435/http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10063/3179/thesis.pdf?sequence=7\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

	It has been estimated that 1–5% of Samoans identify as ''fa'afafine''.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37227803\|title=Samoa's 'third gender' beauty pageant\|first=Yvette\|last=Tan\|date=September 1, 2016\|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref> Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand estimates that there are 500 ''fa’afafine'' in Samoa, and the same number in the Samoan diaspora in New Zealand;<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/160363\|title=3. – Gender diversity – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand\|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu\|last=Taonga\|website=teara.govt.nz}}</ref> while according to SBS news, there are up to 3000 ''fa'afafine'' currently living in Samoa.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2013/07/16/faafafine-boys-raised-be-girls\| title=Fa'afafine: Boys Raised to be Girls ten minute news video about faafafine in Australia\|date=26 August 2013\| }}</ref>		It has been estimated that 1–5% of Samoans identify as ''fa'afafine''.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37227803\|title=Samoa's 'third gender' beauty pageant\|first=Yvette\|last=Tan\|date=September 1, 2016\|via=www.bbc.com\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323203928/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37227803\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand estimates that there are 500 ''fa’afafine'' in Samoa, and the same number in the Samoan diaspora in New Zealand;<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/160363\|title=3. – Gender diversity – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand\|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu\|last=Taonga\|website=teara.govt.nz\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310081109/https://teara.govt.nz/en/160363\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> while according to SBS news, there are up to 3000 ''fa'afafine'' currently living in Samoa.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2013/07/16/faafafine-boys-raised-be-girls\| title=Fa'afafine: Boys Raised to be Girls ten minute news video about faafafine in Australia\|date=26 August 2013\| \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323202418/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2013/07/16/faafafine-boys-raised-be-girls\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

	== History and terminology ==		== History and terminology ==
Line 30:		Line 30:
	The Samoan Faafafine Association Incorporated (S.F.A.) of independent Samoa, based in Apia, has been active for over a decade. It works closely with government, local churches, and youth organizations, supporting community projects for the faafafine community, but also for elders and youth in Samoa. SFA has been active on the international level working with the United Nations and Pacific regional NGO's, on behalf of the fa'afafine, transgender, and LGBT communities of the Pacific Islands. They also been active working with media developing a more equitable representation of fa'afafine by media.<ref>{{Cite web\|title =Fa’afafine want fair and inclusive reporting\|url =http://www.samoaobserver.ws/en/31_03_2017/local/18512/Fa%E2%80%99afafine-want-fair-and-inclusive-reporting.htm\|website = Samoa Observer}}</ref>		The Samoan Faafafine Association Incorporated (S.F.A.) of independent Samoa, based in Apia, has been active for over a decade. It works closely with government, local churches, and youth organizations, supporting community projects for the faafafine community, but also for elders and youth in Samoa. SFA has been active on the international level working with the United Nations and Pacific regional NGO's, on behalf of the fa'afafine, transgender, and LGBT communities of the Pacific Islands. They also been active working with media developing a more equitable representation of fa'afafine by media.<ref>{{Cite web\|title =Fa’afafine want fair and inclusive reporting\|url =http://www.samoaobserver.ws/en/31_03_2017/local/18512/Fa%E2%80%99afafine-want-fair-and-inclusive-reporting.htm\|website = Samoa Observer}}</ref>

	There has been legislative activity initiated in Samoa by the Samoa Faafafine Association, with faafafine lawyers Alex Su'a and Phineas Hartson Matautia, on issues of LGBT rights in Samoa. Their efforts to repeal homophobic and transphobic laws inherited from the British and New Zealand colonial administrations have met with partial success.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.paclii.org/journals/fJSPL/vol09no1/5.shtml\| title=Discriminating on the Grounds of Status: Criminal Law and Fa'afafine and Fakaleiti in the South Pacific \| journal = Journal of South Pacific Law \| year = 2009\| last1 = Su'a \| first1 = Alex\| last2 = Farran \| first2 = Sue}}</ref> Marriage equality for fa'afafine is still unlawful in Samoa; and despite marriage equality legalization in the U.S., it is still not recognized in the US Territory of American Samoa.		There has been legislative activity initiated in Samoa by the Samoa Faafafine Association, with faafafine lawyers Alex Su'a and Phineas Hartson Matautia, on issues of LGBT rights in Samoa. Their efforts to repeal homophobic and transphobic laws inherited from the British and New Zealand colonial administrations have met with partial success.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.paclii.org/journals/fJSPL/vol09no1/5.shtml\| title=Discriminating on the Grounds of Status: Criminal Law and Fa'afafine and Fakaleiti in the South Pacific \| journal = Journal of South Pacific Law \| year = 2009\| last1 = Su'a \| first1 = Alex\| last2 = Farran \| first2 = Sue\| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221128114029/http://www.paclii.org/journals/fJSPL/vol09no1/5.shtml\| archive-date = 17 July 2023}}</ref> Marriage equality for fa'afafine is still unlawful in Samoa; and despite marriage equality legalization in the U.S., it is still not recognized in the US Territory of American Samoa.

	==Notable fa'afafine==		==Notable fa'afafine==
	* [[Edward Cowley]] aka "Buckwheat" – a drag performer and television personality based in [[Auckland]], worked with New Zealand AIDS Foundation, champion bodybuilder.		* [[Edward Cowley]] aka "Buckwheat" – a drag performer and television personality based in [[Auckland]], worked with New Zealand AIDS Foundation, champion bodybuilder.
	* [[Shigeyuki Kihara]] – a contemporary artist whose work has been featured in numerous museum exhibitions art galleries around the world. Her solo exhibition, Shigeyuki Kihara: Living Photographs (2008–9), was the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]'s first exhibition of contemporary Samoan art. Kihara is co-Editor of the 2018 book ''Samoan Queer Lives''.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.littleisland.co.nz/books/samoan-queer-lives\| title= Samoan Queer Lives published by Little Island Press}}</ref>		* [[Shigeyuki Kihara]] – a contemporary artist whose work has been featured in numerous museum exhibitions art galleries around the world. Her solo exhibition, Shigeyuki Kihara: Living Photographs (2008–9), was the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]'s first exhibition of contemporary Samoan art. Kihara is co-Editor of the 2018 book ''Samoan Queer Lives''.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.littleisland.co.nz/books/samoan-queer-lives\| title= Samoan Queer Lives published by Little Island Press\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624102415/https://www.littleisland.co.nz/books/samoan-queer-lives\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
	* [[Marion Malena]] – a multiple beauty pageant winner and performer from American Samoa currently living in Seattle.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.sgn.org/sgnnews40_42/page6.cfm \|title=New Miss UTOPIA crowned \|work=Seattle Gay News \|date=2012-10-19 \|accessdate=2014-02-18}}</ref>		* [[Marion Malena]] – a multiple beauty pageant winner and performer from American Samoa currently living in Seattle.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.sgn.org/sgnnews40_42/page6.cfm \|title=New Miss UTOPIA crowned \|work=Seattle Gay News \|date=2012-10-19 \|accessdate=2014-02-18\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624102407/http://www.sgn.org/sgnnews40_42/page6.cfm \|archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref>
	* [[Fuimaono Karl Pulotu-Endemann]] – a medical professional, [[Justice of the Peace]], and gay activist from New Zealand. In the [[2001 New Year Honours]], Pulotu-Endemann was made a [[Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit]] for services to Public Health.		* [[Fuimaono Karl Pulotu-Endemann]] – a medical professional, [[Justice of the Peace]], and gay activist from New Zealand. In the [[2001 New Year Honours]], Pulotu-Endemann was made a [[Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit]] for services to Public Health.
	* [[Jaiyah Saelua]] – [[American Samoa national association football team\|American Samoan soccer player]]. Saelua was the first fa'afafine player to compete in a men's [[FIFA World Cup]] qualifier. Saelua featured in a UK documentary ''[[Next Goal Wins]]''.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://prosoccertalk.nbcsports.com/2014/02/20/video-next-goal-wins-trailer-details-worst-team-in-the-world/\|title= Next Goal WIns \|work= [[NBC Sports Radio]] \|date=2014-02-20\|accessdate=2014-02-28}}</ref><ref name="Hollywood">{{cite web\|url=https://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/202/829/9/index.html\|title=Hollywood treatment for American Samoa\|date=13 March 2013\|work=[[FIFA]] World\|accessdate=5 June 2014}}</ref>		* [[Jaiyah Saelua]] – [[American Samoa national association football team\|American Samoan soccer player]]. Saelua was the first fa'afafine player to compete in a men's [[FIFA World Cup]] qualifier. Saelua featured in a UK documentary ''[[Next Goal Wins]]''.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://prosoccertalk.nbcsports.com/2014/02/20/video-next-goal-wins-trailer-details-worst-team-in-the-world/\|title= Next Goal WIns \|work= [[NBC Sports Radio]] \|date=2014-02-20\|accessdate=2014-02-28\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101090846/https://prosoccertalk.nbcsports.com/2014/02/20/video-next-goal-wins-trailer-details-worst-team-in-the-world/\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="Hollywood">{{cite web\|url=https://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/202/829/9/index.html\|title=Hollywood treatment for American Samoa\|date=13 March 2013\|work=[[FIFA]] World\|accessdate=5 June 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405225657/https://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/202/829/9/index.html\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
	* [[Dan Taulapapa McMullin]] – poet, painter, filmmaker. Exhibited at Bishop Museum, Metropolitan Museum, United Nations. Collection of poems: ''Coconut Milk'' (American Library Association Top Ten LGBT Books of the Year).		* [[Dan Taulapapa McMullin]] – poet, painter, filmmaker. Exhibited at Bishop Museum, Metropolitan Museum, United Nations. Collection of poems: ''Coconut Milk'' (American Library Association Top Ten LGBT Books of the Year).
	* [[Amao Leota Lu]] – performance artists, activist, community leader<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/dan-taulapapa-mcmullin\| title=Poetry Foundation poet page for Dan Taulapapa McMullin}}</ref>		* [[Amao Leota Lu]] – performance artists, activist, community leader<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/dan-taulapapa-mcmullin\| title=Poetry Foundation poet page for Dan Taulapapa McMullin\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414095320/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/dan-taulapapa-mcmullin\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

	==Fictional fa'afafines==		==Fictional fa'afafines==
	* ''half-man half-girl'', an unnamed character in Albert Wendt's novel ''Flying Fox in a Freedom Tree'' (1979).		* ''half-man half-girl'', an unnamed character in Albert Wendt's novel ''Flying Fox in a Freedom Tree'' (1979).
	* ''Sugar Shirley'', a character in Sia Figiel's novel ''Where We Once Belonged'' (1996).<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Yamamoto\|first=Traise\|date=2000-10-01\|title=Where We Once Belonged (review)\|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/14610\|journal=Journal of Asian American Studies\|language=en\|volume=3\|issue=3\|pages=384–386\|doi=10.1353/jaas.2000.0042\|issn=1096-8598}}</ref>		* ''Sugar Shirley'', a character in Sia Figiel's novel ''Where We Once Belonged'' (1996).<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Yamamoto\|first=Traise\|date=2000-10-01\|title=Where We Once Belonged (review)\|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/14610\|journal=Journal of Asian American Studies\|language=en\|volume=3\|issue=3\|pages=384–386\|doi=10.1353/jaas.2000.0042\|issn=1096-8598\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101090836/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/14610\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
	* ''Vili Atafa'', a character in the ''Pasifika'' play ''A Frigate Bird Sings'' (1996) by Oscar Kightley, David Fane and Nathaniel Lees<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.playmarket.org.nz/a_frigate_bird_sings \|title=''A Frigate Bird Sings'' \|access-date=2014-04-13 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145005/http://www.playmarket.org.nz/a_frigate_bird_sings \|archive-date=2014-04-13 \|df= }}</ref>		* ''Vili Atafa'', a character in the ''Pasifika'' play ''A Frigate Bird Sings'' (1996) by Oscar Kightley, David Fane and Nathaniel Lees<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.playmarket.org.nz/a_frigate_bird_sings \|title=''A Frigate Bird Sings'' \|access-date=2014-04-13 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145005/http://www.playmarket.org.nz/a_frigate_bird_sings \|archive-date=2014-04-13 \|df= }}</ref>
	* ''Sinalela'' (2001), a fictional character in the short film ''Sinalela'' by Dan Taulapapa McMullin, awarded Best Short Film in the Honolulu Rainbow Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://archive.freewaves.org/video/sinalela\|title=Sinalela \| Freewaves Video Archive\|website=archive.freewaves.org}}</ref>		* ''Sinalela'' (2001), a fictional character in the short film ''Sinalela'' by Dan Taulapapa McMullin, awarded Best Short Film in the Honolulu Rainbow Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://archive.freewaves.org/video/sinalela\|title=Sinalela \| Freewaves Video Archive\|website=archive.freewaves.org\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531034758/http://archive.freewaves.org/video/sinalela\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
	* ''Jerry the Faafafine'' (2011), a thematic figure (influenced by the poetry of Taulapapa) in an artwork series by Tanu Gago.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://pimpiknows.com/tag/jerry-the-faafafine/\|title=Jerry The Fa’afafine \| PIMPI KNOWS}}</ref>		* ''Jerry the Faafafine'' (2011), a thematic figure (influenced by the poetry of Taulapapa) in an artwork series by Tanu Gago.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://pimpiknows.com/tag/jerry-the-faafafine/\|title=Jerry The Fa’afafine \| PIMPI KNOWS\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128192040/https://pimpiknows.com/tag/jerry-the-faafafine/\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

	==References==		==References==
Line 66:		Line 66:
	* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/97170793479/ Facebook page for UTOPIA San Francisco.]		* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/97170793479/ Facebook page for UTOPIA San Francisco.]
	* Montague, James. 2011. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/26/sports/soccer/jonny-saelua-transgender-player-helps-american-samoa-to-first-international-soccer-win.html "Transgender Player Helps American Samoa to First International Soccer Win"]. New York Times, November 25, 2011.		* Montague, James. 2011. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/26/sports/soccer/jonny-saelua-transgender-player-helps-american-samoa-to-first-international-soccer-win.html "Transgender Player Helps American Samoa to First International Soccer Win"]. New York Times, November 25, 2011.
	*{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-26089486\|title=The evolutionary puzzle of homosexuality\|date=18 February 2014\|accessdate=18 February 2014\|author=William Kremer\|publisher=BBC News}}		*{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-26089486\|title=The evolutionary puzzle of homosexuality\|date=18 February 2014\|accessdate=18 February 2014\|author=William Kremer\|publisher=BBC News\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401074448/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-26089486\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}

	==See also==		==See also==