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Gender neutral language in Swedish/en: Difference between revisions
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===Generic pronoun=== | ===Generic pronoun=== | ||
To refer to people in general in Swedish, the pronouns "man/en/en" (one/one/one’s) or "en/en/ens" (one/one/one’s) can be used. Swedish’s generic pronoun man/en/ens has been discussed for being male-generalizing, and some people have opted to use en/en/ens instead to make it gender inclusive. The word "man" may have the meaning of "human" in addition to the meaning "male person", but this word is | To refer to people in general in Swedish, the pronouns "man/en/en" (one/one/one’s) or "en/en/ens" (one/one/one’s) can be used. Swedish’s generic pronoun man/en/ens has been discussed for being male-generalizing, and some people have opted to use en/en/ens instead to make it gender inclusive. The word "man" may have the etymological meaning of "human" in addition to the meaning "male person", but this word is in modern times specifically associated with and viewed as for male people specifically. Even in the use of the suffix -man, it is usually replaced with -kvinna (-woman) for women because it isn't seen as or used as a synonym for human anymore, but it is specifically ingrained and established as male. Using "en" instead of "man" is not only more gender-inclusivity through being non-male-generalizing, but it is also frequently practiced in some of Sweden's regions, so it is a natural grammatical dialect variation in the Swedish language. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221102131452/https://www4.isof.se/cgi-bin/srfl/visasvar.py?sok=man&svar=78373&log_id=909986] | ||
"Folk" (people) can in some cases be used as an alternative to using a generic pronoun. | "Folk" (people) can in some cases be used as an alternative to using a generic pronoun. | ||
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|Person of any age | |Person of any age | ||
|Människa, individ, person, någon | |Människa, individ, person, någon | ||
|Kvinna, kvinnlig person | |Kvinna, kvinnlig person, kvinnor och flickor i all deras mångfald | ||
|Man, manlig person | |Man, manlig person, män och pojkar i all deras mångfald | ||
|Icke-binär person, intersexperson, enby, enban | |Icke-binär person, intersexperson, enby, enban | ||
|- | |||
|Descriptive | |||
|Mänsklig, human | |||
|Kvinnlig, feminin, tjejig, honlig, tjejkropp, gynisk (reffered from English's "gynous") | |||
|Manlig, maskulin, killig, hanlig, killkropp, andrisk (refferred from English's "androus") | |||
|icke-binär, intersex/interkönad, androgyn, neutral, okönad/könlös | |||
|} | |} | ||
<nowiki>*</nowiki>The words "enby" and "enban" were made for nonbinary people specifically, but could be used by nonbinary intersex people who identify with it. They can also be used by parents for their intersex children as to recognize them being intersex (them not being binary) and as to not force them to be a "girl" or a "boy", while also giving them nouns to use for themselves the same way girls and boys get to. | <nowiki>*</nowiki>The words "enby" and "enban" were made for nonbinary people specifically, but could be used by nonbinary intersex people who identify with it. They can also be used by parents for their intersex children as to recognize them being intersex (them not being binary) and as to not force them to be a "girl" or a "boy", while also giving them nouns to use for themselves the same way girls and boys get to. Although these words are not condoned by everyone since they do reinforce gendering. | ||
'''Note 1:''' "Enby", and by extension "enban", stem from the abbreviation of nonbinary – "NB" (/en-bee/). Enby is the nonbinary equivalent of the words "girl" and "boy", and enban is the nonbinary equivalent of the words "woman" and "man". Many nonbinary adults do however call themselves " | '''Note 1:''' "Enby", and by extension "enban", stem from the abbreviation of nonbinary – "NB" (/en-bee/). Enby is the nonbinary equivalent of the words "girl" and "boy", and enban is the nonbinary equivalent of the words "woman" and "man". Many nonbinary adults do however call themselves "enby". | ||
'''Note 2:''' "Enby" and "enban" are not standardized words in Swedish, but are mere loanwords from English to fill the gap of nonbinary inclusive language. | '''Note 2:''' "Enby" and "enban" are not standardized words in Swedish, but are mere loanwords from English to fill the gap of nonbinary inclusive language. | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!Declension of enby | !Declension of enby/inby | ||
! colspan="2" |Singular | ! colspan="2" |Singular | ||
! colspan="2" |Plural | ! colspan="2" |Plural | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!Nominative | !Nominative | ||
|enby | |enby/inby | ||
|enbyn | |enbyn/inbyn | ||
|enbier | |enbier/inbier | ||
|enbierna | |enbierna/inbierna | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Genitive | !Genitive | ||
|enbys | |enbys/inbys | ||
|enbyns | |enbyns/inbyns | ||
|enbiers | |enbiers/inbiers | ||
|enbiernas | |enbiernas/inbiernas | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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*'''Pamma.''' Neutral, informal, nonstandard, little use. Pamma is a combination of mamma (mom) and pappa (dad). This provides and alternative that is both similar to and retain the comfortable factor that children otherwise associate with the parental words mamma and pappa.[https://spraktidningen.se/nyord/][https://folkmun.se/definition/Pamma] | *'''Pamma.''' Neutral, informal, nonstandard, little use. Pamma is a combination of mamma (mom) and pappa (dad). This provides and alternative that is both similar to and retain the comfortable factor that children otherwise associate with the parental words mamma and pappa.[https://spraktidningen.se/nyord/][https://folkmun.se/definition/Pamma] | ||
*'''Wawa.''' Neutral, informal, nonstandard, little use. Wawa is pronounced with "English w:s". Wawa is similar to mamma (mom) and pappa (dad) in that it consists of repetitive phonemes that are physically easy for smaller children to pronounce. Wawa is a good addition among the Swedish parental words as it provides a completely gender-neutral alternative with similarities of mamma and pappa that do not have an origin in the gender binary.[https://spraktidningen.se/nyord/][https://folkmun.se/definition/Wawa] | *'''Wawa.''' Neutral, informal, nonstandard, little use. Wawa is pronounced with "English w:s". Wawa is similar to mamma (mom) and pappa (dad) in that it consists of repetitive phonemes that are physically easy for smaller children to pronounce. Wawa is a good addition among the Swedish parental words as it provides a completely gender-neutral alternative with similarities of mamma and pappa that do not have an origin in the gender binary.[https://spraktidningen.se/nyord/][https://folkmun.se/definition/Wawa] | ||
*'''Mamma, pappa.''' Not conventionally neutral. Mamma and pappa are the standard feminine and masculine parental words respectively, meaning "mom" and "dad", but while they are conventionally gendered, people are free to choose whatever words the want for their children to refer to them as, maybe to break gender norms or because one finds these more fitting oneself even though one doesn't identity with the specific feminine or masculine connotations to them. | |||
*'''Other alternatives include:''' mapa, pama, mappi/mapi, babba/baba, babbi/babi, dada, momma, momo. The neutrality of these words might vary because of what the words generally are associated with and what oneself percieves them as.[https://www.rfsl.se/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/RFSL_Att-bli-och-vara-foralder_ett-foraldrastodjande-material-for-hbtqi-personer.pdf] | *'''Other alternatives include:''' mapa, pama, mappi/mapi, babba/baba, babbi/babi, dada, momma, momo. The neutrality of these words might vary because of what the words generally are associated with and what oneself percieves them as.[https://www.rfsl.se/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/RFSL_Att-bli-och-vara-foralder_ett-foraldrastodjande-material-for-hbtqi-personer.pdf] | ||
* '''Vårdnadshavare, förmyndare.''' Neutral, formal, standard, means caregiver and guardian. | * '''Vårdnadshavare, förmyndare.''' Neutral, formal, standard, means caregiver and guardian. | ||
*''' | *'''Stödperson, medföräldern.''' Neutral, formal, standard. Means support-person and co-parent. These terms can be used gender-inclusively and relation-inclusively for a person/parent/partner accompanying the birthing parent instead of assuming that it's a man/father/parent, but it's a matter of preference for each individual. Some people do not want to be gendered, some do, what the person sees as most appropriate should be respected. | ||
*'''Gravida, gravida personer.''' Neutral, formal, standard. Means pregnant people. These terms can be used instead of "pregnant women" as a gender-inclusive alternative, but it's a matter of preference for each individual. Some people do not want to be gendered, some do, what the person sees as most appropriate should be respected. | *'''Gravida, gravida personer.''' Neutral, formal, standard. Means pregnant people. These terms can be used instead of "pregnant women" as a gender-inclusive alternative, but it's a matter of preference for each individual. Some people do not want to be gendered, some do, what the person sees as most appropriate should be respected. | ||
*'''Födande föräldern/gravida föräldern.''' Neutral, formal, standard. Means "birthing parent/pregnant parent". This term can be used instead of "the mother" as a gender-inclusive alternative but also without designating a parental status for surrogates, but it's a matter of preference for each individual. Some people do not want to be gendered, some do, what the person sees as most appropriate should be respected. | *'''Födande föräldern/gravida föräldern.''' Neutral, formal, standard. Means "birthing parent/pregnant parent". This term can be used instead of "the mother" as a gender-inclusive alternative but also without designating a parental status for surrogates, but it's a matter of preference for each individual. Some people do not want to be gendered, some do, what the person sees as most appropriate should be respected. | ||
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*'''Änkeperson.''' Neutral, standard. Means widowed person. | *'''Änkeperson.''' Neutral, standard. Means widowed person. | ||
*'''Ärade/kära/goda publik/gäster/vänner/(gott) folk. Damer, herrar och icke-binära.''' Neutral, inclusive, standard. Gender-inclusive alternatives to “ladies & gentlemen”. | *'''Ärade/kära/goda publik/gäster/vänner/(gott) folk. Damer, herrar och icke-binära.''' Neutral, inclusive, standard. Gender-inclusive alternatives to “ladies & gentlemen”. | ||
*'''Person/personer med vagina (slida)/vulva/äggstockar/äggceller/livmoder (uterus/kved)/mens/bröst/testiklar/pung/prostata/penis/sädesceller (spermier), barnbärande/barnhavande, ammande, graviditetsfertila, målbrottspåverkade, ansiktsbehårade etc.''' | *'''Person/personer med vagina (slida)/vulva/äggstockar/äggledare/äggceller/livmoder (uterus/kved)/mens/bröst/testiklar/pung/prostata/penis/sädesceller (spermier), barnbärande/barnhavande, ammande, graviditetsfertila, målbrottspåverkade, ansiktsbehårade etc.''' | ||
...Means person/people with vagina-vulva/ovaries/egg cells-ova/womb-uterus/periods/breasts/testicles/scrotum/prostate/penis/sperm cells-sperm, childbearing/pregnant people, chestfeeding people, pregnancy-fertile, voice change/voice break affected, people with facial hair... | ...Means person/people with vagina-vulva/ovaries/oviducts/egg cells-ova/womb-uterus/periods/breasts/testicles/scrotum/prostate/penis/sperm cells-sperm, childbearing/pregnant people, chestfeeding people, pregnancy-fertile, voice change/voice break affected, people with facial hair... | ||
...These terms are more clinical terms for people with these things, this is for the inclusion of those who are gender diverse or have other variations i.e. both women and men with varied functions, and both trans and intersex people. | ...These terms are more clinical terms for people with these things, this is for the inclusion of those who are gender diverse or have other variations i.e. both women and men with varied functions, and both trans and intersex people. | ||
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*'''Allesrätt.''' Neutral, nonstandard, little use. Neutral non-male-generalizing alternative for "allemansrätt" ("all-man's-right", only removing "mans", right of public access). | *'''Allesrätt.''' Neutral, nonstandard, little use. Neutral non-male-generalizing alternative for "allemansrätt" ("all-man's-right", only removing "mans", right of public access). | ||
*'''Amningsmjölk, amningsmjölksersättning.''' Neutral. Means breast-/chestfeeding milk and breast-/chestfeeding formula, can be used as an alternative to "bröstmjölk"/"modersmjölk" (breast milk/mother's milk) and "bröstmjölksersättning"/modersmjölksersättning" (breast-/mother's milk substitute/formula). | *'''Amningsmjölk, amningsmjölksersättning.''' Neutral. Means breast-/chestfeeding milk and breast-/chestfeeding formula, can be used as an alternative to "bröstmjölk"/"modersmjölk" (breast milk/mother's milk) and "bröstmjölksersättning"/modersmjölksersättning" (breast-/mother's milk substitute/formula). | ||
*'''Tamanka/Tamankor, vildand/vildänder.''' Neutral species alternatives to ”anka/and” (domestic hen duck/wild hen mallard, vernacular for domestic ducks/wild ducks) and ”drake” (domestic drake/wild drake), uncommon (but will be understood) non-vernacular terms for domestic duck bird(s)/wild mallard bird(s). | |||
*'''Arbetsstyrka/arbetskraft, teamstyrka/lagstyrka, personalstyrka.''' Means workforce, team/staff/crew strength/force/power and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "manstyrka" (man power). | *'''Arbetsstyrka/arbetskraft, teamstyrka/lagstyrka, personalstyrka.''' Means workforce, team/staff/crew strength/force/power and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "manstyrka" (man power). | ||
*'''Besatt/med personal, obesatt/utan personal.''' Means occupied/with staff and unoccupied/without staff, these alternatives can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives to "bemannad" (manned) and "obemannad" (unmanned). | *'''Besatt/med personal, obesatt/utan personal.''' Means occupied/with staff and unoccupied/without staff, these alternatives can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives to "bemannad" (manned) and "obemannad" (unmanned). | ||
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*'''E-person, e-kid.''' Neutral English loanwords as alternatives for e-girl and e-boy. | *'''E-person, e-kid.''' Neutral English loanwords as alternatives for e-girl and e-boy. | ||
*'''Fankid.''' Neutral English loanword as alternative to fanboy or fangirl. | *'''Fankid.''' Neutral English loanword as alternative to fanboy or fangirl. | ||
*'''Fattigperson, proletär, egendomslös, fattig löntagare, lågavlönad.''' Neutral alternatives to "fattigman" ("financially" poor-man), means poor-person, proletarian, propertyless, poor employee and low-paid respectively. | |||
*'''Fosterland, ancestralt land.''' Neutral, standard. Means lative-land and ancestral land, can be used instead of motherland or fatherland. | *'''Fosterland, ancestralt land.''' Neutral, standard. Means lative-land and ancestral land, can be used instead of motherland or fatherland. | ||
*'''Fåägarföretag.''' Neutral alternative to "fåmansföretag". | *'''Fåägarföretag.''' Neutral alternative to "fåmansföretag". | ||
*'''Födelseefternamn, efternamn som ogift, efternamn före äktenskapet, föräktenskapligt efternamn, tidigare efternamn, släktnamn.''' Neutral alternative to maiden name. | |||
*'''Föreställningsförmåga, artisteri, scennärvaro.''' Neutral non-male-generalizing alternative for the loanword showmanship. | *'''Föreställningsförmåga, artisteri, scennärvaro.''' Neutral non-male-generalizing alternative for the loanword showmanship. | ||
*'''Förtrollare/trollkonstnär/förhäxare/häxkonstnär/magiker.''' Neutral. Means enchanter/enchantment artist/bewitcher/witchcrafter/witchcraft artist/magician and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "trollkarl" (magic/enchanter-man, warlock/wizard). They can also be used to avoid the feminine connotations to "häxa" (witch), even though it can be seen as a gender-neutral word in itself. | *'''Förtrollare/trollkonstnär/förhäxare/häxkonstnär/magiker.''' Neutral. Means enchanter/enchantment artist/bewitcher/witchcrafter/witchcraft artist/magician and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "trollkarl" (magic/enchanter-man, warlock/wizard). They can also be used to avoid the feminine connotations to "häxa" (witch), even though it can be seen as a gender-neutral word in itself. | ||
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*'''Handyperson, allt i allo, fixare, hantverkare.''' Neutral alternatives to handyman and handykvinna. | *'''Handyperson, allt i allo, fixare, hantverkare.''' Neutral alternatives to handyman and handykvinna. | ||
*'''Hemspråk, familjespråk, förstaspråk, källspråk, ursprungspråk.''' Neutral alternatives to mother tongue. | *'''Hemspråk, familjespråk, förstaspråk, källspråk, ursprungspråk.''' Neutral alternatives to mother tongue. | ||
*'''Hjortdjur, dov- eller kronhjort.''' Neutral species-specific alternatives to "hind" (doe/hind/cow) and "hjort" (deer/buck, vernacular for deer), standard but non-vernacular terms for deer animal(s) and "fallow or red deer". | |||
*'''Humanoid.''' Neutral alternative to android/gynoid. | *'''Humanoid.''' Neutral alternative to android/gynoid. | ||
*'''Huskost/hushållskost.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means house/household-diet/cuisine (traditional home cooked food) and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "husmanskost" (house-man's-diet/cuisine). | *'''Huskost/hushållskost.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means house/household-diet/cuisine (traditional home cooked food) and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "husmanskost" (house-man's-diet/cuisine). | ||
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*'''Latinamerikan/latine/latinx.''' Neutralt alternative to latina and latino. Latinamerikan means latinamerican. Latine is more in line with the grammar in Spanish and Portugese, but latinx is used much more frequently. | *'''Latinamerikan/latine/latinx.''' Neutralt alternative to latina and latino. Latinamerikan means latinamerican. Latine is more in line with the grammar in Spanish and Portugese, but latinx is used much more frequently. | ||
*'''LEGO-figur/LEGO-minifigur.''' Neutral, standard. Means LEGO-figure/LEGO-minifigure and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "LEGO-gubbe" (LEGO-man). | *'''LEGO-figur/LEGO-minifigur.''' Neutral, standard. Means LEGO-figure/LEGO-minifigure and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "LEGO-gubbe" (LEGO-man). | ||
*'''Lågramscykel, högramscykel, mellanramscykel/neutralramscykel.''' Neutral, descriptive and might be understood. Mean low-frame, high-frame and middle-/neutral-frame bicycle, these words can be used instead of gendering specfic type of bikes that anyone can useregardless of gender. Low-frame, high-frame and middle-/neutral-frame bicycle refers to what is conventionally called women's, men's and unisex bicycles respectively. | |||
*'''Nötdjur/nötboskap/nötkreatur.''' Neutral species-specific alternatives to "ko" (cow, vernacular for cattle) and "tjur" (bull), standard but non-vernacular terms for cattle. | |||
*'''Oligarki, fåvälde.''' Neutral alternatives to "fåmannavälde". | *'''Oligarki, fåvälde.''' Neutral alternatives to "fåmannavälde". | ||
*'''Parentonym.''' Neutral, nonstandard. This can be used as a hypernym of matronym and patronym, but also to refer to such names in a gender-neutral sense. | *'''Parentonym.''' Neutral, nonstandard. This can be used as a hypernym of matronym and patronym, but also to refer to such names in a gender-neutral sense. | ||
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*'''Prin/prinx, pringemål/prinxgemål, kronprin/kronprinx.''' Neutral, nonstandard, little use. Prin/prinx are by only using the beginning of each word, or by adding a neutral -x, gender-neutral alternatives to "prinsessa" (princess) and "prins" (prince) . They can be used to refer to a royal person's child or consort/spouse gender-neutrally. The married spouse of a prin/prinx is called pringemål/prinxgemål. Kronprin/kronprinx is used to refer to a royal crown-heir gender-neutrally. | *'''Prin/prinx, pringemål/prinxgemål, kronprin/kronprinx.''' Neutral, nonstandard, little use. Prin/prinx are by only using the beginning of each word, or by adding a neutral -x, gender-neutral alternatives to "prinsessa" (princess) and "prins" (prince) . They can be used to refer to a royal person's child or consort/spouse gender-neutrally. The married spouse of a prin/prinx is called pringemål/prinxgemål. Kronprin/kronprinx is used to refer to a royal crown-heir gender-neutrally. | ||
*'''Psykning, bedrägeri.''' Neutral alternatives to gamesmanship. | *'''Psykning, bedrägeri.''' Neutral alternatives to gamesmanship. | ||
*'''Påskfigur, påskgäst, påskutklädd.''' Neutral and inclusive alternatives to "påskhäxa" (easter witch). | |||
*'''Quing'''. Neologistic gender-neutral term for a monarch combining the English words "king" and "queen". | *'''Quing'''. Neologistic gender-neutral term for a monarch combining the English words "king" and "queen". | ||
*'''Regent/monark/majestät.''' Neutral, standard. Means regnant, monarch, majesty, queen/king. | *'''Regent/monark/majestät.''' Neutral, standard. Means regnant, monarch, majesty, queen/king. | ||
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*'''Showperson, artist, underhållare.''' Neutral alternatives to showman. | *'''Showperson, artist, underhållare.''' Neutral alternatives to showman. | ||
*'''Sib from another crib.''' Neutral English loanphrase as alternative phrase for "sister from another mister"/"sis from another Ms." and "brother from another mother"/"chad from a different dad"/"Tom from a different mom". | *'''Sib from another crib.''' Neutral English loanphrase as alternative phrase for "sister from another mister"/"sis from another Ms." and "brother from another mother"/"chad from a different dad"/"Tom from a different mom". | ||
*'''Siste person.''' Neutral. Means last person, alternative to the phrase "siste man" (last man). | |||
*'''Sjövett.''' Neutral alternative to sjömanskap (seamanship). | *'''Sjövett.''' Neutral alternative to sjömanskap (seamanship). | ||
*'''Skolbarn, elev, student.''' Neutral options for schoolgirl and schoolboy. | *'''Skolbarn, elev, student.''' Neutral options for schoolgirl and schoolboy. | ||
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*'''Syskonskap/kamratskap/gemenskap/samfund.''' Neutral, standard. Means siblinghood/camaraderie/community and can be used as a gender-neutral alternative to brotherhood and sisterhood. | *'''Syskonskap/kamratskap/gemenskap/samfund.''' Neutral, standard. Means siblinghood/camaraderie/community and can be used as a gender-neutral alternative to brotherhood and sisterhood. | ||
*'''Tamhöna, höns/tamhöns.''' Neutral species-specific alternatives to "höna" (hen, vernacular for chicken/domestic fowl) and "tupp" (rooster), standard but non-vernacular terms for domestic fowl(s)/chicken(s). | |||
*'''Tamget, getdjur.''' Neutral species-specific alternatives to "get" (doe, vernacular for goats) and "bock" (buck), standard but non-vernacular terms for domestic goats and goat animal(s). | |||
*'''Uppträdningsförmåga, scennärvaro, teater, artisteri.''' Neutral alternatives to showmanship. | *'''Uppträdningsförmåga, scennärvaro, teater, artisteri.''' Neutral alternatives to showmanship. | ||
*'''Uterus, kved.''' Neutral alternatives to "livmoder" (womb/uterus) which translates to "life-mother". | *'''Uterus, kved.''' Neutral alternatives to "livmoder" (womb/uterus) which translates to "life-mother". | ||
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*'''Vuxendom/vuxenskap/vuxenliv, ålderdom/ålderskap.''' Neutral, standard. Means adulthood/adult-life and elderhood, they can be used as gender-neutral alternatives to womandhood and manhood. | *'''Vuxendom/vuxenskap/vuxenliv, ålderdom/ålderskap.''' Neutral, standard. Means adulthood/adult-life and elderhood, they can be used as gender-neutral alternatives to womandhood and manhood. | ||
*'''Winger, wingfriend.''' Neutral English loanwords as alternative to wingman. | *'''Winger, wingfriend.''' Neutral English loanwords as alternative to wingman. | ||
*'''Ägarlös.''' Neutral. Means ownerless, alternative to "herrelös" (male-masterless). | |||
* '''Ättlingspråk, anspråk.''' Neutral alternatives to daughter language and mother language regarding language history. | * '''Ättlingspråk, anspråk.''' Neutral alternatives to daughter language and mother language regarding language history. | ||
*'''160x200 säng.''' Neutral alternative to "Queen-size bed" using the standard Swedish sizes for this type of bed. | *'''160x200 säng.''' Neutral alternative to "Queen-size bed" using the standard Swedish sizes for this type of bed. | ||
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*Barnmorska → Graviditetsvårdare, förlossningsvårdare (inferred by using "graviditets-" [pregnancy-], "förlossnings-" [childbirth-] and "-vårdare" [-caretaker] as descriptive terms for the midwife profession), ''jordevårdare (not a mutually understandably or established alternative for the professional midwife title. Inferred using the old word "jorde-" – which is believed to mean child – used in the old word for barnmorska which is "jordemor", and instead replacing "-morska" [mother] with "-vårdare" [caretaker])'' | *Barnmorska → Graviditetsvårdare, förlossningsvårdare (inferred by using "graviditets-" [pregnancy-], "förlossnings-" [childbirth-] and "-vårdare" [-caretaker] as descriptive terms for the midwife profession), ''jordevårdare (not a mutually understandably or established alternative for the professional midwife title. Inferred using the old word "jorde-" – which is believed to mean child – used in the old word for barnmorska which is "jordemor", and instead replacing "-morska" [mother] with "-vårdare" [caretaker])'' | ||
*Barnpiga, barnflicka, barnjungfru → Barnvakt, barnpassare, barnskötare, tillsynsansvarig, passningsansvarig | |||
*Borgensman → ''Borgensperson, borgensförtrodd (inferred using the gender-neutral "-person" and "-förtrodd" [-trusted] instead of "-man")'' | *Borgensman → ''Borgensperson, borgensförtrodd (inferred using the gender-neutral "-person" and "-förtrodd" [-trusted] instead of "-man")'' | ||
| Line 591: | Line 610: | ||
*Kameraman → Kameraoperatör, kameraarbetare, kameraperson, filmare, fotograf | *Kameraman → Kameraoperatör, kameraarbetare, kameraperson, filmare, fotograf | ||
*Kamrerska → Kamrerare, kamrer bokförare, kassaförvaltare, räkenskapsförare, kontorschef | |||
* Kassör, kassörska → Kassabiträde, kassapersonal, kassaförvaltare | * Kassör, kassörska → Kassabiträde, kassapersonal, kassaförvaltare | ||
| Line 616: | Line 636: | ||
*Nämndeman → ''Nämndeperson, nämndaktör (inferred using the gender-neutral "-person" and "-aktör" ["participant"] instead of "-man")'' | *Nämndeman → ''Nämndeperson, nämndaktör (inferred using the gender-neutral "-person" and "-aktör" ["participant"] instead of "-man")'' | ||
*Ombudsman → Ombud, | *Ombudsman → Ombud, ombudsperson | ||
*Polisman → Polis | *Polisman → Polis | ||
| Line 673: | Line 693: | ||
*Vetenskapsman → Forskare | *Vetenskapsman → Forskare | ||
*Våldsman → Våldsverkare | *Våldsman → Våldsverkare, våldsperson | ||
*Våldtäktsman → Våldtäktsförövare, våldtäktare | *Våldtäktsman → Våldtäktsförövare, våldtäktare | ||