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The distinction between sex and gender differentiates a person's biological sex (the anatomy of an individual's reproductive system, and secondary sex characteristics) from that person's gender, which can refer to either social roles based on the sex of the person (gender role) or personal identification of one's own gender based on an internal awareness (gender identity).<ref name="Virginia">Prince, Virginia. 2005. "Sex vs. Gender." ''International Journal of Transgenderism''. 8(4).</ref><ref name="Carlson">Neil R., Carlson. Psychology: The science of behavior. Fourth Canadian edition. isbn 978-1-57344-199-5. Pearson, 2010. P. 140–141</ref> In this model, the idea of a "biological gender" is an oxymoron: the biological aspects are not gender-related, and the gender-related aspects are not biological. In some circumstances, an individual's assigned sex and gender do not align, and the person may be [[transgender]].<ref name="Virginia"/> In other cases, an individual may have biological sex characteristics that complicate sex assignment, and the person may be intersex. | The distinction between sex and gender differentiates a person's biological sex (the anatomy of an individual's reproductive system, and secondary sex characteristics) from that person's gender, which can refer to either social roles based on the sex of the person (gender role) or personal identification of one's own gender based on an internal awareness (gender identity).<ref name="Virginia">Prince, Virginia. 2005. "Sex vs. Gender." ''International Journal of Transgenderism''. 8(4).</ref><ref name="Carlson">Neil R., Carlson. Psychology: The science of behavior. Fourth Canadian edition. isbn 978-1-57344-199-5. Pearson, 2010. P. 140–141</ref> In this model, the idea of a "biological gender" is an oxymoron: the biological aspects are not gender-related, and the gender-related aspects are not biological. In some circumstances, an individual's assigned sex and gender do not align, and the person may be [[transgender]].<ref name="Virginia"/> In other cases, an individual may have biological sex characteristics that complicate sex assignment, and the person may be intersex. | ||
The sex and gender distinction is not universal. In ordinary English, ''sex'' and ''gender'' are often used interchangeably.<ref name=udry>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/2061790 |first1=J. Richard |last1=Udry |date=November 1994 |title=The Nature of Gender |journal=Demography |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=561–573 |pmid=7890091 |url=https://www.unc.edu/courses/2006fall/econ/586/001/Readings/Udry_Nature_Gender.pdf |jstor=2061790 | The sex and gender distinction is not universal. In ordinary English, ''sex'' and ''gender'' are often used interchangeably.<ref name=udry>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/2061790 |first1=J. Richard |last1=Udry |date=November 1994 |title=The Nature of Gender |journal=Demography |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=561–573 |pmid=7890091 |url=https://www.unc.edu/courses/2006fall/econ/586/001/Readings/Udry_Nature_Gender.pdf |jstor=2061790 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007105102/https://www.unc.edu/courses/2006fall/econ/586/001/Readings/Udry_Nature_Gender.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2015 }}</ref><ref name="haig">{{cite journal|first1=David |last1=Haig |authorlink1=David Haig (biologist) |date=April 2004 |title=The Inexorable Rise of Gender and the Decline of Sex: Social Change in Academic Titles, 1945–2001 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=87–96 |pmid=15146141 |doi=10.1023/B:ASEB.0000014323.56281.0d |url=http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/haig/publications_files/04inexorablerise.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525090802/http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/haig/Publications_files/04InexorableRise.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2011|citeseerx=10.1.1.359.9143 }}</ref> Some dictionaries and academic disciplines give them different definitions while others do not. Some languages, such as German or Finnish, have no separate words for sex and gender, and the distinction has to be made through context. On occasion, using the English word ''gender'' is appropriate.<ref name="Bograd-2015">{{cite journal|last1=Bograd |first1=Michele |last2=Weingarten |first2=Kaethe |title=Reflections on Feminist Family Therapy Training |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHlsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69 |accessdate=11 February 2018 |series=EBL-Schweitzer |date=28 January 2015 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-1-317-72776-7 |page=69 |oclc=906056635 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508090147/https://books.google.com/books?id=JHlsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69 |archivedate=8 May 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://global.finland.fi/gender/ngo/peruskasitteet.htm|title=Peruskäsitteet|access-date=2018-02-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508090148/http://global.finland.fi/gender/ngo/peruskasitteet.htm|archivedate=2018-05-08|lang=fi}}</ref> | ||
Among scientists, the term ''sex differences'' (as compared to ''gender differences'') is often used for sexually dimorphic traits that are thought to be evolved results of sexual selection.<ref name="Mealey, L. 2000">Mealey, L. (2000). Sex differences. NY: Academic Press.</ref><ref name="Geary, D. C. 2009">Geary, D. C. (2009) Male, Female: The Evolution of Human Sex Differences. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association</ref> | Among scientists, the term ''sex differences'' (as compared to ''gender differences'') is often used for sexually dimorphic traits that are thought to be evolved results of sexual selection.<ref name="Mealey, L. 2000">Mealey, L. (2000). Sex differences. NY: Academic Press.</ref><ref name="Geary, D. C. 2009">Geary, D. C. (2009) Male, Female: The Evolution of Human Sex Differences. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association</ref> | ||