Gender-variant identities worldwide - Revision history

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

2026-02-17T00:53:44Z

Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:53, 17 February 2026
Line 516:		Line 516:
	==External links== <!--T:97-->		==External links== <!--T:97-->
	* [https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/content/two-spirits_map-html/ PBS: A Map of Gender-Diverse Cultures]. This is an interactive world map showing the locations of dozens of cultures that recognize nonbinary genders.		* [https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/content/two-spirits_map-html/ PBS: A Map of Gender-Diverse Cultures]. This is an interactive world map showing the locations of dozens of cultures that recognize nonbinary genders.
	* [https://www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net/learn/terms Digital Transgender Archive: Global Terms]		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230703064116/https://www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net/learn/terms Digital Transgender Archive: Global Terms]
	* [https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/397872/understanding-the-pacific-s-alternative-genders Understanding the Pacific's alternative genders]		* [https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/397872/understanding-the-pacific-s-alternative-genders Understanding the Pacific's alternative genders]

Ondo at 14:45, 6 August 2023

2023-08-06T14:45:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:45, 6 August 2023
Line 474:		Line 474:

	<!--T:87-->		<!--T:87-->
	The Enarees were gender-variant priests of the ancient Scythian people. The 5th century Greek medical anthology, "Hippocratic Corpus," said that the Enarees wore women's styles of clothing, used feminine mannerisms in their speech, and did women's work.<ref name="enarees phillips" /> Pseudo-Hippocrates said the Scythians believe the cause of their femininity is divine, but he theorized that they became so due to injuring their genitals from continous horse riding,<ref>{{cite web \|author=Hippocrates \|title=On Airs, Waters, Places \|~~link~~=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_Airs,_Waters,_Places#Part_XII \|~~site~~=Wikisource\|access-date=6 August 2023}}</ref> and from wearing trousers<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Chiasson\|first=Charles\|date=2001\|title=Scythian Androgyny and Environmental Determinism in Herodotus and the Hippocratic πϵρὶ ἀϵ́ρων ὑδάτων τóπων\|journal=Syllecta Classica\|language=en\|volume=12\|issue=1\|pages=33–73\|doi=10.1353/syl.2001.0007\|issn=2160-5157}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Minns\|first=Ellis\|title=Scythians and Greeks: A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology on the North Coast of the Euxine from the Danube to the Caucasus\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=1913\|isbn=9781108024877\|location=\|pages=45–6}}</ref> (which was seen as an odd foreign custom to the toga-wearing Greeks). Archaeologist Ellis Minns (1874 - 1953) said Ovid may be partly right, because bareback horse riding has been known to cause damage to the testicles resulting in loss of the ability to have an erection or ejaculate, even for modern-day riders.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Minns\|first=Ellis\|title=Scythians and Greeks: A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology on the North Coast of the Euxine from the Danube to the Caucasus\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=1913\|isbn=9781108024877\|location=\|pages=45–6}}</ref> Riding injures alone do not account for the femininity of Enarees, which seem to be part of the cross-cultural tradition of cross-dressing shamans.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://classicalstudies.org/annual-meeting/148/abstract/neither-men-nor-women-failure-western-binary-systems\|title=(N)either Men (n)or Women? The Failure of Western Binary Systems\|last=Hart\|first=Rachel\|date=\|website=Society for Classical Studies\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref>		The Enarees were gender-variant priests of the ancient Scythian people. The 5th century Greek medical anthology, "Hippocratic Corpus," said that the Enarees wore women's styles of clothing, used feminine mannerisms in their speech, and did women's work.<ref name="enarees phillips" /> Pseudo-Hippocrates said the Scythians believe the cause of their femininity is divine, but he theorized that they became so due to injuring their genitals from continous horse riding,<ref>{{cite web \|author=Hippocrates \|title=On Airs, Waters, Places \|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_Airs,_Waters,_Places#Part_XII \|website=Wikisource\|access-date=6 August 2023}}</ref> and from wearing trousers<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Chiasson\|first=Charles\|date=2001\|title=Scythian Androgyny and Environmental Determinism in Herodotus and the Hippocratic πϵρὶ ἀϵ́ρων ὑδάτων τóπων\|journal=Syllecta Classica\|language=en\|volume=12\|issue=1\|pages=33–73\|doi=10.1353/syl.2001.0007\|issn=2160-5157}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Minns\|first=Ellis\|title=Scythians and Greeks: A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology on the North Coast of the Euxine from the Danube to the Caucasus\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=1913\|isbn=9781108024877\|location=\|pages=45–6}}</ref> (which was seen as an odd foreign custom to the toga-wearing Greeks). Archaeologist Ellis Minns (1874 - 1953) said Ovid may be partly right, because bareback horse riding has been known to cause damage to the testicles resulting in loss of the ability to have an erection or ejaculate, even for modern-day riders.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Minns\|first=Ellis\|title=Scythians and Greeks: A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology on the North Coast of the Euxine from the Danube to the Caucasus\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=1913\|isbn=9781108024877\|location=\|pages=45–6}}</ref> Riding injures alone do not account for the femininity of Enarees, which seem to be part of the cross-cultural tradition of cross-dressing shamans.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://classicalstudies.org/annual-meeting/148/abstract/neither-men-nor-women-failure-western-binary-systems\|title=(N)either Men (n)or Women? The Failure of Western Binary Systems\|last=Hart\|first=Rachel\|date=\|website=Society for Classical Studies\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref>

	<!--T:88-->		<!--T:88-->

Ondo: fix refs

2023-08-06T14:43:06Z

fix refs

Show changes

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

2023-07-28T00:18:45Z

Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:18, 28 July 2023
Line 141:		Line 141:

	<!--T:20-->		<!--T:20-->
	In Mexico, the Zapotec people recognize the ''muxe'', who are assigned male at birth, and prefer to wear traditional women's styles of clothing and fashionable make-up. ''Muxes'' are thought to be usually attracted to men, though some ''muxes'' marry women.<ref name="muxe cobelo" /><ref name="Lynn 2002">Stephen, Lynn (2002). "Latin American Perspectives," Issue 123, Vol.29 No.2, March 2002, pp. 41-59. {{cite web \|url= http://www.uky.edu/~tmute2/mexico/MexWeb/Mex+PDFs/stephan-gender-zapotec.pdf \|title= ''Sexualities and Genders in Zapotec Oaxaca.'' \|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070129073904/http://www.uky.edu/~tmute2/mexico/MexWeb/Mex%20PDFs/stephan-gender-zapotec.pdf \|archivedate= 2007-01-29 \|df= \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230516201112/http://www.uky.edu/~tmute2/mexico/MexWeb/Mex+PDFs/stephan-gender-zapotec.pdf \|archive-date= 17 July 2023 }} {{small\|(98.6 [[Kibibyte\|KiB]])}}</ref> ''Muxes'' may consider themselves homosexual, heterosexual, or asexual.<ref name="muxe bbc" /> (Men who are not ''muxe,'' and who have relationships with ''muxe,'' are called ''mayetes'', and are not socially thought of as gay for doing so.<ref name="muxe bbc" /> ''Muxes'' themselves have various opinions about whether such men are really gay or straight.<ref name="muxe cobelo" />) A person recognizes from early childhood that they want to be a ''muxe'', based on their own natural instincts.<ref name="muxe cobelo" /> They usually do not seek [[surgery\|gender-affirming surgery]].<ref name="muxe cobelo" /> Today, ''muxe'' are accepted and integrated in society, whereas gay men and trans women are not accepted as much, though this varies by the amount of Westernization in a given community.<ref name="muxe cobelo" /> One ''muxe'' named Gala who was interviewed in 2015 explained, "We are not men or women [...] We are a third gender. Men are men and women are women— and ''muxes'' are ''muxes''. Is that simple."<ref name="muxe cobelo" /> Much the same definition was given in a 2018 BBC interview with another ''muxe'' named Felina, who runs a group for ''muxe'' founded in the 1970s, ''[https://www.lasintrepidas.com/ Las Auténticas Intrepidas Buscadoras del Peligro]'' (The Authentic Intrepid Danger Seekers).<ref name="muxe cobelo" /><ref name="muxe bbc">Ola Synowiec. "The third gender of southern Mexico." November 26, 2018. ''BBC.'' http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20181125-the-third-gender-of-southern-mexico [https://web.archive.org/web/20230514070747/http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20181125-the-third-gender-of-southern-mexico Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> Another ''muxe'', performance artist [[Lukas Avendaño]];<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Stambaugh\|first=Antonio Prieto\|date=2014-01-01\|title=RepresentaXión" de un muxe: la identidad performática de Lukas Avendaño\|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/latin_american_theatre_review/v048/48.1.stambaugh.html\|journal=Latin American Theatre Review\|volume=48\|issue=1\|pages=31–53\|doi=10.1353/ltr.2014.0030\|s2cid=141999742\|issn=2161-0576\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406161821/https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/latin_american_theatre_review/v048/48.1.stambaugh.html\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>, explained in a 2017 interview that not all ''muxe'' identify the same way, and some ''muxe'' do identify as women.<ref name="muxe cruz">Mónica Cruz. "Muxes: una comunidad en Oaxaca desafía los conceptos tradicionales de la identidad y el género." ''Verne.'' February 2, 2017. https://verne.elpais.com/verne/2017/01/31/mexico/1485834145_612368.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20230603115759/https://verne.elpais.com/verne/2017/01/31/mexico/1485834145_612368.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> In the Zapotec language, there is no grammatical gender, which makes it easier. The Spanish language has only masculine and feminine, so ''muxe'' have to choose one, even though many ''muxe'' do not feel like either.<ref name="muxe cruz" /> In recent years, ''muxe'' have campaigned for the right to use the [[toilets\|restroom]] of their preference: some ''muxe'' (''gunaa muxe'', who think of themselves as like trans women) feel safer in the women's restroom, whereas other ''muxe'' (''nguiiu muxe'', who think of themselves as like feminine gay men) prefer the men's restroom.<ref name="muxe cruz" /> One study estimates that 6% of people assigned male at birth in an Isthmus Zapotec community in the early 1970s were ''muxe''.<ref>Rymph, David (1974). ''Cross-sex behavior in an Isthmus Zapotec village.'' Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Mexico City.</ref> Notable ''muxes'' include human rights activist [[Amaranta Gómez Regalado]] (b. 1977), who gained international prominence as the first trans candidate of Mexico, in the 2003 Oaxaca state elections;<ref name="muxe bbc" /><ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2003/06/05/ls-amaranta.html\|title=La nueva visibilidad lésbico-gay\|last=Medina\|first=Antonio\|date=June 5, 2003\|work=LETRA S\|access-date=March 13, 2016\|via=La Jornada\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408163115/https://www.jornada.unam.mx/2003/06/05/ls-amaranta.html\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=//www.copenhagen2009.org/Conference/Keynote_Speakers/Amaranta_Gomez_Regalado.aspx \|title=Archived profile from Amaranta Gómez Regalado for the WorldOut Games in Copenhagen 2009 \|last= \|first= \|date=January 11, 2016 \|website=Amaranta Gómez Regalado – WorldOut Games 2009 \|publisher=Wayback Machine Internet Archive \|access-date=March 13, 2016 \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721073144/http://www.copenhagen2009.org/Conference/Keynote_Speakers/Amaranta_Gomez_Regalado.aspx \|archivedate=July 21, 2009 \|df= \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613123644/http://www.copenhagen2009.org/Conference/Keynote_Speakers/Amaranta_Gomez_Regalado.aspx \|archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref> and food vendor [[Marven]], ''Lady Tacos de Canasta'', who became famous in a viral video taken while she was selling food at a pride parade in 2016, and has been featured on multiple media outlets since.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.chilango.com/comida/lady-tacos-de-canasta/\|title=Lady Tacos de Canasta: hay de chapulines, iguana, arroz con leche...\|last1=M\|first1=Sthefany\|last2=ujano\|date=2018-08-28\|language=es-MX\|access-date=2019-08-12\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404130144/https://www.chilango.com/comida/lady-tacos-de-canasta/\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.milenio.com/policia/lady-tacos-canasta-policias-agreden-tiran-puesto\|title=A Lady Tacos de Canasta, policías la agreden y le tiran su puesto\|website=www.milenio.com\|access-date=2019-08-12\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308111207/https://www.milenio.com/policia/lady-tacos-canasta-policias-agreden-tiran-puesto\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://heraldodemexico.com.mx/tendencias/autoridades-intentan-retirar-a-lady-tacos-de-canasta-en-alcaldia-cuauhemoc/\|title=Autoridades intentan retirar a Lady tacos de canasta, en alcaldía Cuauhémoc\|date=2019-07-29\|website=El Heraldo de México\|language=es-MX\|access-date=2019-08-12\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308130228/https://heraldodemexico.com.mx/tendencias/autoridades-intentan-retirar-a-lady-tacos-de-canasta-en-alcaldia-cuauhemoc/\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://culturacolectiva.com/movies/taco-chronicles-netflix-mexico-food-documentary-review\|title='The Taco Chronicles' Does Justice To Mexico's Misunderstood Street Food Staple\|date=2019-07-18\|website=culturacolectiva.com\|language=English\|access-date=2019-08-12\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703053533/https://culturacolectiva.com/movies/taco-chronicles-netflix-mexico-food-documentary-review/\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>		In Mexico, the Zapotec people recognize the ''muxe'', who are assigned male at birth, and prefer to wear traditional women's styles of clothing and fashionable make-up. ''Muxes'' are thought to be usually attracted to men, though some ''muxes'' marry women.<ref name="muxe cobelo" /><ref name="Lynn 2002">Stephen, Lynn (2002). "Latin American Perspectives," Issue 123, Vol.29 No.2, March 2002, pp. 41-59. {{cite web \|url= http://www.uky.edu/~tmute2/mexico/MexWeb/Mex+PDFs/stephan-gender-zapotec.pdf \|title= ''Sexualities and Genders in Zapotec Oaxaca.'' \|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070129073904/http://www.uky.edu/~tmute2/mexico/MexWeb/Mex%20PDFs/stephan-gender-zapotec.pdf \|archivedate= 2007-01-29 \|df= \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230516201112/http://www.uky.edu/~tmute2/mexico/MexWeb/Mex+PDFs/stephan-gender-zapotec.pdf \|archive-date= 17 July 2023 }} {{small\|(98.6 [[Kibibyte\|KiB]])}}</ref> ''Muxes'' may consider themselves homosexual, heterosexual, or asexual.<ref name="muxe bbc" /> (Men who are not ''muxe,'' and who have relationships with ''muxe,'' are called ''mayetes'', and are not socially thought of as gay for doing so.<ref name="muxe bbc" /> ''Muxes'' themselves have various opinions about whether such men are really gay or straight.<ref name="muxe cobelo" />) A person recognizes from early childhood that they want to be a ''muxe'', based on their own natural instincts.<ref name="muxe cobelo" /> They usually do not seek [[surgery\|gender-affirming surgery]].<ref name="muxe cobelo" /> Today, ''muxe'' are accepted and integrated in society, whereas gay men and trans women are not accepted as much, though this varies by the amount of Westernization in a given community.<ref name="muxe cobelo" /> One ''muxe'' named Gala who was interviewed in 2015 explained, "We are not men or women [...] We are a third gender. Men are men and women are women— and ''muxes'' are ''muxes''. Is that simple."<ref name="muxe cobelo" /> Much the same definition was given in a 2018 BBC interview with another ''muxe'' named Felina, who runs a group for ''muxe'' founded in the 1970s, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20190413022002/https://www.lasintrepidas.com/ Las Auténticas Intrepidas Buscadoras del Peligro]'' (The Authentic Intrepid Danger Seekers).<ref name="muxe cobelo" /><ref name="muxe bbc">Ola Synowiec. "The third gender of southern Mexico." November 26, 2018. ''BBC.'' http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20181125-the-third-gender-of-southern-mexico [https://web.archive.org/web/20230514070747/http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20181125-the-third-gender-of-southern-mexico Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> Another ''muxe'', performance artist [[Lukas Avendaño]];<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Stambaugh\|first=Antonio Prieto\|date=2014-01-01\|title=RepresentaXión" de un muxe: la identidad performática de Lukas Avendaño\|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/latin_american_theatre_review/v048/48.1.stambaugh.html\|journal=Latin American Theatre Review\|volume=48\|issue=1\|pages=31–53\|doi=10.1353/ltr.2014.0030\|s2cid=141999742\|issn=2161-0576\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406161821/https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/latin_american_theatre_review/v048/48.1.stambaugh.html\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>, explained in a 2017 interview that not all ''muxe'' identify the same way, and some ''muxe'' do identify as women.<ref name="muxe cruz">Mónica Cruz. "Muxes: una comunidad en Oaxaca desafía los conceptos tradicionales de la identidad y el género." ''Verne.'' February 2, 2017. https://verne.elpais.com/verne/2017/01/31/mexico/1485834145_612368.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20230603115759/https://verne.elpais.com/verne/2017/01/31/mexico/1485834145_612368.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> In the Zapotec language, there is no grammatical gender, which makes it easier. The Spanish language has only masculine and feminine, so ''muxe'' have to choose one, even though many ''muxe'' do not feel like either.<ref name="muxe cruz" /> In recent years, ''muxe'' have campaigned for the right to use the [[toilets\|restroom]] of their preference: some ''muxe'' (''gunaa muxe'', who think of themselves as like trans women) feel safer in the women's restroom, whereas other ''muxe'' (''nguiiu muxe'', who think of themselves as like feminine gay men) prefer the men's restroom.<ref name="muxe cruz" /> One study estimates that 6% of people assigned male at birth in an Isthmus Zapotec community in the early 1970s were ''muxe''.<ref>Rymph, David (1974). ''Cross-sex behavior in an Isthmus Zapotec village.'' Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Mexico City.</ref> Notable ''muxes'' include human rights activist [[Amaranta Gómez Regalado]] (b. 1977), who gained international prominence as the first trans candidate of Mexico, in the 2003 Oaxaca state elections;<ref name="muxe bbc" /><ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2003/06/05/ls-amaranta.html\|title=La nueva visibilidad lésbico-gay\|last=Medina\|first=Antonio\|date=June 5, 2003\|work=LETRA S\|access-date=March 13, 2016\|via=La Jornada\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408163115/https://www.jornada.unam.mx/2003/06/05/ls-amaranta.html\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=//www.copenhagen2009.org/Conference/Keynote_Speakers/Amaranta_Gomez_Regalado.aspx \|title=Archived profile from Amaranta Gómez Regalado for the WorldOut Games in Copenhagen 2009 \|last= \|first= \|date=January 11, 2016 \|website=Amaranta Gómez Regalado – WorldOut Games 2009 \|publisher=Wayback Machine Internet Archive \|access-date=March 13, 2016 \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721073144/http://www.copenhagen2009.org/Conference/Keynote_Speakers/Amaranta_Gomez_Regalado.aspx \|archivedate=July 21, 2009 \|df= \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613123644/http://www.copenhagen2009.org/Conference/Keynote_Speakers/Amaranta_Gomez_Regalado.aspx \|archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref> and food vendor [[Marven]], ''Lady Tacos de Canasta'', who became famous in a viral video taken while she was selling food at a pride parade in 2016, and has been featured on multiple media outlets since.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.chilango.com/comida/lady-tacos-de-canasta/\|title=Lady Tacos de Canasta: hay de chapulines, iguana, arroz con leche...\|last1=M\|first1=Sthefany\|last2=ujano\|date=2018-08-28\|language=es-MX\|access-date=2019-08-12\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404130144/https://www.chilango.com/comida/lady-tacos-de-canasta/\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.milenio.com/policia/lady-tacos-canasta-policias-agreden-tiran-puesto\|title=A Lady Tacos de Canasta, policías la agreden y le tiran su puesto\|website=www.milenio.com\|access-date=2019-08-12\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308111207/https://www.milenio.com/policia/lady-tacos-canasta-policias-agreden-tiran-puesto\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://heraldodemexico.com.mx/tendencias/autoridades-intentan-retirar-a-lady-tacos-de-canasta-en-alcaldia-cuauhemoc/\|title=Autoridades intentan retirar a Lady tacos de canasta, en alcaldía Cuauhémoc\|date=2019-07-29\|website=El Heraldo de México\|language=es-MX\|access-date=2019-08-12\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308130228/https://heraldodemexico.com.mx/tendencias/autoridades-intentan-retirar-a-lady-tacos-de-canasta-en-alcaldia-cuauhemoc/\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://culturacolectiva.com/movies/taco-chronicles-netflix-mexico-food-documentary-review\|title='The Taco Chronicles' Does Justice To Mexico's Misunderstood Street Food Staple\|date=2019-07-18\|website=culturacolectiva.com\|language=English\|access-date=2019-08-12\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703053533/https://culturacolectiva.com/movies/taco-chronicles-netflix-mexico-food-documentary-review/\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

	</translate>		</translate>

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

2023-07-19T13:37:03Z

Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:37, 19 July 2023
Line 82:		Line 82:
	* '''Era:'''		* '''Era:'''
	* '''Description of sex/gender:''' "''Aranu'tiq'' were considered male on one side, and female on the other, taking on roles assigned to both genders."<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://research.library.mun.ca/13252/1/thesis.pdf\|title=Examining Precontact Inuit Gender Complexity and Its Discursive Potential for LGBTQ2S+ and Decolonization Movements\|date=2014\|last=Walley\|first=Meghan\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508173625/https://research.library.mun.ca/13252/1/thesis.pdf\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>		* '''Description of sex/gender:''' "''Aranu'tiq'' were considered male on one side, and female on the other, taking on roles assigned to both genders."<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://research.library.mun.ca/13252/1/thesis.pdf\|title=Examining Precontact Inuit Gender Complexity and Its Discursive Potential for LGBTQ2S+ and Decolonization Movements\|date=2014\|last=Walley\|first=Meghan\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508173625/https://research.library.mun.ca/13252/1/thesis.pdf\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
	* '''Role in society:''' A 1953 report states "They performed the work of both sexes and were, indeed, considered more skilled than ordinary persons as well as lucky like twins, but they could not marry and have children, nor could they become shamans."<ref>{{cite book\|last=Birket-Smith\|first=Kaj\|year=1953\|title=The Chugach Eskimo}} Quoted in {{cite book\|title=Pacific Homosexualities\|page=209-210\|year=2002\|chapter=Profession-Defined Homosexuality (I): Transformed Shamans\|last=Murray \|first=Stephen O.\|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pacific_Homosexualities/qafeQTWIWmcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Aranu%27tiq\|archive-url=~~False~~\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>		* '''Role in society:''' A 1953 report states "They performed the work of both sexes and were, indeed, considered more skilled than ordinary persons as well as lucky like twins, but they could not marry and have children, nor could they become shamans."<ref>{{cite book\|last=Birket-Smith\|first=Kaj\|year=1953\|title=The Chugach Eskimo}} Quoted in {{cite book\|title=Pacific Homosexualities\|page=209-210\|year=2002\|chapter=Profession-Defined Homosexuality (I): Transformed Shamans\|last=Murray\|first=Stephen O.\|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pacific_Homosexualities/qafeQTWIWmcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Aranu%27tiq\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719133202/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pacific_Homosexualities/qafeQTWIWmcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Aranu%27tiq\|archive-date=19 July 2023\|access-date=6 December 2020\|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

	=== Biza'ah === <!--T:147-->		=== Biza'ah === <!--T:147-->
Line 224:		Line 224:

	<!--T:38-->		<!--T:38-->
	In classical Arabic writings, people called Mukhannathun were queer people who were assigned male at birth. They were analogous to transgender women, or to very feminine gay men, depending on the individual. In Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 41, Number 4910, Mohammed said to exile a mukhannath, and said not to kill them.<ref>USC-MSA compendium of Muslim Text: Partial Translation of Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 41:General Behavior (Kitab Al-Adab), Number 4910 http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/abudawud/041.sat.html#041.4910 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230130050923/https://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/abudawud/041.sat.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> At one point during the Umayyad dynasty, a caliph ordered that all mukhannathun should be castrated. In response to this, a group of mukhannathun are recorded as having this conversation about it: "This is simply a circumcision which we must undergo again." "Or rather the Greater Circumcision!" "With castration I have become a mukhannath in truth!" "Or rather we have become women in truth!" "We have been spared the trouble of carrying around a spout for urine." "What would we do with an unused weapon anyway?"<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Rowson\|first=Everett K. \|date=October 1991\| url=http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/The_effeminates_of_early_medina.pdf\| title=The Effeminates of Early Medina\|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society 111 (4)\|page= 671–693\|doi=10.2307/603399 \|jstor= 603399}}</ref>		In classical Arabic writings, people called Mukhannathun were queer people who were assigned male at birth. They were analogous to transgender women, or to very feminine gay men, depending on the individual. In Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 41, Number 4910, Mohammed said to exile a mukhannath, and said not to kill them.<ref>USC-MSA compendium of Muslim Text: Partial Translation of Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 41:General Behavior (Kitab Al-Adab), Number 4910 http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/abudawud/041.sat.html#041.4910 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230130050923/https://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/abudawud/041.sat.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> At one point during the Umayyad dynasty, a caliph ordered that all mukhannathun should be castrated. In response to this, a group of mukhannathun are recorded as having this conversation about it: "This is simply a circumcision which we must undergo again." "Or rather the Greater Circumcision!" "With castration I have become a mukhannath in truth!" "Or rather we have become women in truth!" "We have been spared the trouble of carrying around a spout for urine." "What would we do with an unused weapon anyway?"<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Rowson\|first=Everett K.\|date=October 1991\|url=http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/The_effeminates_of_early_medina.pdf\|title=The Effeminates of Early Medina\|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society 111 (4)\|page=671–693\|doi=10.2307/603399\|jstor=603399\|access-date=2017-07-29\|archive-date=2008-10-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001195534/http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/The_effeminates_of_early_medina.pdf\|url-status=dead}}</ref>

	</translate>		</translate>
Line 277:		Line 277:
	* '''Culture:''' India/South Asia		* '''Culture:''' India/South Asia
	* '''Era:''' mid-1990s to present<ref name="Stief2016">{{cite journal\|last1=Stief\|first1=Matthew\|title=The Sexual Orientation and Gender Presentation of ''Hijra'', ''Kothi'', and ''Panthi'' in Mumbai, India\|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior\|volume=46\|issue=1\|year=2016\|pages=73–85\|issn=0004-0002\|doi=10.1007/s10508-016-0886-0}}</ref>		* '''Era:''' mid-1990s to present<ref name="Stief2016">{{cite journal\|last1=Stief\|first1=Matthew\|title=The Sexual Orientation and Gender Presentation of ''Hijra'', ''Kothi'', and ''Panthi'' in Mumbai, India\|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior\|volume=46\|issue=1\|year=2016\|pages=73–85\|issn=0004-0002\|doi=10.1007/s10508-016-0886-0}}</ref>
	* '''Description of sex/gender:''' AMAB and feminine.<ref name="Chakrapani">{{cite journal \|title=Structural violence against Kothi-identified men who have sex with men in Chennai, India: a qualitative investigation\|volume=19\|issue=4\|year=2007\|pages=346–364\|doi=10.1521/aeap.2007.19.4.346 \|journal=AIDS Education and Prevention \|last1=Chakrapani\|first1=Venkatesan\|last2=Newman\|first2=Peter A.\|last3=Shunmugam \|first3=Murali\|last4=McLuckie\|first4=Alan \|last5=Melwin \|first5=Fredrick \|url=http://www.msmasia.org/tl_files/resources/Structural_Violence_MSM_Chakrapani_AEP_Aug07_WithLinks.pdf \|archive-date=27 July 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727101255/http://www.msmasia.org/tl_files/resources/Structural_Violence_MSM_Chakrapani_AEP_Aug07_WithLinks.pdf#}}</ref> Some kothis take [[hormone therapy\|feminizing hormone therapy]] or undergo [[surgery\|feminizing surgery]].<ref name="Stief2016" /> One kothi in a research interview said "I am a woman. Only God has given me a body of a man."<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Dey\|first=Soumi\|title=Being A 'Kothi': An Ethnographic Interrogation with A Male Transgender in Kolkata, India\|year=2013\|journal= IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science\|volume=11\|issue=6 \|url=https://www.academia.edu/4814580/Being_A_Kothi_An_Ethnographic_Interrogation_with_A_Male_Transgender_in_Kolkata_India\|archive-url=~~False~~\|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>		* '''Description of sex/gender:''' AMAB and feminine.<ref name="Chakrapani">{{cite journal \|title=Structural violence against Kothi-identified men who have sex with men in Chennai, India: a qualitative investigation\|volume=19\|issue=4\|year=2007\|pages=346–364\|doi=10.1521/aeap.2007.19.4.346 \|journal=AIDS Education and Prevention \|last1=Chakrapani\|first1=Venkatesan\|last2=Newman\|first2=Peter A.\|last3=Shunmugam \|first3=Murali\|last4=McLuckie\|first4=Alan \|last5=Melwin \|first5=Fredrick \|url=http://www.msmasia.org/tl_files/resources/Structural_Violence_MSM_Chakrapani_AEP_Aug07_WithLinks.pdf \|archive-date=27 July 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727101255/http://www.msmasia.org/tl_files/resources/Structural_Violence_MSM_Chakrapani_AEP_Aug07_WithLinks.pdf#}}</ref> Some kothis take [[hormone therapy\|feminizing hormone therapy]] or undergo [[surgery\|feminizing surgery]].<ref name="Stief2016" /> One kothi in a research interview said "I am a woman. Only God has given me a body of a man."<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Dey\|first=Soumi\|title=Being A 'Kothi': An Ethnographic Interrogation with A Male Transgender in Kolkata, India\|year=2013\|journal=IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science\|volume=11\|issue=6\|url=https://www.academia.edu/4814580/Being_A_Kothi_An_Ethnographic_Interrogation_with_A_Male_Transgender_in_Kolkata_India\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719133145/https://www.academia.edu/4814580/Being_A_Kothi_An_Ethnographic_Interrogation_with_A_Male_Transgender_in_Kolkata_India\|archive-date=19 July 2023\|access-date=24 February 2021\|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>
	* '''Role in society:''' "Kothis are generally of lower socioeconomic status and some kothis engage in sex work for survival."<ref name="Chakrapani" /> Kothis are attracted to men, and term the men they have sex with "panthi". In the general public, the words "kothi" and "panthi" mean similarly to the American English "[[sissy]]" and "[[butch]]"; "panthi" can also refer to men in general.<ref name="Stief2016" />		* '''Role in society:''' "Kothis are generally of lower socioeconomic status and some kothis engage in sex work for survival."<ref name="Chakrapani" /> Kothis are attracted to men, and term the men they have sex with "panthi". In the general public, the words "kothi" and "panthi" mean similarly to the American English "[[sissy]]" and "[[butch]]"; "panthi" can also refer to men in general.<ref name="Stief2016" />

Line 289:		Line 289:

	<!--T:49-->		<!--T:49-->
	* '''Name of identity:''' Mutarajjulat, "women who wish to resemble men."<ref name="bowen">Gary Bowen. "A Dictionary of Words for Masculine Women." ''FTM International.'' May 15, 1995. Retrieved November 5, 1996. ~~http~~://web.archive.org/web/19961105010926/http://www.ftm-intl.org/Wrtngs/ftm-words.gary.html</ref>		* '''Name of identity:''' Mutarajjulat, "women who wish to resemble men."<ref name="bowen">Gary Bowen. "A Dictionary of Words for Masculine Women." ''FTM International.'' May 15, 1995. Retrieved November 5, 1996. https://web.archive.org/web/19961105010926/http://www.ftm-intl.org/Wrtngs/ftm-words.gary.html</ref>
	* '''Culture:''' Islam<ref name="mutarajjulat cook">David Cook. "Women fighting in jihad?" ''Female Terrorism and Militancy: Agency , Utility, and Organization.'' Cindy D. Ness, ed. New York: Routledge, 2008. Pp. 38-39.</ref>		* '''Culture:''' Islam<ref name="mutarajjulat cook">David Cook. "Women fighting in jihad?" ''Female Terrorism and Militancy: Agency , Utility, and Organization.'' Cindy D. Ness, ed. New York: Routledge, 2008. Pp. 38-39.</ref>
	* '''Era:''' ninth through eleventh centuries<ref name="mutarajjulat cook" />		* '''Era:''' ninth through eleventh centuries<ref name="mutarajjulat cook" />

BinaryBot: Bot: adding archive links to references (error log).

2023-07-17T13:12:23Z

Bot: adding archive links to references (error log).

Show changes

216.75.228.30: Undo revision 34791 by 216.75.228.30 (talk)

2023-06-03T00:04:09Z

Undo revision 34791 by 216.75.228.30 (talk)

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:04, 3 June 2023
Line 2:		Line 2:
	<translate>		<translate>
	<!--T:1-->		<!--T:1-->
	This article about [[gender-variant identities worldwide]] is about many cultures' and ethnic groups' traditional identities and roles that do not fit into the Western [[gender binary]]. Although it is challenging for Western writers to do so, it is important to talk about these identities without imposing modern Western ideas of gender on them, or otherwise misrepresenting them. The following article focuses on identities that are most analogous to gender outside of the Western binary. However, due to the problems of imposing outsider's views on these identities, this isn't clear in all cases. Some of the identities in the list below may be more analogous to binary [[transgender women]] and [[transgender men]]. This should not list identities that are known to be more analogous to ~~natural male and female~~ identities that are simply [[gender nonconforming]] or non-heterosexual.		This article about [[gender-variant identities worldwide]] is about many cultures' and ethnic groups' traditional identities and roles that do not fit into the Western [[gender binary]]. Although it is challenging for Western writers to do so, it is important to talk about these identities without imposing modern Western ideas of gender on them, or otherwise misrepresenting them. The following article focuses on identities that are most analogous to gender outside of the Western binary. However, due to the problems of imposing outsider's views on these identities, this isn't clear in all cases. Some of the identities in the list below may be more analogous to binary [[transgender women]] and [[transgender men]]. This should not list identities that are known to be more analogous to cisgender identities that are simply [[gender nonconforming]] or non-heterosexual.

	<!--T:2-->		<!--T:2-->
	Generally, people who aren't members of the cultures and ethnic groups in question aren't entitled to call themselves by any of the following genders. That would be [[ethnicity and culture#Cultural appropriation that impacts trans people\|cultural appropriation]], which means wrongfully taking parts of somebody else's culture to use for yourself. It is okay to learn about these cultures, but not to take what is not one's own. Outsiders would do well to learning about cultures that accept people who are outside the Western gender binary so that they can support those people on their own terms, and so that they are informed about political challenges that those people face today. Outsiders also benefit by learning about them in order to see that there have been hundreds of accepting cultures throughout history, that it has been done and that it has worked, and that these genders have always been real. This gives hope for other cultures to ~~hopefully becoming~~ accepting ~~and falling weak~~ as well.		Generally, people who aren't members of the cultures and ethnic groups in question aren't entitled to call themselves by any of the following genders. That would be [[ethnicity and culture#Cultural appropriation that impacts trans people\|cultural appropriation]], which means wrongfully taking parts of somebody else's culture to use for yourself. It is okay to learn about these cultures, but not to take what is not one's own. Outsiders would do well to learning about cultures that accept people who are outside the Western gender binary so that they can support those people on their own terms, and so that they are informed about political challenges that those people face today. Outsiders also benefit by learning about them in order to see that there have been hundreds of accepting cultures throughout history, that it has been done and that it has worked, and that these genders have always been real. This gives hope for other cultures to become accepting as well.

	<!--T:3-->		<!--T:3-->

216.75.228.30: grammatical errors

2023-06-02T23:58:48Z

grammatical errors

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:58, 2 June 2023
Line 2:		Line 2:
	<translate>		<translate>
	<!--T:1-->		<!--T:1-->
	This article about [[gender-variant identities worldwide]] is about many cultures' and ethnic groups' traditional identities and roles that do not fit into the Western [[gender binary]]. Although it is challenging for Western writers to do so, it is important to talk about these identities without imposing modern Western ideas of gender on them, or otherwise misrepresenting them. The following article focuses on identities that are most analogous to gender outside of the Western binary. However, due to the problems of imposing outsider's views on these identities, this isn't clear in all cases. Some of the identities in the list below may be more analogous to binary [[transgender women]] and [[transgender men]]. This should not list identities that are known to be more analogous to ~~cisgender~~ identities that are simply [[gender nonconforming]] or non-heterosexual.		This article about [[gender-variant identities worldwide]] is about many cultures' and ethnic groups' traditional identities and roles that do not fit into the Western [[gender binary]]. Although it is challenging for Western writers to do so, it is important to talk about these identities without imposing modern Western ideas of gender on them, or otherwise misrepresenting them. The following article focuses on identities that are most analogous to gender outside of the Western binary. However, due to the problems of imposing outsider's views on these identities, this isn't clear in all cases. Some of the identities in the list below may be more analogous to binary [[transgender women]] and [[transgender men]]. This should not list identities that are known to be more analogous to natural male and female identities that are simply [[gender nonconforming]] or non-heterosexual.

	<!--T:2-->		<!--T:2-->
	Generally, people who aren't members of the cultures and ethnic groups in question aren't entitled to call themselves by any of the following genders. That would be [[ethnicity and culture#Cultural appropriation that impacts trans people\|cultural appropriation]], which means wrongfully taking parts of somebody else's culture to use for yourself. It is okay to learn about these cultures, but not to take what is not one's own. Outsiders would do well to learning about cultures that accept people who are outside the Western gender binary so that they can support those people on their own terms, and so that they are informed about political challenges that those people face today. Outsiders also benefit by learning about them in order to see that there have been hundreds of accepting cultures throughout history, that it has been done and that it has worked, and that these genders have always been real. This gives hope for other cultures to ~~become~~ accepting as well.		Generally, people who aren't members of the cultures and ethnic groups in question aren't entitled to call themselves by any of the following genders. That would be [[ethnicity and culture#Cultural appropriation that impacts trans people\|cultural appropriation]], which means wrongfully taking parts of somebody else's culture to use for yourself. It is okay to learn about these cultures, but not to take what is not one's own. Outsiders would do well to learning about cultures that accept people who are outside the Western gender binary so that they can support those people on their own terms, and so that they are informed about political challenges that those people face today. Outsiders also benefit by learning about them in order to see that there have been hundreds of accepting cultures throughout history, that it has been done and that it has worked, and that these genders have always been real. This gives hope for other cultures to hopefully becoming accepting and falling weak as well.

	<!--T:3-->		<!--T:3-->

imported>TXJ: formatting a cite

2023-05-02T15:07:46Z

formatting a cite

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:07, 2 May 2023
Line 134:		Line 134:

	<!--T:19-->		<!--T:19-->
	* '''Name of identity:''' ''Muxe'', also spelled ''muxhe''. This is Zapotec for "woman," but their society distinguishes them from women.<ref name="muxe cobelo">~~Luis Cobelo. "~~Cooking with Muxes, Mexico's Third Gender~~." ''~~Vice~~'' (magazine). July 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2020.~~ https://www.vice.com/en/article/bmp3zv/cooking-with-muxes-mexicos-third-gender</ref> Another possible origin of the word is the Spanish word for "woman", ''mujer''.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://origin-www.goethe.de/mmo/priv/4038800-STANDARD.pdf\|title=Muxe: el tercer sexo\|last=Bennholdt-Thomsen\|first=Veronika\|work=\|year=2008\|agency=Goethe Institut\|language=Spanish\|access-date=March 13, 2016\|via=}}</ref>		* '''Name of identity:''' ''Muxe'', also spelled ''muxhe''. This is Zapotec for "woman," but their society distinguishes them from women.<ref name="muxe cobelo">{{Cite web \|title=Cooking with Muxes, Mexico's Third Gender \|last=Cobelo \|first=Luis \|work=Vice \|date=26 November 2016 \|access-date=2 May 2023 \|url= https://www.vice.com/en/article/bmp3zv/cooking-with-muxes-mexicos-third-gender}}</ref> Another possible origin of the word is the Spanish word for "woman", ''mujer''.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://origin-www.goethe.de/mmo/priv/4038800-STANDARD.pdf\|title=Muxe: el tercer sexo\|last=Bennholdt-Thomsen\|first=Veronika\|work=\|year=2008\|agency=Goethe Institut\|language=Spanish\|access-date=March 13, 2016\|via=}}</ref>
	* '''Culture:''' Zapotec cultures of Oaxaca (southern Mexico)		* '''Culture:''' Zapotec cultures of Oaxaca (southern Mexico)
	* '''Era:''' Pre-Columbian to present.<ref name="muxe cobelo" /> A post-Columbian origin myth for the ''muxe'' says the ''muxe'' "fell out from the pocket of Vicente Ferrer, the patron saint of [the small town Juchitán de Zaragoza], as he passed through town, which, according to locals, means they were born under a lucky star. A second version of the saint’s legend says that Vicente Ferrer was carrying three bags: one with female seeds, one with male seeds and one where the two were mixed. According to this story, the third bag sprung a leak in Juchitán, and that’s the reason why there are so many muxes here."<ref name="muxe bbc" />		* '''Era:''' Pre-Columbian to present.<ref name="muxe cobelo" /> A post-Columbian origin myth for the ''muxe'' says the ''muxe'' "fell out from the pocket of Vicente Ferrer, the patron saint of [the small town Juchitán de Zaragoza], as he passed through town, which, according to locals, means they were born under a lucky star. A second version of the saint’s legend says that Vicente Ferrer was carrying three bags: one with female seeds, one with male seeds and one where the two were mixed. According to this story, the third bag sprung a leak in Juchitán, and that’s the reason why there are so many muxes here."<ref name="muxe bbc" />

Amazingakita: Reverted edits by 70.93.165.176 (talk) to last revision by TXJ

2022-11-02T08:12:27Z

Reverted edits by 70.93.165.176 (talk) to last revision by TXJ

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:12, 2 November 2022
Line 2:		Line 2:
	<translate>		<translate>
	<!--T:1-->		<!--T:1-->
	This article ~~poop~~ about [[gender-variant identities worldwide]] is about many cultures' and ethnic groups' traditional identities and roles that do not fit into the Western [[gender binary]]. Although it is challenging for Western writers to do so, it is important to talk about these identities without imposing modern Western ideas of gender on them, or otherwise misrepresenting them. The following article focuses on identities that are most analogous to gender outside of the Western binary. However, due to the problems of imposing outsider's views on these identities, this isn't clear in all cases. Some of the identities in the list below may be more analogous to binary [[transgender women]] and [[transgender men]]. This should not list identities that are known to be more analogous to cisgender identities that are simply [[gender nonconforming]] or non-heterosexual.		This article about [[gender-variant identities worldwide]] is about many cultures' and ethnic groups' traditional identities and roles that do not fit into the Western [[gender binary]]. Although it is challenging for Western writers to do so, it is important to talk about these identities without imposing modern Western ideas of gender on them, or otherwise misrepresenting them. The following article focuses on identities that are most analogous to gender outside of the Western binary. However, due to the problems of imposing outsider's views on these identities, this isn't clear in all cases. Some of the identities in the list below may be more analogous to binary [[transgender women]] and [[transgender men]]. This should not list identities that are known to be more analogous to cisgender identities that are simply [[gender nonconforming]] or non-heterosexual.

	<!--T:2-->		<!--T:2-->