Māhū: Difference between revisions
→History: retrait de désinformations visant à intégrer les māhū de force dans la catégorie gay par des assoiffés de reconnaissances.
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In the pre-colonial history of Hawai'i, Māhū were notable priests and healers, although much of this history was elided through the intervention of missionaries. The first published description of māhū occurs in Captain William Bligh's logbook of the Bounty, which stopped in Tahiti in 1789, where he was introduced to a member of a "class of people very common in Otaheitie called Mahoo... who although I was certain was a man, had great marks of effeminacy about him."<ref>William Bligh. Bounty Logbook. Thursday, January 15, 1789.</ref> | In the pre-colonial history of Hawai'i, Māhū were notable priests and healers, although much of this history was elided through the intervention of missionaries. The first published description of māhū occurs in Captain William Bligh's logbook of the Bounty, which stopped in Tahiti in 1789, where he was introduced to a member of a "class of people very common in Otaheitie called Mahoo... who although I was certain was a man, had great marks of effeminacy about him."<ref>William Bligh. Bounty Logbook. Thursday, January 15, 1789.</ref> | ||
A surviving monument to this history are the "Wizard Stones" of Kapaemāhū on Waikiki Beach, which commemorate four important māhū who first brought the healing arts from Tahiti to Hawaiʻi.<ref>James Boyd. Traditions of the Wizard Stones Ka-Pae-Mahu. 1907. Hawaiian Almanac and Annual.</ref> These are referred to by Hawaiian historian Mary Kawena Pukui as ''pae māhū'', or literally a row of māhū.<ref>Mary Kawena Pukui. Place Names of Hawaii, 2nd Ed. 1974. University of Hawaii Press.</ref> The term māhū is misleadingly defined in Pukui and Ebert's Hawaiian dictionary as "n. Homosexual, of either sex; hermaphrodite."<ref>Mary Kawena Pukui, Samuael H Ebert. Hawaiian Dictionary. 1986. University of Hawaii Press.</ref> The assumption of same-sex behavior reflects the conflation of gender and sexuality that was common in Western society before the 1960s. The idea that māhū are biological mosaics appears to be a misunderstanding of the term hermaphrodite, which in early publications by white sexologists and anthropologists was used generally used to mean "an individual which has the attributes of both male and female," including social and behavioral attributes, not necessarily a biological hybrid or intersex individual. | A surviving monument to this history are the "Wizard Stones" of Kapaemāhū on Waikiki Beach, which commemorate four important māhū who first brought the healing arts from Tahiti to Hawaiʻi.<ref>James Boyd. Traditions of the Wizard Stones Ka-Pae-Mahu. 1907. Hawaiian Almanac and Annual.</ref> These are referred to by Hawaiian historian Mary Kawena Pukui as ''pae māhū'', or literally a row of māhū.<ref>Mary Kawena Pukui. Place Names of Hawaii, 2nd Ed. 1974. University of Hawaii Press.</ref> The term māhū is misleadingly defined in Pukui and Ebert's Hawaiian dictionary as "n. Homosexual, of either sex; hermaphrodite."<ref>Mary Kawena Pukui, Samuael H Ebert. Hawaiian Dictionary. 1986. University of Hawaii Press.</ref> The assumption of same-sex behavior reflects the conflation of gender and sexuality that was common in Western society before the 1960s. The idea that māhū are biological mosaics appears to be a misunderstanding of the term hermaphrodite, which in early publications by white sexologists and anthropologists was used generally used to mean "an individual which has the attributes of both male and female," including social and behavioral attributes, not necessarily a biological hybrid or intersex individual. | ||
In 1891, when painter Paul Gauguin first came to Tahiti, he was thought to be a māhū by the indigenous people, due to his flamboyant manner of dress during that time.<ref name=":0">Mario Vargas Llosa. "The men-women of the Pacific." ''Tate Britain.'' http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/men-women-pacific [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323202357/http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/men-women-pacific Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> His 1893 painting ''Papa Moe (Mysterious Water)'' depicts a māhū drinking from a small waterfall.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Stephen F. Eisenman. Gauguin's Skirt. 1997.</ref> | In 1891, when painter Paul Gauguin first came to Tahiti, he was thought to be a māhū by the indigenous people, due to his flamboyant manner of dress during that time.<ref name=":0">Mario Vargas Llosa. "The men-women of the Pacific." ''Tate Britain.'' http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/men-women-pacific [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323202357/http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/men-women-pacific Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> His 1893 painting ''Papa Moe (Mysterious Water)'' depicts a māhū drinking from a small waterfall.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Stephen F. Eisenman. Gauguin's Skirt. 1997.</ref> | ||
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In American artist George Biddle's ''Tahitian Journal'' (1920–1922) he writes about several māhū friends in Tahiti, of their role in native Tahitian society, and of the persecution of a māhū friend Naipu, who fled Tahiti due to colonial French laws that sent māhū and homosexuals to hard labor in prison in New Caledonia.<ref>George Biddle. ''Tahitian Journal.'' 1999. https://books.google.com/?id=C2lKxkVIwMAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=tahitian+journal+george+biddle#v=onepage&q=mahu&f=false [https://web.archive.org/web/20220407010202/https://books.google.com/?id=C2lKxkVIwMAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=tahitian+journal+george+biddle Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> Rae rae is a social category of māhū that came into use in Tahiti in the 1960s, although it is criticized by some māhū as an abject reference to sex work. | In American artist George Biddle's ''Tahitian Journal'' (1920–1922) he writes about several māhū friends in Tahiti, of their role in native Tahitian society, and of the persecution of a māhū friend Naipu, who fled Tahiti due to colonial French laws that sent māhū and homosexuals to hard labor in prison in New Caledonia.<ref>George Biddle. ''Tahitian Journal.'' 1999. https://books.google.com/?id=C2lKxkVIwMAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=tahitian+journal+george+biddle#v=onepage&q=mahu&f=false [https://web.archive.org/web/20220407010202/https://books.google.com/?id=C2lKxkVIwMAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=tahitian+journal+george+biddle Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> Rae rae is a social category of māhū that came into use in Tahiti in the 1960s, although it is criticized by some māhū as an abject reference to sex work. | ||
==In contemporary cultures== | ==In contemporary cultures== | ||