Tags: Reverted Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
Tags: Reverted Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
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| ==Psychology==
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| *''[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2013.830640 Queering gender: studying gender identity in 'normative' individuals]'' - [http://www.tandfonline.com/author/Joel%2C+D Joel, D.], [http://www.tandfonline.com/author/Tarrasch%2C+R Tarrasch, R.], [http://www.tandfonline.com/author/Berman%2C+Z Berman, Z.], [http://www.tandfonline.com/author/Mukamel%2C+M Mukamel, M.], & [http://www.tandfonline.com/author/Ziv%2C+E Ziv, E.], 2014.
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| ::;Summary:
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| <blockquote>An online survey was carried out to assess gender identity, gender dysphoria, and gender performance in both 'normative' men and women and "queers" (people who self-described as either transgender or "other") in Israel. The questionnaire used - the Multi-Gender Identity Questionnaire, or Multi-GIQ - was newly constructed (although it was based on existing measures), and was designed to measure different degrees of multiple genders ('man', 'woman', 'both' and 'neither') existing within the same individual. The findings were compared to a student sample, also in Israel, in order to discern whether findings might generalise to the rest of the country's population. Sexual orientation was also assessed in both samples.</blockquote>
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| ::;Key Findings:
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| ::*"Feeling as a man" and "Feeling as a woman" were negatively correlated. Self-described men felt more like men than women did, and vice versa; "queers" scored in-between.
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| ::*Some men felt more like a woman than some women, and vice versa.
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| ::*33% of men, 33% of women, and 76% of "queers" felt both like a man and a woman to some degree. Many "queers" felt an equal degree of identification with 'man' and 'woman', whereas most women felt more like a woman than a man (and vice versa).
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| ::*On average, "queers" were more likely to "experience themselves as two genders" (either feeling more like a man some days and more like a woman on others, or feeling somewhere in-between, or a combination of the two) than men and women.
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| ::*No differences were found between heterosexual men and women.
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| ::*Homosexual and bisexual people felt more like the 'other' gender, more like 'two genders', and more like 'belonging to neither gender' than heterosexual people (though "queers" were not included in this comparison, due to a lack of heterosexual "queer" participants).
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| ::*Homosexual and bisexual women felt less like their affirmed gender than heterosexual women. This difference was not found in men.
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| ::*The more a participant "felt as" one gender, the more they felt affirmed in that gender or wished to be that gender, and the less they felt content as or wished to be the 'other' gender.
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| ::*"Feeling as two genders" and "Feeling as no gender" was positively correlated with the wish to be the 'other' gender, and negatively correlated with being content with the affirmed gender.
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| ::*"Queers" disliked their bodies (Assessed using statements such as: "I disliked my male body"/"I dislike my female body") more than men and women did. No relationship was found between sexual orientation and discomfort with one's body.
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| ::*"Queers" saw gender as performative more than men and women did; women saw gender as performative more than men did. Homosexual and bisexual people saw gender as performative more than heterosexual people did.
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| ::*Men were more compliant with gender expectations relating to language and dress than women; both were more compliant than "queers". Heterosexual people were also more compliant than homosexual and bisexual people. For dress, this difference was larger for women, and for language, the difference was larger for men.
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| ::*"Normative" participants also scored more highly than expected on items relating to gender dysphoria: 36.6% of "non-queers" said they sometimes feel like the 'other' gender (with 24% giving scores above 1), 63.7% sometimes wished to be the 'other' gender (and 34% above 1), 49% did not always wear clothes 'appropriate' to their sex (26% below 3) and 41.9% were sometimes discontent with their sexed body (52% above 1).
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| ::*Analysis of the student sample found similar results to the online sample (but there are some caveats - see 'Limitations').
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| ::;Limitations:
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| ::*Neither sample was random. The similar findings between the two samples indicate that the findings may be generalisable, but the student sample was itself not very representative, containing too few men, "queers", homosexual people and bisexual people for comparisons to be made with the main sample regarding those groups. Therefore, the only comparisons made between the two samples were those concerning heterosexual women.
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| ::*Bisexual and homosexual participants were grouped together, as were transgender and "other" participants; future research should use larger sample sizes to examine the gender identities of these groups separately.
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| ::*All participants were Israeli, and most were Jewish; findings may therefore not generalise to other ethnicities and cultures.
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| ::*The questionnaire, though it did try to assess non-binary experience, did so by asking questions about 'feeling as a man' and 'feeling as a woman', and did not assess "quality or content" of experiences of gender. Therefore, they could only assess aspects of gender identity that are defined by degrees of 'maleness' and 'femaleness'. However, this did enable the researchers to reach out to normative individuals who might not have engaged with the survey had it used more "queer" phrasing.
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| ::*Since the questionnaire, and this study of gender identity as both man and woman in 'normative' individuals is novel, the convergent and predictive validity of the Multi-GIQ could not be demonstrated. However, comparing results with studies that contained some, though not all, relevant measures showed similar results. Also, the Multi-GIQ should have content validity, as it was heavily based on questionnaires used commonly to assess gender identity and dysphoria regarding a single gender identity. Furthermore, the study found predicted differences in gender identity between men and women, and between self-identified trans people and self-identified men and women.
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| ::;Implications for Future Research:
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| ::*The negative correlation between 'feeling as a man' and 'feeling as a woman' was not as high as would be expected if 'man' and 'woman' are opposing poles. The results instead support theories which view masculinity and femininity as separate, independent attributes.
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| ::*Sexual orientation was more related to feelings of the 'other' gender than as one's affirmed gender. This supports a non-binary model of gender, in which an individual can have feelings of the 'other' gender without reducing their feelings of being their affirmed gender.
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| ::*Since a large proportion of "normative" participants experienced gender in a more complex way than the binary model would suggest, the authors "call for a new conceptualisation of gender identity, which emphasises and celebrates multiplicity and fluidity in the experience of gender identity."
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| ::*Since even "normative" individuals scored highly on items that had previously been used to measure gender dysphoria, the authors concluded that only discontent with one's sexed body, "which is by its very definition dysphoric", should be considered a sign of gender dysphoria - the rest are part of a normal and complex gender experience.
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| ::*Correlations between sexual orientation and gender identity, where they were found, were small, and do not support the idea that "the heterosexual-homosexual binary constitutes, stabilises and naturalises the male-female binary".
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| ::'''Published in:''' ''[http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rpse20#.VgKxnctViko Psychology and Sexuality]''
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| ::'''Access:''' Institutional login required.
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| *''[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-013-0099-8 Suicide Protective Factors Among Trans Adults]'' - Moody, C. & [http://voyager.coe.uh.edu/dir/faculty_template.cfm?id=641 Smith, N. G.], 2013.
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| ::;Summary:
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| <blockquote>An online survey of trans* and nonbinary adults was conducted. Participants were given a battery of questionnaires to assess Optimism, Perceived Social Support, Suicide Resilience, Reasons for Living, and Suicidal Behaviour. Regression analysis was used to determine which factors were predictive of lower suicidal behaviour.</blockquote>
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| ::;Key Findings:
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| ::*When asked about gender identity, 11.3% of participants answered under 'other' (identifying variously as: 'on the MTF/FTM spectrum'; 'genderqueer'; 'two-spirit'; '[[androgyne]]'; 'gender blender'; '[[bigender]]'; 'polygender/pangender'; 'Ft other'; 'gender bent'; '[[third gender]]'; or 'gender fucker').
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| ::*Perceived social support from family, emotional stability, and child-related concerns as a reason for living were all found to be suicide protective factors. These have previously been found to function as protective factors in cisgender individuals.
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| ::;Limitations:
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| ::*Causal relationships cannot be assumed since cross-sectional data were used.
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| ::*No comparison group was used.
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| ::*The sample size was relatively small (133 participants).
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| ::*Participation was limited to users of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LISTSERV LISTSERVs] through which the survey was distributed.
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| ::*Since risk factors were not assessed, the mediating effects of the protective factors could not be analysed.
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| ::*This was the first time these measures had been used in a trans*-only population; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_(psychometrics) reliability] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_validity validity] have yet to be assessed for this population.
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| ::;Implications for Future Research:
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| ::*Future models should take both risk factors and protective factors into account.
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| ::*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinal_study Longitudinal designs] should be considered, although these may be unethical in practice.
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| ::*Within-group differences need to be assessed; protective factors may differ between binary and nonbinary trans* people, between FAAB and MAAB individuals, and/or between trans* people of different racial backgrounds.
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| ::*Protective factors that were not included in this study should also be explored.
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| ::'''Published In:''' ''[http://link.springer.com/journal/10508 Archives of Sexual Behaviour]''
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| ::'''Access:''' Open Access
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| ::'''Content Note:''' Suicide.
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| ==Neuroscience== | | ==Neuroscience== |
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