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Gender-variant identities worldwide/en: Difference between revisions
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In classical Arabic writings, people called Mukhannathun were queer people who were assigned male at birth. They were analogous to transgender women, or to very feminine gay men, depending on the individual. In Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 41, Number 4910, Mohammed said to exile a mukhannath, and said not to kill them.<ref>USC-MSA compendium of Muslim Text: Partial Translation of Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 41:General Behavior (Kitab Al-Adab), Number 4910 | In classical Arabic writings, people called Mukhannathun were queer people who were assigned male at birth. They were analogous to transgender women, or to very feminine gay men, depending on the individual. In Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 41, Number 4910, Mohammed said to exile a mukhannath, and said not to kill them.<ref>USC-MSA compendium of Muslim Text: Partial Translation of Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 41:General Behavior (Kitab Al-Adab), Number 4910 https://web.archive.org/web/20230130050923/https://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/abudawud/041.sat.html#041.4910</ref> At one point during the Umayyad dynasty, a caliph ordered that all mukhannathun should be castrated. In response to this, a group of mukhannathun are recorded as having this conversation about it: "This is simply a circumcision which we must undergo again." "Or rather the Greater Circumcision!" "With castration I have become a mukhannath in truth!" "Or rather we have become women in truth!" "We have been spared the trouble of carrying around a spout for urine." "What would we do with an unused weapon anyway?"<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rowson|first=Everett K.|date=October 1991|url=http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/The_effeminates_of_early_medina.pdf|title=The Effeminates of Early Medina|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society 111 (4)|page=671–693|doi=10.2307/603399|jstor=603399|access-date=2020-04-13|archive-date=2008-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001195534/http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/The_effeminates_of_early_medina.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
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* '''Role in society:''' today, kathoey often have occupations that are usually associated with women, such as in shops, restaurants, and beauty salons, but also in factories (a reflection of Thailand's high proportion of female industrial workers).<ref name="SwinterNsak">Winter S, Udomsak N (2002). [http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtvo06no01_04.htm Male, Female and Transgender: Stereotypes and Self in Thailand] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228130914/http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtvo06no01_04.htm |date=28 February 2007 }}. ''International Journal of Transgenderism''. 6,1</ref> Kathoey also work in entertainment and tourist centres, in cabarets, and as sex workers.<ref name="Tooru Nemoto">{{cite journal|last=Nemoto|first=Tooru|year=2012|title=HIV-Related Risk Behaviors among Kathoey (Male-to-Female Transgender) Sex Workers in Bangkok, Thailand|url=|journal=AIDS Care|volume=24|issue=2|pages=210–9|doi=10.1080/09540121.2011.597709|pmc=3242825|pmid=21780964}}</ref> | * '''Role in society:''' today, kathoey often have occupations that are usually associated with women, such as in shops, restaurants, and beauty salons, but also in factories (a reflection of Thailand's high proportion of female industrial workers).<ref name="SwinterNsak">Winter S, Udomsak N (2002). [http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtvo06no01_04.htm Male, Female and Transgender: Stereotypes and Self in Thailand] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228130914/http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtvo06no01_04.htm |date=28 February 2007 }}. ''International Journal of Transgenderism''. 6,1</ref> Kathoey also work in entertainment and tourist centres, in cabarets, and as sex workers.<ref name="Tooru Nemoto">{{cite journal|last=Nemoto|first=Tooru|year=2012|title=HIV-Related Risk Behaviors among Kathoey (Male-to-Female Transgender) Sex Workers in Bangkok, Thailand|url=|journal=AIDS Care|volume=24|issue=2|pages=210–9|doi=10.1080/09540121.2011.597709|pmc=3242825|pmid=21780964}}</ref> | ||
In Thailand, ''[[kathoey]]'' can refer to a variety of kinds of LGBT people, but more specifically it means AMAB people who are feminine, and who may seek physical transition, and who do not entirely consider themselves to be men or women.<ref>Winter, Sam (2003). Research and discussion paper: ''Language and identity in transgender: gender wars and the case of the Thai kathoey''. Paper presented at the Hawaii conference on Social Sciences, Waikiki, June 2003. [http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_language_and_identity.htm Article online].</ref> | In Thailand, ''[[kathoey]]'' can refer to a variety of kinds of LGBT people, but more specifically it means AMAB people who are feminine, and who may seek physical transition, and who do not entirely consider themselves to be men or women.<ref>Winter, Sam (2003). Research and discussion paper: ''Language and identity in transgender: gender wars and the case of the Thai kathoey''. Paper presented at the Hawaii conference on Social Sciences, Waikiki, June 2003. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220120133549/http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_language_and_identity.htm Article online].</ref> | ||
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===Mutarajjulat=== | ===Mutarajjulat=== | ||
* '''Name of identity:''' Mutarajjulat, "women who wish to resemble men."<ref name="bowen">Gary Bowen. "A Dictionary of Words for Masculine Women." ''FTM International.'' May 15, 1995. Retrieved November 5, 1996. | * '''Name of identity:''' Mutarajjulat, "women who wish to resemble men."<ref name="bowen">Gary Bowen. "A Dictionary of Words for Masculine Women." ''FTM International.'' May 15, 1995. Retrieved November 5, 1996. https://web.archive.org/web/19961105010926/http://www.ftm-intl.org/Wrtngs/ftm-words.gary.html</ref> | ||
* '''Culture:''' Islam<ref name="mutarajjulat cook">David Cook. "Women fighting in jihad?" ''Female Terrorism and Militancy: Agency , Utility, and Organization.'' Cindy D. Ness, ed. New York: Routledge, 2008. Pp. 38-39.</ref> | * '''Culture:''' Islam<ref name="mutarajjulat cook">David Cook. "Women fighting in jihad?" ''Female Terrorism and Militancy: Agency , Utility, and Organization.'' Cindy D. Ness, ed. New York: Routledge, 2008. Pp. 38-39.</ref> | ||
* '''Era:''' ninth through eleventh centuries<ref name="mutarajjulat cook" /> | * '''Era:''' ninth through eleventh centuries<ref name="mutarajjulat cook" /> | ||