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Gender neutral language in German: Difference between revisions

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{{see also|Glossary of German gender and sex terminology}}
Ich{{see also|Glossary of German gender and sex terminology}}
{{see also|Pronouns#German neutral pronouns|German neutral pronouns}}
{{see also|Pronouns#German neutral pronouns|German neutral pronouns}}
{{Template:Gender neutral language}}
{{Template:Gender neutral language}}
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=== Pronouns ===
=== Pronouns ===
''See main article at [[Pronouns#German neutral pronouns|German neutral pronouns]].''
''See main article at [[Pronouns#German neutral pronouns|German neutral pronouns]].''
====== dey ======
Suggested by Riley Alexis in August 2016,<ref>Riley Alexis (2024): ''agenderbee.'' Online at:https://www.instagram.com/p/CZgOS9VqGWH/?igsh=MWs1eDVtYjRxMm9weA== (retrieved 21.03.2024).</ref> the "dey"-pronoun seems to be the most widespread nowadays. German translation of ''Starfield'' vom Bethesda Games Studios uses 'dey'/'demm' pronouns to refer to nonbinary protagonists. Some German speaking influencers use them as their pronouns (cf. @kai.isaiah_jamal) and so do other numerous Instagram users (i. e. search for the key words 'dey/dem' in the Instagram search engine). As for series, ''Star Treck Discovery'' uses 'dey' pronouns for their nonbinary/genderless characters.<ref name=":2">Heger, Illi Anna (2022): ''Darunter und darüber — "they" Pronomen in Filmen/Serien Deutsch übersetzen''. Online at: https://www.annaheger.de/darunterdarueber/ (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref>
====== sier ======
Ravna Marin Siever, author of the book ''Was wird es denn? Ein Kind! Wie geschlechtsoffene Erziehung gelingt'', uses pronouns from the sier-paradigm for people to refer to them. Several books use 'sier' pronouns.<ref name=":4">Heger, Illi Anna (2022): ''DiverserLesen''. Online at: https://www.annaheger.de/diverserlesen/ (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref>
====== xier ======
In the second episode (1:02) of the series ''City of Ghosts'', i. e. ''Stadt der Geister'' in German, Thomas states that their pronoun is 'xier'. The blogger Frau Papa Nina tells in an interview from the podcast ''Das gewünschteste Wunschkind,'' hosted by Danielle Graf and Katja Seide, t
that they use the pronoun 'xier' for themselves.<ref>Frau Papa Nina in conversation (2019): Transsexualität und Diversität. In: Graf, Danielle/Seide, Katja (hosts): ''Das gewünschteste Wunschkind. Der Podcast''. Online at: https://plus.rtl.de/podcast/das-gewuenschteste-wunschkind-3r427sdoc4dw2/transsexualitaet-und-diversitaet-cbin4vimtsr1p (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref> Several books,<ref name=":4" /> series<ref name=":3">Heger, Illi Anna (2022): ''Xier Pronomen in Texten, Serien, Filmen und Video Games''. Online at: https://www.annaheger.de/pronomentexte/ (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref> and video games use 'xier' pronouns. For an exhaustive list, see ''Xier Pronomen in Texten, Serien, Filmen und Video Games'' from Illi Anna Heger.<ref name=":3" />
====== hen ======
In the German version from ''Kivi & Monsterhund'' from Jesper Lundqvist and Bettina Johansson, the protagonist, Kivi, who is referred to with the Swedish gender neutral pronoun 'hen', is referred to with the same pronoun in the German translation from Jochen Barthel.<ref>Lundqvist, Jesper/Johansson, Bettina (2019): ''Kivi & Monsterhund''. Berlin: Maria Benson Verlag.</ref> 'hen' also seems to be used by some bloggers,<ref>Annat75pyz (2023): ''Benutzt du das Pronomen "hen"?''. Online at: https://www.gutefrage.net/sprache-literatur-raetsel/deutsche-sprache/grammatik-rechtschreibung/frage/nenutzt-du-das-pronomen-hen (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref> instagrammers, and to be currently perceived as popular.<ref>Erhardt, Melissa (2022): Dey, Xier, Hen: Was es mit genderneutralen (Neo-)Pronomen auf sich hat. In: ''radio FM4''. Online at: https://fm4.orf.at/stories/3025024/ (retrieved 09.02,2024).</ref><ref name=":1" />
====== en ======
An important number of the members of the ''Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch'', that is currently growing, uses the en/em forms from the De-e-System as their pronouns.<ref>Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch e. V. (2024): ''r/geschlechtsneutral''. Online at: https://www.reddit.com/r/geschlechtsneutral/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
==== Tables ====
The relative pronouns are all similar to the demonstrative pronouns but for the genitive, represented in the last ligne of the table.
Except for the De-e-System (definite article: 'de' [də]; relative and demonstrative pronoun: 'de' [de(:)]), the definite article is similar to the demonstrative personal pronoun.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Personal pronouns: dominant usage?
|+Primary and demonstrative personal pronouns, relative pronoun and definite article: dominant usage
!Paradigm
!Paradigm
!'dey/dej'<ref>Anonym (2017): ''Q: Ein [...] gegeben''. Online at: https://nonbinarytransgermany.tumblr.com/post/148742824641/ein-befreundeter-mensch-von-mir-hat-sich-mal (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''dey/denen/demm''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/dey/denen/demm?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''dej/denen/dej''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/dej?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
!'dey/dej'<ref name=":5">Anonym (2017): ''Q: Ein [...] gegeben''. Online at: https://nonbinarytransgermany.tumblr.com/post/148742824641/ein-befreundeter-mensch-von-mir-hat-sich-mal (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":6">Pronouns.page (2024): ''dey/denen/demm''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/dey/denen/demm?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":7">Pronouns.page (2024): ''dej/denen/dej''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/dej?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
! colspan="2" |<span style="color:DarkBlue">'sier' Version 2.1</span><ref>Heger, Illi Anna (2022): ''Version 2.1: sier Pronomen ohne Geschlecht''. Online at: https://www.annaheger.de/pronomen21/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
! colspan="2" |<span style="color:DarkBlue">'sier' Version 2.1</span><ref name=":8">Heger, Illi Anna (2022): ''Version 2.1: sier Pronomen ohne Geschlecht''. Online at: https://www.annaheger.de/pronomen21/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
! colspan="2" |'xier' Version 3.3<ref>Heger, Illi Anna (2022): ''Version 3.3: xier Pronomen ohne Geschlecht''. Online at: https://www.annaheger.de/pronomen33/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
! colspan="2" |'xier' Version 3.3<ref name=":9">Heger, Illi Anna (2022): ''Version 3.3: xier Pronomen ohne Geschlecht''. Online at: https://www.annaheger.de/pronomen33/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">'hän'</span><ref>zweisatz (2011): ''HIGH ON CLICHÉS''. ''Glossar''. Online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20230531034450/https://highoncliches.wordpress.com/2011/12/11/glossar/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''hän/sim''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/h%C3%A4n?erweitert (retrieved 02.09.2024).</ref>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">'hän'</span><ref name=":10">zweisatz (2011): ''HIGH ON CLICHÉS''. ''Glossar''. Online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20230531034450/https://highoncliches.wordpress.com/2011/12/11/glossar/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":11">Pronouns.page (2024): ''hän/sim''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/h%C3%A4n?erweitert (retrieved 02.09.2024).</ref>
! colspan="2" |NoNa-System<ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''hen/hem''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/hen?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref>Moro, Jona/Frank, Noah (2024): ''Das NoNa-System. geschlechtsneutrale deutsche Grammatik''. Online at: https://geschlechtsneutralesdeutsch.com/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
! colspan="2" |NoNa-System<ref name=":12">Pronouns.page (2024): ''hen/hem''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/hen?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":13">Moro, Jona/Frank, Noah (2024): ''Das NoNa-System. geschlechtsneutrale deutsche Grammatik''. Online at: https://geschlechtsneutralesdeutsch.com/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
! colspan="2" |<span style="color:DarkBlue">g-Genus</span><ref name=":0">Dominik Jahre (2018): ''Das g-Genus. Merkmale des g-Genus''. Online at: https://www.geschlechtsneutral.com/index.html (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
! colspan="2" |<span style="color:DarkBlue">g-Genus</span><ref name=":0">Dominik Jahre (2018): ''Das g-Genus. Merkmale des g-Genus''. Online at: https://www.geschlechtsneutral.com/index.html (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
! colspan="2" |De-e-System<ref>Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch e. V. (2024): ''De-e-System''. https://geschlechtsneutral.net/gesamtsystem/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
! colspan="2" |De-e-System<ref name=":14">Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch e. V. (2024): ''De-e-System''. https://geschlechtsneutral.net/gesamtsystem/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
|-
|-
!'''prosodical features'''
!'''solely referential and/or demonstrative'''
!
!syncretic pronoun
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">unstressed</span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">solely ref.</span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">stressed</span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">demonstr.</span>
!unstressed
!solely ref.
!stressed
!demonstr.
!
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">solely ref.</span>
!unstressed
!solely ref.
!stressed
!demonstr.
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">unstressed</span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">solely ref.</span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">stressed</span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">demonstr.</span>
!unstressed
!solely ref.
!stressed
!demonstr.
|-
|-
!'''Nominative'''
!'''Nominative'''
Line 96: Line 117:
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">dio</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">dio</span>
|en
|en
|de [de(:)]
|de [də]/[de(:)]
|-
|-
!'''Accusative'''
!'''Accusative'''
Line 110: Line 131:
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">dio</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">dio</span>
|en
|en
|de [de(:)]
|de [də]/[de(:)]
|-
|-
!'''Dative'''
!'''Dative'''
Line 127: Line 148:
|-
|-
!'''Genitive'''
!'''Genitive'''
|derer
|derer/deren
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sieser</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sieser</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">-</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">-</span>
Line 134: Line 155:
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sirer</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sirer</span>
| henser
| henser
| dais
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">henser</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">dero</span>
|enser
| -
| -
|-
!Genitive: relative pronouns
|derer/deren
|
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">deren</span><ref>Heger, Illi Anna (2024): Personal Communication.</ref>
|
|deren
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">-</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">-</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">-</span>
|
|enser
| -
| -
|
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">dereno</span>
|
|dersen
|-
|-
| colspan="6" |
! colspan="6" |
! colspan="5" |'hen' paradigms
! colspan="5" |'hen' paradigms
| colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
|-
!Examples
|'''Dey''' wohnt in '''deren'''&nbsp;eigener Wohnung. Hast du&nbsp;'''demm''' neulich gesehen? Wie geht es '''denen'''?
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">Ich kenne '''sien''' nicht. Ist '''sier''' hier&nbsp;eingezogen?Ich habe noch nie mit '''siem''' gesprochen.</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">Mit '''diem''' will ich&nbsp;nichts zu tun&nbsp;haben.&nbsp;'''Dier''' hört mir nie zu!</span>
|Suchst du&nbsp;'''xien'''?'''Xier''' ist im&nbsp;Urlaub.
|Same as for "sier".&nbsp;
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">Ich rufe '''sin''' später zurück an, wenn ich mit '''sim''' auch entspannt reden kann.</span>
|'''Hen''' lächelt  wie&nbsp;du.&nbsp;Bist du mit '''hem''' verwandt?
|'''Dai''' Tankel, '''dai''' neu hier ist, fragt '''dai''' Ompa, '''dam''' ich&nbsp;mal&nbsp;ein&nbsp;Bild geschenkt habe, wie es hem geht.
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">'''Hen''' wohnt mit '''hem''' in einem Reihenhaus.</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">'''Dio''' Hansi, '''dereno''' Geschwister ich noch nie getroffen habe, findet '''dio''' Kayan beim Versteckenspielen nie.</span>
|'''Em''' schmeckt mein Essen nie. Ich will '''en''' nicht mehr einladen.
|'''De''' Studente, mit '''derm''' ich gestern gesprochen habe, gefällt mir.
|}
|}


====== dey ======
{| class="wikitable"
The German translation of ''Starfield'' vom Bethesda Games Studios uses 'dey'/'demm' pronouns to refer to nonbinary protagonists. Some German speaking influencers use them as their pronouns (cf. @kai.isaiah_jamal) and so do other numerous Instagram users (i. e. search for the key words 'dey/dem' in the Instagram search engine). As for series, ''Star Treck Discovery'' uses 'dey' pronouns for their nonbinary/genderless characters.<ref name=":2">Heger, Illi Anna (2022): ''Darunter und darüber — "they" Pronomen in Filmen/Serien Deutsch übersetzen''. Online at: https://www.annaheger.de/darunterdarueber/ (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref>
|+<small>Personal pronouns: peripheral usage</small>
!<small>Paradigm</small>
! colspan="2" |<small><span style="color:DarkBlue">SYLVAIN-Konventionen</span><ref>de Sylvain, Cabala/Balzer, Carsten (2008): ''Die SYLVAIN-Konventionen — Versuch einer "geschlechtergerechten" Grammatik-Transformation der deutschen Sprache.'' Online at: https://www.geschlechtsneutral.com/lit/Liminalis-2008-Sylvain-Balzer.pdf (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref></small>
! colspan="2" |<small>'sir' [zi:<span style="color:DarkBlue">ɐ̯]</span><ref>Nichtbinär-Wiki (2024): ''sir''. Online at: https://nibi.space/pronomen#sir (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":15">Berliner Morgenpost (2017): ''Das sagen Berliner Experten zum Streit ums dritte Geschlecht''. Online at: https://www.morgenpost.de/berlin/article212586881/Das-sagen-Berliner-Experten-zum-Streit-ums-dritte-Geschlecht.html (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref></small>
!<small><span style="color:DarkBlue">'hen'<sub>2</sub></span><ref>Catboy Jaebeom/Fliederfuchs (2023): ''ASTRI'FA | THE BEARER OF STARS''. Online at: https://catboy-jaebeom.tumblr.com/about (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref></small>
!<small>'el'<ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''el/em''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/el?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref>Nichtbinär-Wiki (2024): ''el''. Online at: https://nibi.space/pronomen#el (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref></small>
!<small><span style="color:DarkBlue">'ey'</span><ref>Pronouns.page (2024). ''ey/emm''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/ey?erweitert (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref><ref>Nichtbinär-Wiki (2024): ''ey/em''. Online at: https://nibi.space/pronomen#eyem (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref></small>
|-
!'''<small>solely referential and/or demonstrative</small>'''
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>solely ref.</small></span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>demonstr.</small></span>
!<small>solely ref.</small>
!<small>demonstr.</small>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>-</small></span>
!<small>-</small>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>-</small></span>
|-
!'''<small>Nominative</small>'''
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>nin</small></span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>din</small></span>
|<small>sir</small>
|<small>dier</small>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>hen</small></span>
|<small>el</small>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>ey</small></span>
|-
!'''<small>Accusative</small>'''
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>nin</small></span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>din</small></span>
|<small>sihn</small>
|<small>dien</small>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>han</small></span>
|<small>en</small>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>emm</small></span>
|-
!'''<small>Dative</small>'''
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>nim</small>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>dim</small>
|<small>ihrm</small>
|<small>derm</small>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>ham</small></span>
|<small>em</small>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>emm</small></span>
|-
!'''<small>Genitive</small>'''
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>nimser</small>
| <small>-</small>
|<small>sihrer</small>
| <small>-</small>
| <small>-</small>
|<small>emser</small>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>eyser</small></span>
|}


====== sier ======
{| class="wikitable"
Ravna Marin Siever, author of the book ''Was wird es denn? Ein Kind! Wie geschlechtsoffene Erziehung gelingt'', uses pronouns from the sier-paradigm for people to refer to them.<ref>Siever, Ravna Marin (2022): ''Was wird es denn? Ein Kind! Wie geschlechtsoffene Erziehung gelingt''. Weinheim: Beltz, 97.</ref> ''Boyfriend dungeon'' uses 'xier' as nonbinary pronoun in their German version.<ref>Reinke, Eleen (2021): Boyfriend Dungeon im Test: Scharfe Dates und dröge Dungeons. In: ''Gamepro''. Online at: https://www.gamepro.de/artikel/boyfriend-dungeon-im-test-scharfe-dates-droege-dungeons,3372598.html (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":3">Heger, Illi Anna (2022): ''Xier Pronomen in Texten, Serien, Filmen und Video Games''. Online at: https://www.annaheger.de/pronomentexte/ (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref>
|+<small>(almost) Indeclinable personal pronouns</small>
!<small>Paradigm</small>
!<small>'ens'<ref>Lann Hornscheidt in conversation (2021): ''Debatte um Gendersprache: Sie oder er oder wie? „Ich wünsche mir, dass alle erst mal ens sind“.'' In: ''Berliner Zeitung.'' Retrieved 28.04.2021.</ref><ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''ens/ens''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/ens?erweitert (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref></small>
!<small><span style="color:DarkBlue">'en'</span><ref name=":1">von Usslar, Maria (2019): Er, sie, they, hen: Wie wollen Trans- und Interpersonen bezeichnet werden? In: ''Der'' ''Standard''. Online at: https://www.derstandard.de/story/2000106804139/er-sie-they-hen-wie-wollen-trans-und-interpersonen-bezeichnet (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref><ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''en/en''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/en?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref></small>
!<small>'iks'<ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''iks/iks''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/iks?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref></small>
|-
!<small>Nominative</small>
|<small>ens</small>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>en</small></span>
|<small>iks</small>
|-
!<small>Accusative</small>
|<small>ens</small>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>en</small></span>
|<small>iks</small>
|-
!<small>Dative</small>
|<small>ens</small>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>en</small></span>
|<small>iks</small>
|-
!<small>Genitive</small>
|<small>enser</small>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>enser</small></span>
|<small>ikser</small>
|}
For an exhaustive list of all existent neopronouns, see https://nibi.space/pronomen#pronomen or https://de.pronouns.page/pronomen


Some examples of books that use the 'sier' pronoun (for an exhaustive list, see ''Xier Pronomen in Texten, Serien, Filmen und Video Games'' from Illi Anna Heger):<ref name=":4">Heger, Illi Anna (2022): ''DiverserLesen''. Online at: https://www.annaheger.de/diverserlesen/ (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref>
=== Possessive adjectives ===
 
For the sake of clarity, the neuter grammatical gender is omitted from this table.
* <small>''Ein göttliches Paar'' from Amalia Zeichnerin;</small>
{| class="wikitable"
* <small>''Code X – Das Erwachen der Cybertechs'' from Lucinda Flynn;</small>
|+Inclusive possessive adjective (ownership of any gender)
* <small>''Das Orakel in der Fremde – Die Chroniken von Beskadur 2'' from James A. Sullivan;</small>
!Paradigm
* <small>''Bus 57 – Eine wahre Geschichte'' from Dashka Slater;</small>
! colspan="3" |'dey/dej'<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />
* <small>''Mädchen, Frau, etc.'' from Bernardine Evaristo;</small>
! colspan="3" |<span style="color:DarkBlue">'sier' Version 2.1</span><ref name=":8" />
* <small>''Gänseblümchen. Eine sehr queere Geschichte'' from Elias Finley;</small>
! colspan="3" |'xier' Version 3.3<ref name=":9" />
* <small>''Die Götter müssen sterben'' from Nora Bendzko.</small>
! colspan="3" |<span style="color:DarkBlue">'hän'</span><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />
! colspan="3" |NoNa-System<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />
! colspan="3" |<span style="color:DarkBlue">g-Genus</span><ref name=":0" />
! colspan="5" |De-e-System<ref name=":14" />
|-
!Gender of the owned object
!<small>masc.</small>
!<small>fem.</small>
!<small>incl.</small>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>masc.</small></span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>fem.</small></span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>incl.</small></span>
!<small>masc.</small>
!<small>fem.</small>
!<small>incl.</small>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>masc.</small></span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>fem.</small></span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>incl.</small></span>
!<small>masc.</small>
!<small>fem.</small>
!<small>incl.</small>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>masc.</small></span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>fem.</small></span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>incl.</small></span>
!<small>masc.</small>
!<small>fem.</small>
!<small>incl. 3<sup>d</sup> PS</small>
! colspan="2" |<small>incl. 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>d</sup> PP</small>
|-
!'''Nominative'''
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |deren
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sies</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">siese</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">siesa</span>
|xies
|xiese
|xiesa
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sir</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sire</span>
| -
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |hens
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">hens</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">hense</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">henseo</span>
|ens
|ense
|ens
|unse
|eue
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">siesen</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">siese</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">siesan</span>
|xiesen
|xiese
|xiesan
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">siren</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sire</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"> -</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">hensen</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">hense</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">henseo</span>
|ensen
|ense
|ens
|unse
|eue
|-
!'''Dative'''
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">siesem</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sieser</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">siesam</span>
|xiesem
|xieser
|xiesam
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sirem</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sirer</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"> -</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">hensem</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">henser</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">hensero</span>
|ensem
|enser
|enserm
|unsererm
|eurerm
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sieses</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sieser</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">siesas</span>
|xieses
|xieser
|xiesas
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sires</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sirer</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"> -</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">henses</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">henser</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">hensero</span>
|enses
|enser
|ensers
|unserers
|eurers
|-
! colspan="10" |
! colspan="10" |'hen' paradigms
! colspan="4" |
|}
The possessiv adjectives 'deren' and 'hens' offer the advantage of being easily learnable. As for the possessives suggested by the g-Genus, aside from appearing on nonbinary grammatical websites, they don't seem to have gained much popularity on online platforms. The possessive adjectives from the 'hän' paradigm are phonetically similar to the ones of the system proposed by Kathrin Kunkel-Razum, the editor-in-chief of the Duden.<ref name=":15" />


====== xier ======
=== Article pronouns, possessive pronouns ===
In the second episode (1:02) of the series ''City of Ghosts'', i. e. ''Stadt der Geister'' in German, Thomas states that their pronoun is 'xier'. The blogger Frau Papa Nina tells in an interview from the podcast ''Das gewünschteste Wunschkind'' — hosted by Danielle Graf and Katja Seide — that they use the pronoun 'xier' for themselves.<ref>Frau Papa Nina in conversation (2019): Transsexualität und Diversität. In: Graf, Danielle/Seide, Katja (hosts): ''Das gewünschteste Wunschkind. Der Podcast''. Online at: https://plus.rtl.de/podcast/das-gewuenschteste-wunschkind-3r427sdoc4dw2/transsexualitaet-und-diversitaet-cbin4vimtsr1p (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
Unlike possessive adjectives ('dein Eis', 'ihr Bleistift', 'unser Löffel'), possessive pronouns ('deins', 'ihrer', 'unserer') stand for the entire possessed object, so they are not followed by a noun or declined.


Books that use the 'xier' pronoun:<ref name=":4" />
Article pronouns can both function as articles and pronouns without undergoing any formal changes (ex.: Diesen (Pulli) mag ich nicht.).<ref>Ertl, Martin (2022): ''Kasusauffälligkeiten in Lerntexten''. Bielefeld: wbv Publikation, p. 53.</ref> For that reason, demonstratives that also function as pragmatically marked personal pronouns (see table 'Personal pronouns: dominant usage'), are considered article pronouns too, as they can refer to an entire syntagma on their own, or accompany/precede a noun (ex.: Den (Julian) mag ich nicht). In the De-e-system, however, the declension of the demonstrative personal pronoun is different from the other article pronouns.<ref>Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch e. V (2023): ''Demonstrativ-/Relativpronomen''. Online at: https://geschlechtsneutral.net/deklinationstabellen/ (retrieved 28.03.2024).</ref>
 
* <small>''Gründämmerung'' from Alice Hagenbruch;</small>
* <small>''Camp — Queerfeldein führt auch ein Weg'' from L. C. Rosen;</small>
* <small>''Look'' from Luka Holmegaard;</small>
* <small>''Laylayland'' from Judith and Christian Vogt;</small>
* <small>''Blind'' and ''Blau'' from Annette Juretzki;</small>
* <small>''Ace in Space'' from Judith Vogt, Christian Vogt and Stephan Urbach;</small>
* <small>''Humbug über Xenosol'' from Tino Falke;</small>
* <small>''Dies ist mein letztes Lied'' from Lena Richter;</small>
* <small>''Auf einem Sonnenstrahl'' from Tillie Walden</small>
 
Some examples of series that use 'xier' pronouns in the German version (for an exhaustive list, see ''Xier Pronomen in Texten, Serien, Filmen und Video Games'' from Illi Anna Heger)<ref name=":3" />:<ref name=":2" />
 
* <small>''Transparent'' from Joey Soloway;</small>
* <small>''One Day at a Time'' from Gloria Calderón Kellett and Mike Royce.</small>
 
Some examples of video games that use 'xier' pronouns in the German version (for an exhaustive list, see ''Xier Pronomen in Texten, Serien, Filmen und Video Games'' from Illi Anna Heger):<ref name=":3" />
 
* <small>''Harmony: the fall of reverie''<ref>Wetterau, Sören (2023): Test: Harmony: The Fall of Reverie. In: ''4Players - das Spielemagazin''. Online at: https://www.4players.de/4players.php/dispbericht/PC-CDROM/Test/44253/85341/1/Harmony_The_Fall_of_Reverie.html (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref></small>;
* <small>''Dead Space''<ref>guts (2023): ''Okay ich bin auf den ersten xier-gespickten Textlog gestoßen und danach war mir ziemlich schwindlig xD''. Online at: https://forums.consolewars.de/threads/dead-space-ea-motive.73420/page-33 (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref></small>;
* <small>''Wylde Flowers''<ref>Nintendo (2024): ''Wylde Flowers''. Online at: https://www.nintendo.ch/de/Spiele/Nintendo-Switch-Download-Software/Wylde-Flowers-2271735.html (retrieved 02.10.2024).</ref></small>;
* <small>''Rainbow Six Siege''<ref>UBISOFT (2015): ''Sens''. Online at: [https://www.ubisoft.com/de-de/game/rainbow-six/siege/game-info/operators/sens#:~:text=Xier%20bezeichnet%20sie%20als%20die,Gelegenheit%20ihre%20EDM%2DSets%20spielt. https://www.ubisoft.com/de-de/game/rainbow-six/siege/game-info/operators/sens#:~:text=Xier%20bezeichnet%20sie%20als%20die,Gelegenheit%20ihre%20EDM%2DSets%20spielt.] (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref></small>.
 
====== hen ======
In the German version from ''Kivi & Monsterhund'' from Jesper Lundqvist and Bettina Johansson, the protagonist Kivi, who is referred to with the Swedish gender neutral pronoun 'hen', is referred to with the same pronoun in the German translation from Jochen Barthel.<ref>Lundqvist, Jesper/Johansson, Bettina (2019): ''Kivi & Monsterhund''. Berlin: Maria Benson Verlag.</ref> 'hen' also seems to be used by some bloggers<ref>Annat75pyz (2023): ''Benutzt du das Pronomen "hen"?''. Online at: https://www.gutefrage.net/sprache-literatur-raetsel/deutsche-sprache/grammatik-rechtschreibung/frage/nenutzt-du-das-pronomen-hen (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref> and to be currently perceived as popular.<ref>Erhardt, Melissa (2022): Dey, Xier, Hen: Was es mit genderneutralen (Neo-)Pronomen auf sich hat. In: ''radio FM4''. Online at: https://fm4.orf.at/stories/3025024/ (retrieved 09.02,2024).</ref><ref name=":1" />
 
====== en ======
An important number of the members of the ''Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch'', that is currently growing, uses the en/em forms from the De-e-System as their pronouns.<ref>Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch e. V. (2024): ''r/geschlechtsneutral''. Online at: https://www.reddit.com/r/geschlechtsneutral/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
 
 
For a complete list of all existent neopronouns, see https://nibi.space/pronomen#pronomen or https://de.pronouns.page/pronomen.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Personal pronouns: peripheral usage?
|+Inclusive possessive and article pronouns (genderneutral/-inclusive owned object)
!Paradigm
!Paradigm
! colspan="2" |<span style="color:DarkBlue">SYLVAIN-Konventionen</span><ref>de Sylvain, Cabala/Balzer, Carsten (2008): ''Die SYLVAIN-Konventionen — Versuch einer "geschlechtergerechten" Grammatik-Transformation der deutschen Sprache.'' Online at: https://www.geschlechtsneutral.com/lit/Liminalis-2008-Sylvain-Balzer.pdf (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
!'dey/dej'<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />
! colspan="2" |'sir' [zi:<span style="color:DarkBlue">ɐ̯]</span><ref>Nichtbinär-Wiki (2024): ''sir''. Online at: https://nibi.space/pronomen#sir (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref>Berliner Morgenpost (2017): ''Das sagen Berliner Experten zum Streit ums dritte Geschlecht''. Online at: https://www.morgenpost.de/berlin/article212586881/Das-sagen-Berliner-Experten-zum-Streit-ums-dritte-Geschlecht.html (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">'sier' Version 2.1</span><ref name=":8" />
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">'hen'<sub>2</sub></span><ref>Catboy Jaebeom/Fliederfuchs (2023): ''ASTRI'FA | THE BEARER OF STARS''. Online at: https://catboy-jaebeom.tumblr.com/about (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
!'xier' Version 3.3<ref name=":9" />
!'el'<ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''el/em''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/el?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref>Nichtbinär-Wiki (2024): ''el''. Online at: https://nibi.space/pronomen#el (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">'hän'</span><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">'ey'</span><ref>Pronouns.page (2024). ''ey/emm''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/ey?erweitert (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref><ref>Nichtbinär-Wiki (2024): ''ey/em''. Online at: https://nibi.space/pronomen#eyem (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref>
!NoNa-System<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">g-Genus</span><ref name=":0" />
!De-e-System<ref name=":14" />
|-
|-
!'''prosodical features'''
!
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">unstressed</span>
!ex. with 'die' (plurall)
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">stressed</span>
!unstressed
!stressed
!
!
!
!
!
!
!ex. with 'jene·r·s'
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>ex. with 'jede·r·s'</small></span>
!ex. with 'eins·e·er'
|-
|-
!'''Nominative'''
!'''Nominative'''
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">nin</span>
| rowspan="4" |derer
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">din</span>
<small>(only attested possessive</small>
|sir
<small>pronoun for this paradigm)</small>
|dier
| rowspan="4" |<span style="color:DarkBlue">no data yet</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">hen</span>
| rowspan="4" |no data yet
|el
| rowspan="4" |<span style="color:DarkBlue">no data yet</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">ey</span>
|jenai
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">jedeo</span>
|einey
|-
|-
!'''Accusative'''
!'''Accusative'''
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">nin</span>
|jenai
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">din</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">jedeo</span>
|sihn
|einey
|dien
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">han</span>
|en
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">emm</span>
|-
|-
!'''Dative'''
!'''Dative'''
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">nim
|jenam
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">dim
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">jedero</span>
|ihrm
|einerm
|derm
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">ham</span>
|em
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">emm</span>
|-
|-
!'''Genitive'''
!'''Genitive'''
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">nimser
| -
| -
|sihrer
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">-</span>
| -
| -
| -
|-
|emser
! colspan="4" |
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">eyser</span>
! colspan="3" |'hen' paradigms
!
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable"
=== '''Adjectives and nominalized adjectives''' ===
|+(almost) Indeclinable personal pronouns
!Paradigm
!'ens'<ref>Lann Hornscheidt in conversation (2021): ''Debatte um Gendersprache: Sie oder er oder wie? „Ich wünsche mir, dass alle erst mal ens sind“.'' In: ''Berliner Zeitung.'' Retrieved 28.04.2021.</ref><ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''ens/ens''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/ens?erweitert (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">'en'</span><ref name=":1">von Usslar, Maria (2019): Er, sie, they, hen: Wie wollen Trans- und Interpersonen bezeichnet werden? In: ''Der'' ''Standard''. Online at: https://www.derstandard.de/story/2000106804139/er-sie-they-hen-wie-wollen-trans-und-interpersonen-bezeichnet (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref><ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''en/en''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/en?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
!'iks'<ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''iks/iks''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/iks?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
|-
!Nominative
|ens
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">en</span>
|iks
|-
!Accusative
|ens
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">en</span>
|iks
|-
!Dative
|ens
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">en</span>
|iks
|-
!Genitive
|enser
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">enser</span>
|ikser
|}


=== Titles ===
=== Titles ===
Line 295: Line 472:
* Professx<ref>http://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/wunderbar/gendertheorie-studierx-lann-hornscheidt-ueber-gerechte-sprache-a-965843.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20230421011215/https://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/wunderbar/gendertheorie-studierx-lann-hornscheidt-ueber-gerechte-sprache-a-965843.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>, abgekürzt Prof. oder Profx. - nonstandard
* Professx<ref>http://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/wunderbar/gendertheorie-studierx-lann-hornscheidt-ueber-gerechte-sprache-a-965843.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20230421011215/https://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/wunderbar/gendertheorie-studierx-lann-hornscheidt-ueber-gerechte-sprache-a-965843.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>, abgekürzt Prof. oder Profx. - nonstandard


=== Family terms ===
=== Family and relationship terms ===
See also: [https://nibi.space/nichtbin%C3%A4re_w%C3%B6rter Nichtbinäre Wörter] at Nichtbinär-Wiki
See also: [https://nibi.space/nichtbin%C3%A4re_w%C3%B6rter Nichtbinäre Wörter] at Nichtbinär-Wiki


Line 308: Line 485:
'''Child'''
'''Child'''


* Enbie, Enby - instead of Mädchen/Junge/Bub, nonstandard
* Großes - standard
* Kind - standard
* Kind - standard
* Kleines - standard
* Kleines - standard
* Großes - standard
* Enbie, Enby - instead of Mädchen/Junge/Bub, nonstandard


'''Aunt/Uncle'''
'''Aunt/Uncle'''
Cmaass
345

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