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Gender neutral language in German: Difference between revisions

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Gender neutral language in German (edit)

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{{see also|Glossary of German gender and sex terminology}}
Ich{{see also|Glossary of German gender and sex terminology}}
{{see also|Pronouns#German neutral pronouns|German neutral pronouns}}
{{see also|Pronouns#German neutral pronouns|German neutral pronouns}}
{{Template:Gender neutral language}}
{{Template:Gender neutral language}}
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====== xier ======
====== xier ======
In the second episode (1:02) of the series ''City of Ghosts'', i. e. ''Stadt der Geister'' in German, Thomas states that their pronoun is 'xier'. The blogger Frau Papa Nina tells in an interview from the podcast ''Das gewünschteste Wunschkind'' — hosted by Danielle Graf and Katja Seide — that they use the pronoun 'xier' for themselves.<ref>Frau Papa Nina in conversation (2019): Transsexualität und Diversität. In: Graf, Danielle/Seide, Katja (hosts): ''Das gewünschteste Wunschkind. Der Podcast''. Online at: https://plus.rtl.de/podcast/das-gewuenschteste-wunschkind-3r427sdoc4dw2/transsexualitaet-und-diversitaet-cbin4vimtsr1p (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref> Several books,<ref name=":4" /> series<ref name=":3">Heger, Illi Anna (2022): ''Xier Pronomen in Texten, Serien, Filmen und Video Games''. Online at: https://www.annaheger.de/pronomentexte/ (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref> and video games use 'xier' pronouns. For an exhaustive list, see ''Xier Pronomen in Texten, Serien, Filmen und Video Games'' from Illi Anna Heger.<ref name=":3" />
In the second episode (1:02) of the series ''City of Ghosts'', i. e. ''Stadt der Geister'' in German, Thomas states that their pronoun is 'xier'. The blogger Frau Papa Nina tells in an interview from the podcast ''Das gewünschteste Wunschkind,'' hosted by Danielle Graf and Katja Seide, t
 
that they use the pronoun 'xier' for themselves.<ref>Frau Papa Nina in conversation (2019): Transsexualität und Diversität. In: Graf, Danielle/Seide, Katja (hosts): ''Das gewünschteste Wunschkind. Der Podcast''. Online at: https://plus.rtl.de/podcast/das-gewuenschteste-wunschkind-3r427sdoc4dw2/transsexualitaet-und-diversitaet-cbin4vimtsr1p (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref> Several books,<ref name=":4" /> series<ref name=":3">Heger, Illi Anna (2022): ''Xier Pronomen in Texten, Serien, Filmen und Video Games''. Online at: https://www.annaheger.de/pronomentexte/ (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref> and video games use 'xier' pronouns. For an exhaustive list, see ''Xier Pronomen in Texten, Serien, Filmen und Video Games'' from Illi Anna Heger.<ref name=":3" />


====== hen ======
====== hen ======
In the German version from ''Kivi & Monsterhund'' from Jesper Lundqvist and Bettina Johansson, the protagonist Kivi, who is referred to with the Swedish gender neutral pronoun 'hen', is referred to with the same pronoun in the German translation from Jochen Barthel.<ref>Lundqvist, Jesper/Johansson, Bettina (2019): ''Kivi & Monsterhund''. Berlin: Maria Benson Verlag.</ref> 'hen' also seems to be used by some bloggers<ref>Annat75pyz (2023): ''Benutzt du das Pronomen "hen"?''. Online at: https://www.gutefrage.net/sprache-literatur-raetsel/deutsche-sprache/grammatik-rechtschreibung/frage/nenutzt-du-das-pronomen-hen (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>, instagrammers, and to be currently perceived as popular.<ref>Erhardt, Melissa (2022): Dey, Xier, Hen: Was es mit genderneutralen (Neo-)Pronomen auf sich hat. In: ''radio FM4''. Online at: https://fm4.orf.at/stories/3025024/ (retrieved 09.02,2024).</ref><ref name=":1" />
In the German version from ''Kivi & Monsterhund'' from Jesper Lundqvist and Bettina Johansson, the protagonist, Kivi, who is referred to with the Swedish gender neutral pronoun 'hen', is referred to with the same pronoun in the German translation from Jochen Barthel.<ref>Lundqvist, Jesper/Johansson, Bettina (2019): ''Kivi & Monsterhund''. Berlin: Maria Benson Verlag.</ref> 'hen' also seems to be used by some bloggers,<ref>Annat75pyz (2023): ''Benutzt du das Pronomen "hen"?''. Online at: https://www.gutefrage.net/sprache-literatur-raetsel/deutsche-sprache/grammatik-rechtschreibung/frage/nenutzt-du-das-pronomen-hen (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref> instagrammers, and to be currently perceived as popular.<ref>Erhardt, Melissa (2022): Dey, Xier, Hen: Was es mit genderneutralen (Neo-)Pronomen auf sich hat. In: ''radio FM4''. Online at: https://fm4.orf.at/stories/3025024/ (retrieved 09.02,2024).</ref><ref name=":1" />


====== en ======
====== en ======
An important number of the members of the ''Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch'', that is currently growing, uses the en/em forms from the De-e-System as their pronouns.<ref>Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch e. V. (2024): ''r/geschlechtsneutral''. Online at: https://www.reddit.com/r/geschlechtsneutral/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
An important number of the members of the ''Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch'', that is currently growing, uses the en/em forms from the De-e-System as their pronouns.<ref>Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch e. V. (2024): ''r/geschlechtsneutral''. Online at: https://www.reddit.com/r/geschlechtsneutral/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>


==== Tables ====
The relative pronouns are all similar to the demonstrative pronouns but for the genitive, represented in the last ligne of the table.


 
Except for the De-e-System (definite article: 'de' [də]; relative and demonstrative pronoun: 'de' [de(:)]), the definite article is similar to the demonstrative personal pronoun.
For an exhaustive list of all existent neopronouns, see https://nibi.space/pronomen#pronomen or https://de.pronouns.page/pronomen
 
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Personal pronouns: dominant usage
|+Primary and demonstrative personal pronouns, relative pronoun and definite article: dominant usage
!Paradigm
!Paradigm
!'dey/dej'<ref name=":5">Anonym (2017): ''Q: Ein [...] gegeben''. Online at: https://nonbinarytransgermany.tumblr.com/post/148742824641/ein-befreundeter-mensch-von-mir-hat-sich-mal (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":6">Pronouns.page (2024): ''dey/denen/demm''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/dey/denen/demm?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":7">Pronouns.page (2024): ''dej/denen/dej''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/dej?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
!'dey/dej'<ref name=":5">Anonym (2017): ''Q: Ein [...] gegeben''. Online at: https://nonbinarytransgermany.tumblr.com/post/148742824641/ein-befreundeter-mensch-von-mir-hat-sich-mal (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":6">Pronouns.page (2024): ''dey/denen/demm''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/dey/denen/demm?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":7">Pronouns.page (2024): ''dej/denen/dej''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/dej?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
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! colspan="2" |De-e-System<ref name=":14">Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch e. V. (2024): ''De-e-System''. https://geschlechtsneutral.net/gesamtsystem/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
! colspan="2" |De-e-System<ref name=":14">Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch e. V. (2024): ''De-e-System''. https://geschlechtsneutral.net/gesamtsystem/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
|-
|-
!'''solely referential and/or demonstrativ'''
!'''solely referential and/or demonstrative'''
!syncretic pronoun
!syncretic pronoun
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">solely ref.</span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">solely ref.</span>
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!solely ref.
!solely ref.
!demonstr.
!demonstr.
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">syncretic pronoun?</span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">solely ref.</span>
!solely ref.
!solely ref.
!demonstr.
!demonstr.
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|<span style="color:DarkBlue">dio</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">dio</span>
|en
|en
|de [de(:)]
|de [də]/[de(:)]
|-
|-
!'''Accusative'''
!'''Accusative'''
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|<span style="color:DarkBlue">dio</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">dio</span>
|en
|en
|de [de(:)]
|de [də]/[de(:)]
|-
|-
!'''Dative'''
!'''Dative'''
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|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sirer</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sirer</span>
| henser
| henser
| dais
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">henser</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">dero</span>
|enser
| -
| -
|-
!Genitive: relative pronouns
|derer/deren
|
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">deren</span><ref>Heger, Illi Anna (2024): Personal Communication.</ref>
|
|deren
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">-</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">-</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">-</span>
|
|enser
| -
| -
|
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">dereno</span>
|
|dersen
|-
|-
| colspan="6" |
! colspan="6" |
! colspan="5" |'hen' paradigms
! colspan="5" |'hen' paradigms
| colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
|-
!Examples
|'''Dey''' wohnt in '''deren'''&nbsp;eigener Wohnung. Hast du&nbsp;'''demm''' neulich gesehen? Wie geht es '''denen'''?
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">Ich kenne '''sien''' nicht. Ist '''sier''' hier&nbsp;eingezogen?Ich habe noch nie mit '''siem''' gesprochen.</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">Mit '''diem''' will ich&nbsp;nichts zu tun&nbsp;haben.&nbsp;'''Dier''' hört mir nie zu!</span>
|Suchst du&nbsp;'''xien'''?'''Xier''' ist im&nbsp;Urlaub.
|Same as for "sier".&nbsp;
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">Ich rufe '''sin''' später zurück an, wenn ich mit '''sim''' auch entspannt reden kann.</span>
|'''Hen''' lächelt  wie&nbsp;du.&nbsp;Bist du mit '''hem''' verwandt?
|'''Dai''' Tankel, '''dai''' neu hier ist, fragt '''dai''' Ompa, '''dam''' ich&nbsp;mal&nbsp;ein&nbsp;Bild geschenkt habe, wie es hem geht.
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">'''Hen''' wohnt mit '''hem''' in einem Reihenhaus.</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">'''Dio''' Hansi, '''dereno''' Geschwister ich noch nie getroffen habe, findet '''dio''' Kayan beim Versteckenspielen nie.</span>
|'''Em''' schmeckt mein Essen nie. Ich will '''en''' nicht mehr einladen.
|'''De''' Studente, mit '''derm''' ich gestern gesprochen habe, gefällt mir.
|}
|}


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!<small>solely ref.</small>
!<small>solely ref.</small>
!<small>demonstr.</small>
!<small>demonstr.</small>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>syncretic pronoun?</small></span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>-</small></span>
!<small>syncretic pronoun?</small>
!<small>-</small>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>syncretic pronoun?</small></span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>-</small></span>
|-
|-
!'''<small>Nominative</small>'''
!'''<small>Nominative</small>'''
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|<small>ikser</small>
|<small>ikser</small>
|}
|}
For an exhaustive list of all existent neopronouns, see https://nibi.space/pronomen#pronomen or https://de.pronouns.page/pronomen


=== Possessive adjectives ===
=== Possessive adjectives ===
For the sake of clarity, the neuter grammatical gender is omitted from this table.
For the sake of clarity, the neuter grammatical gender is omitted from this table.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Inclusive possessive adjective (possessor of any gender)
|+Inclusive possessive adjective (ownership of any gender)
!Paradigm
!Paradigm
! colspan="3" |'dey/dej'<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />
! colspan="3" |'dey/dej'<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />
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! colspan="3" |NoNa-System<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />
! colspan="3" |NoNa-System<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />
! colspan="3" |<span style="color:DarkBlue">g-Genus</span><ref name=":0" />
! colspan="3" |<span style="color:DarkBlue">g-Genus</span><ref name=":0" />
! colspan="3" |De-e-System<ref name=":14" />
! colspan="5" |De-e-System<ref name=":14" />
|-
|-
!Gender of the possessed object
!Gender of the owned object
!masc.
!<small>masc.</small>
!fem.
!<small>fem.</small>
!incl.
!<small>incl.</small>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">masc.</span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>masc.</small></span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">fem.</span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>fem.</small></span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">incl.</span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>incl.</small></span>
!masc.
!<small>masc.</small>
!fem.
!<small>fem.</small>
!incl.
!<small>incl.</small>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">masc.</span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>masc.</small></span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">fem.</span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>fem.</small></span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">incl.</span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>incl.</small></span>
!masc.
!<small>masc.</small>
!fem.
!<small>fem.</small>
!incl.
!<small>incl.</small>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">masc.</span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>masc.</small></span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">fem.</span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>fem.</small></span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">incl.</span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>incl.</small></span>
!masc.
!<small>masc.</small>
!fem.
!<small>fem.</small>
!incl.
!<small>incl. 3<sup>d</sup> PS</small>
! colspan="2" |<small>incl. 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>d</sup> PP</small>
|-
|-
!'''Nominative'''
!'''Nominative'''
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|ense
|ense
|ens
|ens
|unse
|eue
|-
|-
!'''Accusative'''
!'''Accusative'''
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|ense
|ense
|ens
|ens
|unse
|eue
|-
|-
!'''Dative'''
!'''Dative'''
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|enser
|enser
|enserm
|enserm
|unsererm
|eurerm
|-
|-
!'''Genitive'''
!'''Genitive'''
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|enser
|enser
|ensers
|ensers
|unserers
|eurers
|-
! colspan="10" |
! colspan="10" |'hen' paradigms
! colspan="4" |
|}
|}
The possessiv pronouns 'deren' and 'hens' offer the advantage of being easily learnable. As for the possessive adjectives suggested by the g-Genus, aside from appearing on nonbinary grammatical websites, they haven't gained much popularity. The possessive adjectives from the 'hän' paradigm are phonetically similar to the ones of the system proposed by Kathrin Kunkel-Razum, the editor-in-chief of the Duden.<ref name=":15" />
The possessiv adjectives 'deren' and 'hens' offer the advantage of being easily learnable. As for the possessives suggested by the g-Genus, aside from appearing on nonbinary grammatical websites, they don't seem to have gained much popularity on online platforms. The possessive adjectives from the 'hän' paradigm are phonetically similar to the ones of the system proposed by Kathrin Kunkel-Razum, the editor-in-chief of the Duden.<ref name=":15" />
 
=== Article pronouns, possessive pronouns ===
Unlike possessive adjectives ('dein Eis', 'ihr Bleistift', 'unser Löffel'), possessive pronouns ('deins', 'ihrer', 'unserer') stand for the entire possessed object, so they are not followed by a noun or declined.
 
Article pronouns can both function as articles and pronouns without undergoing any formal changes (ex.: Diesen (Pulli) mag ich nicht.).<ref>Ertl, Martin (2022): ''Kasusauffälligkeiten in Lerntexten''. Bielefeld: wbv Publikation, p. 53.</ref> For that reason, demonstratives that also function as pragmatically marked personal pronouns (see table 'Personal pronouns: dominant usage'), are considered article pronouns too, as they can refer to an entire syntagma on their own, or accompany/precede a noun (ex.: Den (Julian) mag ich nicht). In the De-e-system, however, the declension of the demonstrative personal pronoun is different from the other article pronouns.<ref>Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch e. V (2023): ''Demonstrativ-/Relativpronomen''. Online at: https://geschlechtsneutral.net/deklinationstabellen/ (retrieved 28.03.2024).</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Inclusive possessive and article pronouns (genderneutral/-inclusive owned object)
!Paradigm
!'dey/dej'<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">'sier' Version 2.1</span><ref name=":8" />
!'xier' Version 3.3<ref name=":9" />
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">'hän'</span><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />
!NoNa-System<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">g-Genus</span><ref name=":0" />
!De-e-System<ref name=":14" />
|-
!
!ex. with 'die' (plurall)
!
!
!
!ex. with 'jene·r·s'
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>ex. with 'jede·r·s'</small></span>
!ex. with 'eins·e·er'
|-
!'''Nominative'''
| rowspan="4" |derer
<small>(only attested possessive</small>
<small>pronoun for this paradigm)</small>
| rowspan="4" |<span style="color:DarkBlue">no data yet</span>
| rowspan="4" |no data yet
| rowspan="4" |<span style="color:DarkBlue">no data yet</span>
|jenai
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">jedeo</span>
|einey
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|jenai
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">jedeo</span>
|einey
|-
!'''Dative'''
|jenam
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">jedero</span>
|einerm
|-
!'''Genitive'''
| -
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">-</span>
| -
|-
! colspan="4" |
! colspan="3" |'hen' paradigms
!
|}
 
=== '''Adjectives and nominalized adjectives''' ===


=== Titles ===
=== Titles ===
Cmaass
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