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Gender neutral language in Portuguese: Difference between revisions
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{{stub}}{{Template:Gender neutral language}} | |||
The vast majority of Portuguese words have one of two grammatical genders: the feminine or the masculine. As such, Portuguese is not a gender-neutral language. Expressions such as "obrigado" or "obrigada" change based on your gender. Sometimes, words with the masculine form are seen as the default. Adjectives like "alto" and "alta" change based on gender as well. Many people use an 'e' ending, such as "obrigade". The creation and implementation of gender neutral terms in the Portuguese language aims to make non-binary people feel included. | |||
It is important to note that, in Portuguese, there’s a distinction between '''gender-neutral language''' and '''inclusive language'''. Though the two overlap in some aspects, the latter makes use of already existing binary terms and its main goal is to include both men and women in conversations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politize.com.br/linguagem-inclusiva-e-linguagem-neutra-entenda/|title=Linguagem inclusiva e linguagem neutra: entenda a diferença!|last=Folter|first=Regiane|date=9 March 2021|website=politize!|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Inclusive language and neutral language: understand the difference!|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704235358/https://www.politize.com.br/linguagem-inclusiva-e-linguagem-neutra-entenda/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> It comes as a response to the way Portuguese uses the masculine to encompass the feminine. This can be seen, for example, when groups are referred to with the masculine and plural form of a noun even when they’re not made-up exclusively of men. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+How the sentence "good night, everyone!" is traditionally said and what each category of language suggests as an alternative:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.speakingbrazilian.com/post/neutral|title=Gender-Neutral Language in Brazilian Portuguese|last=Langhammer|first=Virginia|date=2021-11-02|website=Speaking Brazilian|language=en|access-date=2022-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404042634/https://www.speakingbrazilian.com/post/neutral|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> | |||
!Common language | |||
!Gender-neutral language | |||
!Inclusive language | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" |Boa noite a todos! | |||
|Boa noite a todes! | |||
|Boa noite a todos e todas! | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" |Boa noite a todos, todas e todes! | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="3" |Boa noite a todas as pessoas! | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="3" |Boa noite a todo mundo! | |||
|} | |||
This article will focus on '''gender neutral Portuguese language'''. While, in Portuguese, non-living things are also attributed a gender, that is not meant to change with the use of neutral language. The sentence "my chair is purple" would still be said like "a minha cadeira é roxa," in which ''cadeira'' is still a feminine noun and the article ''a'', the possessive pronoun ''minha'' and the adjective ''roxa'' are also feminine. Moreover, words like ''pessoa'' ("person"), which are gendered but used to refer to anyone regardless of gender, remain the same and gender agreement is still expected in sentences that use them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dezanove.pt/sistema-elu-linguagem-neutra-em-genero-1317469|title=Sistema Elu, Linguagem Neutra em Género|last=Valente|first=Pedro|date=13 April 2020|website=dezanove|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Elu System, Language Neutral in Gender|access-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520042942/https://dezanove.pt/sistema-elu-linguagem-neutra-em-genero-1317469|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> | |||
Gender-neutral neologisms are known as ''neolinguagem'' (neolanguage), though that term also includes modified words that are not universally gender neutral.<ref>{{Cite web |title=» Guia pró-neolinguagem de linguagem neutra universal |url=https://orientando.org/guia-de-linguagem-neutra-universal/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |language=pt-BR|trans-title=Pro-neolanguage guide to universal neutral language}}</ref> | |||
==Language sets== | ==Language sets== | ||
| Line 49: | Line 70: | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
In Portuguese, there are two standard personal pronouns for the third person singular and two for the third person plural. ''Ela'' is equivalent to the English "she" and ''ele'' is equivalent to the English "he," while ''elas'' and ''eles'' are both equivalent to the English plural "they." Portuguese-speaking non-binary people who don't feel comfortable with these have had to come up with neopronouns. | In Portuguese, there are two standard personal pronouns for the third person singular and two for the third person plural. ''Ela'' is equivalent to the English "she" and ''ele'' is equivalent to the English "he," while ''elas'' and ''eles'' are both equivalent to the English plural "they." Portuguese-speaking non-binary people who don't feel comfortable with these have had to come up with neopronouns, along with its contractions. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| Line 168: | Line 189: | ||
!a | !a | ||
!ae | !ae | ||
! | ! colspan="2" |eo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/neolinguagem|title=Archived profile for neolinguagem on Instagram|website=Ghostarchive}}</ref> | ||
! colspan="3" |o | |||
!o | ! colspan="3" |u | ||
!u | !ue | ||
! colspan="2" |e | |||
!oa | !oa | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 177: | Line 199: | ||
|esta(s) | |esta(s) | ||
|estae(s) | |estae(s) | ||
| colspan="2" |esteo(s) | |||
| colspan="3" |esto(s) | |||
| colspan="3" |estu(s) | |||
|estue(s) | |||
|este(s) | |este(s) | ||
| | |iste(s) | ||
|estoa(s) | |estoa(s) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 186: | Line 210: | ||
|essa(s) | |essa(s) | ||
|essae(s) | |essae(s) | ||
| colspan="2" |esseo(s) | |||
| colspan="3" |esso(s) | |||
| colspan="3" |essu(s) | |||
|essue(s) | |||
|esse(s) | |esse(s) | ||
| | |isse(s) | ||
|essoa(s) | |essoa(s) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 195: | Line 221: | ||
|minha(s) | |minha(s) | ||
|minhae(s) | |minhae(s) | ||
|minheo(s) | |minheo(s) | ||
| colspan="2" |meo(s) | |||
|minho(s) | |minho(s) | ||
| colspan="2" |meu(s) | |||
|minhu(s) | |minhu(s) | ||
| colspan="2" |mue(s) | |||
| colspan="2" |minhe(s) | |||
|minhoa(s) | |minhoa(s) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 204: | Line 233: | ||
|tua(s) | |tua(s) | ||
|tuae(s) | |tuae(s) | ||
|tueo(s) | |tueo(s) | ||
| colspan="2" |teo(s) | |||
|tuo(s) | |tuo(s) | ||
|tu(s) | | colspan="2" |teu(s) | ||
| colspan="2" |tu(s) | |||
| colspan="2" |tue(s) | |||
|tui(s) | |||
|tuoa(s) | |tuoa(s) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 213: | Line 245: | ||
|sua(s) | |sua(s) | ||
|suae(s) | |suae(s) | ||
|sueo(s) | |sueo(s) | ||
| colspan="2" |seo(s) | |||
|suo(s) | |suo(s) | ||
|su(s) | | colspan="2" |seu(s) | ||
| colspan="2" |su(s) | |||
| colspan="2" |sue(s) | |||
|sui(s) | |||
|suoa(s) | |suoa(s) | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 222: | Line 257: | ||
===Word endings=== | ===Word endings=== | ||
In the Portuguese language, the ending of a word typically indicates gender. For this reason, the vast majority of words have two forms: the masculine and the feminine. Feminine words end in ''a'', while masculine words end in ''o''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|title=The Gender of Portuguese Words|website=Practice Portuguese|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719185109/https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> The word "friend," a noun, can translate to ''amiga'' or ''amigo''. The same rule applies to adjectives, however, so "tall" can translate to either ''alta'' or ''alto''. Moreover, adjectives and nouns are expected to agree in gender. Some non-binary people use more than one word ending and may not mind that non-concordant language is used when referring to them, like in the sentence ''ae meu amiga é bonito''. New word endings were created to | In the Portuguese language, the ending of a word typically indicates gender. For this reason, the vast majority of words have two forms: the masculine and the feminine. Feminine words end in ''a'', while masculine words end in ''o''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|title=The Gender of Portuguese Words|website=Practice Portuguese|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719185109/https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> The word "friend," a noun, can translate to ''amiga'' or ''amigo''. The same rule applies to adjectives, however, so "tall" can translate to either ''alta'' or ''alto''. Moreover, adjectives and nouns are expected to agree in gender. Some non-binary people use more than one word ending and may not mind that non-concordant language is used when referring to them, like in the sentence ''ae'' "''meu amiga é bonito''". New word endings were created to accommodate people who don't feel comfortable with either of the standard word endings. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Word endings ''a'' and ''o'' compared to neutral alternatives:<ref name="SetTester" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.pronouns.page/dicionario|title=Dicionário de linguagem neutra|website=Pronouns.page|language=pt|trans-title=Neutral language dictionary|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530212655/https://pt.pronouns.page/dicionario|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o_sexista|title=Linguagem não sexista|website=Wikipédia|language=pt|trans-title=Non-sexist language|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605221452/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o_sexista|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> | |+Word endings ''a'' and ''o'' compared to neutral alternatives:<ref name="SetTester" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.pronouns.page/dicionario|title=Dicionário de linguagem neutra|website=Pronouns.page|language=pt|trans-title=Neutral language dictionary|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530212655/https://pt.pronouns.page/dicionario|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o_sexista|title=Linguagem não sexista|website=Wikipédia|language=pt|trans-title=Non-sexist language|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605221452/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o_sexista|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> | ||
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|secretáriy | |secretáriy | ||
|secretárioa | |secretárioa | ||
|- | |||
|fogosa/o | |||
|fogosae | |||
|fogosie | |||
|fogoseo | |||
|fogose | |||
|fogosu | |||
|fogosy | |||
|fogosoa | |||
|} | |} | ||
Some words, such as heteronyms, are also inflected in the beginning, | In words like -osa/-oso, as in fogosa, the pronunciation changes. -oso would be -ôso and -osa would be -ósa. That way, some prefer the markedness and may pronounce ''fogose'' as ''fogóse''.<ref>https://bloguealternative.wordpress.com/neolinguagem/ [https://amplifi.casa/~/Asterismos/dicas-para-escrever-sem-linguagem-espec%C3%ADfica/]</ref> While others might still pronounce it as in the unspecific or generic, so ''fogôse''. There is a proposal to use -u- in cases that the -o- varies in pronounce (-ó-/-ô-).<ref>https://orientando.org/neolinguagem/neoflexoes/</ref> So that would means ''foguse'' is a third alternative. That also extends to other words, such as ''nuvie'' (novo/nova) and ''sugre'' (sogra/sogro). | ||
Some words, such as anthropo-heteronyms, are also inflected in the beginning, examples and proposals below.<ref>https://bloguealternative.wordpress.com/lista-de-neologismos/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/7546402/mod_resource/content/1/Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20para%20todas%2C%20todos%20e%20todes_UnB.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-08-02 |archive-date=2023-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803002337/https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/7546402/mod_resource/content/1/Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20para%20todas%2C%20todos%20e%20todes_UnB.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://repository.ufrpe.br/bitstream/123456789/3756/1/tcc_art_enildavaleriagomesmarinho.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-08-02 |archive-date=2023-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822033720/https://repository.ufrpe.br/bitstream/123456789/3756/1/tcc_art_enildavaleriagomesmarinho.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
|madrinha/padrinho | |madrinha/padrinho | ||
|nadrinhe | | colspan="2" |nadrinhe | ||
|xadrinhe | | colspan="2" |xadrinhe | ||
|adrinhe | |adrinhe | ||
|fadrinhe | |fadrinhe | ||
| Line 480: | Line 526: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|madre/padre | |madre/padre | ||
|nadre | | colspan="2" |nadre | ||
|xadre | | colspan="2" |xadre | ||
|adre | |adre | ||
|fadre | |fadre | ||
| Line 488: | Line 534: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|madrasta/padrasto | |madrasta/padrasto | ||
|nadraste | | colspan="2" |nadraste | ||
|xadraste | | colspan="2" |xadraste | ||
|adraste | |adraste | ||
|fadraste | |fadraste | ||
| Line 496: | Line 542: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|matriarca/patriarca | |matriarca/patriarca | ||
|natriarca | | colspan="2" |natriarca | ||
|xatriarca | | colspan="2" |xatriarca | ||
|atriarca | |atriarca | ||
|fadriarca | |fadriarca | ||
| Line 504: | Line 550: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|maternidade/paternidade | |maternidade/paternidade | ||
|naternidade | | colspan="2" |naternidade | ||
|xaternidade | | colspan="2" |xaternidade | ||
|aternidade | |aternidade | ||
|faternidade | |faternidade | ||
| Line 512: | Line 558: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|mãe/pai | |mãe/pai | ||
|nãe/nam | |nãe/nam/nai | ||
|pãe | | colspan="2" |pãe/mai | ||
|xãe/xai | |||
| colspan="3" |ade | | colspan="3" |ade | ||
|zazi | |zazi | ||