Translations:Gender-variant identities worldwide/12/en

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    "Berdache" was an old word used by European-American anthropologists. Berdache was an umbrella term for all traditional gender and sexual identities in all cultures throughout the Americas that were outside of Western ideas of binary gender and heterosexual roles.[1] These identities included the nádleeh in Diné (Navajo),[2][3][4] and the lhamana in Zuni,[5] among many others. In 1990, an Indigenous lesbian and gay international gathering chose to internationally replace "berdache" with "Two-Spirit" as a preferable umbrella term for these identities.[6][7] Two-Spirit was chosen to distance these identities from non-Natives,[8] and should only be used for people who are Native American, because it is for identities that must be contextualized in Native cultures.[9][10] Because of the wide variety of identities under the Two-Spirit umbrella, a Two-Spirit person does not necessarily have an identity analogous to a non-Native nonbinary gender identity. Some do, but others are more analogous to non-Native gay male or lesbian woman identities. Notable people who identify specifically with the label "Two-Spirit" include Menominee poet Chrystos (b. 1946), who goes by they/them pronouns,[11][12][13] and Ojibwe artist Raven Davis (b. 1975), who goes by neutral pronouns.[14][15] In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 8 of the respondents (0.26%) called themselves Two-Spirit.[16] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 0.18% (20) of the responses called themselves Two-Spirit.[17][1]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Laura Erickson-Schroth, ed. Trans Bodies, Trans Selves: A Resource for the Transgender Community. Oxford University Press, 2014. P. 611.
    2. ↑ Franc Johnson Newcomb (1980-06). Hosteen Klah: Navaho Medicine Man and Sand Painter. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1008-2.
    3. ↑ Lapahie, Harrison, Jr. Hosteen Klah (Sir Left Handed). Lapahie.com. 2001 (retrieved 19 Oct 2009)
    4. ↑ Berlo, Janet C. and Ruth B. Phillips. Native North American Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-284218-3. pg. 34
    5. ↑ Matilda Coxe Stevenson, The Zuni Indians: Their Mythology, Esoteric Fraternities, and Ceremonies, (BiblioBazaar, 2010) p. 380
    6. ↑ "Two Spirit 101" at NativeOut. Accessed 23 Sep 2015 Archived on 17 July 2023
    7. ↑ Eve Shapiro, Gender circuits: Bodies and identities in a technological age. Unpaged.
    8. ↑ de Vries, Kylan Mattias (2009). "Berdache (Two-Spirit)". In O'Brien, Jodi (ed.). Encyclopedia of gender and society. Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 64. ISBN 9781412909167. Retrieved 6 March 2015. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
    9. ↑ "A Spirit of Belonging, Inside and Out". The New York Times. 8 Oct 2006. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2016. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
    10. ↑ Vowel, Chelsea (2016). "All My Queer Relations - Language, Culture, and Two-Spirit Identity". Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, Métis & Inuit Issues in Canada. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: Highwater Press. ISBN 978-1553796800. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
    11. ↑ "Chrystos". PoetryFoundation.org. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
    12. ↑ Brehm, Victoria (1998). "Urban Survivor Stories: The Poetry of Chrystos". Studies in American Indian Literatures. 10 (1): 73–82. ISSN 0730-3238. JSTOR 20739440.
    13. ↑ Sorrel, Lorraine (March 31, 1989). "Review: Not Vanishing". off our backs. 19 (3).
    14. ↑ "Newsletter.May2015.pdf" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-11-25. Retrieved 2015-11-25. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
    15. ↑ "IT ALL STARTS WITH AWARENESS -LGBTQ DAY IN ESKASONI". Archived from the original on 25 November 2015.
    16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NBGQ2016
    17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2019 Gender Census
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