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Gender neutral language in German: Difference between revisions
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{{see also|Glossary of German gender and sex terminology}} | |||
{{see also|Pronouns#German neutral pronouns|German neutral pronouns}} | {{see also|Pronouns#German neutral pronouns|German neutral pronouns}} | ||
{{Template:Gender neutral language}} | {{Template:Gender neutral language}} | ||
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* meiniks bestiks Freundiks | * meiniks bestiks Freundiks | ||
'''-ir | |||
* | |||
* Doktoron | '''Shortened words, -ir and -on <ref>https://nibi.space/nichtbin%C3%A4re_w%C3%B6rter</ref> forms.''' | ||
Shorten and/or add -ir or -on to make nouns gender-neutral. -ir works as a gender-neutral ending as it is a combination of -in and -er. -on can be used as an alternative to -ir when a word ends on the letter r. | |||
<u>Shortened</u> | |||
* Gema (Gemahlin/Gemahl) | |||
* Prin/Kronprin | |||
<u>Shortened/-ir/-on</u> | |||
* Begleitir | |||
* Chirurgir | |||
* Cousir/Cousinir | |||
* Doktir/Doktoron | |||
* Freundir | * Freundir | ||
* | * Gattir (Gattin/Gatte) | ||
* Heiratir | |||
* Könir | |||
* Lehrir/Lehreron | |||
* Partnir | * Partnir | ||
* | * Professir/Professoron | ||
* Schägir/Schwageron | |||
* Trauzeugir | |||
* Verlobtir | |||
* Witwir | |||
'''Shortened | |||
'''Shortened words and nonsense forms <ref>http://nomthecatsaid.tumblr.com/post/124574373381/kennst-du-eine-gute-seite-auf-der-man-sich-%C3%BCber [https://web.archive.org/web/20211114230553/https://nomthecatsaid.tumblr.com/post/124574373381/kennst-du-eine-gute-seite-auf-der-man-sich-%C3%BCber Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>''' | |||
Fairly well known -i words: | Fairly well known -i words: | ||
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* Ich will Fotografierflausch werden. | * Ich will Fotografierflausch werden. | ||
* | |||
'''"-person" and "-mensch"''' | |||
=== Pronouns === | === Pronouns === | ||
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====== xier ====== | ====== xier ====== | ||
In the second episode (1:02) of the series ''City of Ghosts'', i. e. ''Stadt der Geister'' in German, Thomas states that their pronoun is 'xier'. The blogger Frau Papa Nina tells in an interview from the podcast ''Das gewünschteste Wunschkind'' | In the second episode (1:02) of the series ''City of Ghosts'', i. e. ''Stadt der Geister'' in German, Thomas states that their pronoun is 'xier'. The blogger Frau Papa Nina tells in an interview from the podcast ''Das gewünschteste Wunschkind,'' hosted by Danielle Graf and Katja Seide, t | ||
that they use the pronoun 'xier' for themselves.<ref>Frau Papa Nina in conversation (2019): Transsexualität und Diversität. In: Graf, Danielle/Seide, Katja (hosts): ''Das gewünschteste Wunschkind. Der Podcast''. Online at: https://plus.rtl.de/podcast/das-gewuenschteste-wunschkind-3r427sdoc4dw2/transsexualitaet-und-diversitaet-cbin4vimtsr1p (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref> Several books,<ref name=":4" /> series<ref name=":3">Heger, Illi Anna (2022): ''Xier Pronomen in Texten, Serien, Filmen und Video Games''. Online at: https://www.annaheger.de/pronomentexte/ (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref> and video games use 'xier' pronouns. For an exhaustive list, see ''Xier Pronomen in Texten, Serien, Filmen und Video Games'' from Illi Anna Heger.<ref name=":3" /> | |||
====== hen ====== | ====== hen ====== | ||
In the German version from ''Kivi & Monsterhund'' from Jesper Lundqvist and Bettina Johansson, the protagonist Kivi, who is referred to with the Swedish gender neutral pronoun 'hen', is referred to with the same pronoun in the German translation from Jochen Barthel.<ref>Lundqvist, Jesper/Johansson, Bettina (2019): ''Kivi & Monsterhund''. Berlin: Maria Benson Verlag.</ref> 'hen' also seems to be used by some bloggers<ref>Annat75pyz (2023): ''Benutzt du das Pronomen "hen"?''. Online at: https://www.gutefrage.net/sprache-literatur-raetsel/deutsche-sprache/grammatik-rechtschreibung/frage/nenutzt-du-das-pronomen-hen (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref> | In the German version from ''Kivi & Monsterhund'' from Jesper Lundqvist and Bettina Johansson, the protagonist, Kivi, who is referred to with the Swedish gender neutral pronoun 'hen', is referred to with the same pronoun in the German translation from Jochen Barthel.<ref>Lundqvist, Jesper/Johansson, Bettina (2019): ''Kivi & Monsterhund''. Berlin: Maria Benson Verlag.</ref> 'hen' also seems to be used by some bloggers,<ref>Annat75pyz (2023): ''Benutzt du das Pronomen "hen"?''. Online at: https://www.gutefrage.net/sprache-literatur-raetsel/deutsche-sprache/grammatik-rechtschreibung/frage/nenutzt-du-das-pronomen-hen (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref> instagrammers, and to be currently perceived as popular.<ref>Erhardt, Melissa (2022): Dey, Xier, Hen: Was es mit genderneutralen (Neo-)Pronomen auf sich hat. In: ''radio FM4''. Online at: https://fm4.orf.at/stories/3025024/ (retrieved 09.02,2024).</ref><ref name=":1" /> | ||
====== en ====== | ====== en ====== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!Examples | !Examples | ||
|'''Dey''' wohnt in '''deren''' eigener Wohnung. Hast du '''demm''' neulich gesehen? Wie geht es '''denen'''? | |<small>'''Dey''' wohnt in '''deren''' eigener Wohnung. Hast du '''demm''' neulich gesehen? Wie geht es '''denen'''?</small> | ||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">Ich kenne '''sien''' nicht. Ist '''sier''' hier eingezogen?Ich habe noch nie mit '''siem''' gesprochen.</span> | |<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>Ich kenne '''sien''' nicht. Ist '''sier''' hier eingezogen?Ich habe noch nie mit '''siem''' gesprochen.</small></span> | ||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">Mit '''diem''' will ich nichts zu tun haben. '''Dier''' hört mir nie zu!</span> | |<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>Mit '''diem''' will ich nichts zu tun haben. '''Dier''' hört mir nie zu!</small></span> | ||
|Suchst du '''xien'''?'''Xier''' ist im Urlaub. | |<small>Suchst du '''xien'''?'''Xier''' ist im Urlaub.</small> | ||
| | |<small>Same as for "sier". </small> | ||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">Ich rufe '''sin''' später zurück an, wenn ich mit '''sim''' auch entspannt reden kann.</span> | |<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>Ich rufe '''sin''' später zurück an, wenn ich mit '''sim''' auch entspannt reden kann.</small></span> | ||
|'''Hen''' lächelt wie du. Bist du mit '''hem''' verwandt? | |<small>'''Hen''' lächelt wie du. Bist du mit '''hem''' verwandt?</small> | ||
|'''Dai''' Tankel, '''dai''' neu hier ist, fragt '''dai''' Ompa, '''dam''' ich mal ein Bild geschenkt habe, wie es hem geht. | |<small>'''Dai''' Tankel, '''dai''' neu hier ist, fragt '''dai''' Ompa, '''dam''' ich mal ein Bild geschenkt habe, wie es hem geht.</small> | ||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">'''Hen''' wohnt mit '''hem''' in einem Reihenhaus.</span> | |<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>'''Hen''' wohnt mit '''hem''' in einem Reihenhaus.</small></span> | ||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">'''Dio''' Hansi, '''dereno''' Geschwister ich noch nie getroffen habe, findet '''dio''' Kayan beim Versteckenspielen nie.</span> | |<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>'''Dio''' Hansi, '''dereno''' Geschwister ich noch nie getroffen habe, findet '''dio''' Kayan beim Versteckenspielen nie.</small></span> | ||
|'''Em''' schmeckt mein Essen nie. Ich will '''en''' nicht mehr einladen. | |<small>'''Em''' schmeckt mein Essen nie. Ich will '''en''' nicht mehr einladen.</small> | ||
|'''De''' Studente, mit '''derm''' ich gestern gesprochen habe, gefällt mir. | |<small>'''De''' Studente, mit '''derm''' ich gestern gesprochen habe, gefällt mir.</small> | ||
|} | |} | ||
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=== Article pronouns, possessive pronouns === | === Article pronouns, possessive pronouns === | ||
Unlike possessive adjectives (' | Unlike possessive adjectives ('dein Eis', 'ihr Bleistift', 'unser Löffel'), possessive pronouns ('deins', 'ihrer', 'unserer') stand for the entire possessed object, so they are not followed by a noun or hierarchically tied to one. Thus, they act as an autonomous, unbreakable syntactic unit. | ||
Article pronouns can both function as articles and pronouns without undergoing any formal changes (ex.: Diesen (Pulli) mag ich nicht.).<ref>Ertl, Martin (2022): ''Kasusauffälligkeiten in Lerntexten''. Bielefeld: wbv Publikation, p. 53.</ref> For that reason, demonstratives that also function as pragmatically marked personal pronouns (see table 'Personal pronouns: dominant usage'), are considered article pronouns too, as they can refer to an entire syntagma on their own, or accompany/precede a noun (ex.: Den (Julian) mag ich nicht). In the De-e-system, however, the declension of the demonstrative personal pronoun is different from the other article pronouns.<ref>Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch e. V (2023): ''Demonstrativ-/Relativpronomen''. Online at: https://geschlechtsneutral.net/deklinationstabellen/ (retrieved 28.03.2024).</ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Inclusive possessive and article pronouns (genderneutral/-inclusive owned object) | |+Inclusive possessive and article pronouns (genderneutral/-inclusive owned object) | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=== ''' | === '''Indefinite pronoun''' === | ||
In German, there is the indefinite pronoun "man". This is used in everyday language regardless of gender. But the fact that it sounds exactly like the word "Mann" makes some people uncomfortable. A few decades ago, feminist language critics suggested using alternatives such as "frau" or "mensch". However, the word "frau" only evokes one gender, so it has no real advantage over "man". | |||
From a linguistic history perspective, "man" is an Old High German noun that had the gender-neutral meaning of the word "human" and only later took on the meaning "man" as a noun. | |||
The form "man" is only used in the nominative. In the dative and accusative, the forms "einem" and "einen" are used as indefinite pronouns; there is no genitive form of the indefinite pronoun in German. | |||
"Mensch" and "eins" are suggested alternatives to the subject form of “man”. "einem"/"einen" would stay the same. | |||
=== Titles === | === Titles === | ||
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* Professx<ref>http://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/wunderbar/gendertheorie-studierx-lann-hornscheidt-ueber-gerechte-sprache-a-965843.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20230421011215/https://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/wunderbar/gendertheorie-studierx-lann-hornscheidt-ueber-gerechte-sprache-a-965843.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>, abgekürzt Prof. oder Profx. - nonstandard | * Professx<ref>http://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/wunderbar/gendertheorie-studierx-lann-hornscheidt-ueber-gerechte-sprache-a-965843.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20230421011215/https://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/wunderbar/gendertheorie-studierx-lann-hornscheidt-ueber-gerechte-sprache-a-965843.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>, abgekürzt Prof. oder Profx. - nonstandard | ||
=== Family and | === Family, relationship and people terms === | ||
See also: [https://nibi.space/nichtbin%C3%A4re_w%C3%B6rter Nichtbinäre Wörter] at Nichtbinär-Wiki | See also: [https://nibi.space/nichtbin%C3%A4re_w%C3%B6rter Nichtbinäre Wörter] at Nichtbinär-Wiki | ||
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* Großes - standard | * Großes - standard | ||
* Enbie, Enby - instead of Mädchen/Junge/Bub, nonstandard | * Enbie, Enby - instead of Mädchen/Junge/Bub, nonstandard | ||
* Spross/nachkomme, means sprogeny/offspring/descendant | |||
'''Aunt/Uncle''' | '''Aunt/Uncle''' | ||
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* Batter | * Batter | ||
* Cousibling | * Cousibling | ||
* Cousinir | * Cousir/Cousinir | ||
* Seitschwister | * Seitschwister | ||
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* Brüderin, Brüder*in - nonstandard | * Brüderin, Brüder*in - nonstandard | ||
* Geschwister - standard, but not commonly used | * Geschwister - standard, but not commonly used | ||
* Geschwisterchen - standard | * Geschwisterchen - standard but old fashioned and usually used for very young siblings | ||
* Große/Ältere Geschwister - big/older sibling | * Große/Ältere Geschwister - big/older sibling | ||
* Kleine/Jüngere Geschwister - little/younger sibling | * Kleine/Jüngere Geschwister - little/younger sibling | ||
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* Brautpartnir - nonstandard | * Brautpartnir - nonstandard | ||
* Eheperson | * Eheperson | ||
* Ehepartei | * Ehepartei | ||
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*Eheperson | *Eheperson | ||
*Eheherzperson | *Eheherzperson | ||
* | * Freun - nonstandard | ||
* Freundir - nonstandard | * Freunir/Freundir - nonstandard | ||
* Freund*in | * Freund*in | ||
* Gattir - nonstandard, oldfashion, from Gattin/Gatte | * Gattir - nonstandard, oldfashion, from Gattin/Gatte | ||
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* Liebschaft | * Liebschaft | ||
* Paarteil | * Paarteil | ||
* Partner*in | * Partner*in | ||
* Partnir - nonstandard | * Partnir - nonstandard | ||
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'''In-law''' | '''In-law''' | ||
* Schwiegerelter - nonstandard, parent-in-law | * Schwiegerelter - nonstandard, parent-in-law | ||
* Schwiegergeschwister - nonstandard, sibling-in-law | * Schwiegergeschwister - nonstandard, sibling-in-law | ||
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* Schwiegerperson - in-law person | * Schwiegerperson - in-law person | ||
* Schwiegschwister - nonstandard, sibling-in-law | * Schwiegschwister - nonstandard, sibling-in-law | ||
* Schwägir - nonstandard, sibling-in-law | * Schwägir/Schwageron - nonstandard, sibling-in-law | ||
'''Other''' | '''Other''' | ||
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* Brautentourage - nonstandard neutral word for wedding entourage | * Brautentourage - nonstandard neutral word for wedding entourage | ||
* Erwachsene Person - neutral word for adult | * Erwachsene Person - neutral word for adult | ||
* Hauspartnir | * Hauspartnir - nonstandard neutral word for housespouse | ||
* Hauselter - nonstandard neutral word for houseparent | * Hauselter - nonstandard neutral word for houseparent | ||
* Jemensch - non-male-generalizing alternative to jemand | |||
* Jugenlicher/Jungere Person - neutral word for youth/young person | * Jugenlicher/Jungere Person - neutral word for youth/young person | ||
* | * Niemensch - non-male-generalizing alternative to niemand | ||
* Leut - nonstandard singular version of ''Leute'' | |||
* Leut - nonstandard singular version of '' | |||
* Leute - standard word for people | * Leute - standard word for people | ||
* Trauzeugir - nonstandard neutral alternative to ''trauzeugin/brautjungfern'' and ''trauzeuge(n)'' | * Trauzeugir - nonstandard neutral alternative to ''trauzeugin/brautjungfern'' and ''trauzeuge(n)'' | ||
* Verehrte Publikum/Gäste/Leute - neutral alternative to "ladies and gentlemen" | * Verehrte/Liebe Publikum/Gäste/Leute/Menschen - neutral alternative to "ladies and gentlemen" | ||
* Verheirateten - neutral alternative to married couple | * Verheirateten - neutral alternative to married couple | ||
* Witwir - neutral alternative to widowed person/wid | |||
* Älterer person - neutral alternative to old woman and old man | * Älterer person - neutral alternative to old woman and old man | ||
=== Other terms === | |||
* Bürgir/Bürgeron - nonstandard neutral word for citizen | |||
* Chirurgir | |||
* Doktir/Doktoron | |||
* Kollegir | |||
* Könir - nonstandard neutral alternative to queen (königin) and king (könig) | |||
* Könirlich - nonstandard neutral alternative to royal (königlich) | |||
* Mittbewohnir - nonstandard neutral alternative to mittbewhonerin/mittbewohner | |||
* Lehrir/Lehreron | |||
* Prin/Kronprin - nonstandard alternatives for princess/prince and crownprincess/crownprince | |||
* Professir/Professoron - nonstandard alternatives for professor | |||
* Schülir/Schüleron - nonstandard alternatives for school-student | |||
* Studentir - nonstandard alternative for student | |||
* Thronfolger - neutral word for crownprincess/crownprince | |||
* Regent/Monarch - standard neutral alternatives to queen and king | |||
* Reich/Könirreich - neutral alternatives to kingdom (königreich) | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||