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Third gender: Difference between revisions
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{{quote|much of the existing work on cultural systems that incorporate a 'third sex' portray simplistic visions in which societies with more than two sex/gender categories are cast as superior to those that divide the world into just two. I argue that to understand whether a system is more or less oppressive than another we have to understand how it treats its various members, not only its 'thirds'.}} | {{quote|much of the existing work on cultural systems that incorporate a 'third sex' portray simplistic visions in which societies with more than two sex/gender categories are cast as superior to those that divide the world into just two. I argue that to understand whether a system is more or less oppressive than another we have to understand how it treats its various members, not only its 'thirds'.}} | ||
Like non-intersex people, some intersex individuals may not identify themselves as either exclusively female or exclusively male, but most appear to be men or women.<ref name="Money">{{cite book |last=Money |first=John |author-link = John Money |author2=Ehrhardt, Anke A. |title=Man & Woman Boy & Girl. Differentiation and dimorphism of gender identity from conception to maturity |year=1972 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |location=USA |isbn=978-0-8018-1405-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/manwomanboygirl00mone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612131547/https://archive.org/details/manwomanboygirl00mone |archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref><ref name="Dreger">{{cite book |last=Domurat Dreger |first=Alice |title=Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex |year=2001 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=USA |isbn=978-0-674-00189-3 }}</ref><ref name="maranon">{{cite book |last=Marañón |first=Gregorio |title=Los estados intersexuales en la especie humana |year=1929 |publisher=Morata |location=Madrid }}</ref> A clinical review suggests that between 8.5–20% of people with intersex conditions may experience [[gender dysphoria]],<ref name="furtado">{{cite journal | author = Furtado P. S.| year = 2012 | title = Gender dysphoria associated with disorders of sex development | url = | journal = Nat. Rev. Urol. | volume = 9 | issue = 11| pages = 620–627 | doi = 10.1038/nrurol.2012.182 |display-authors=etal | pmid=23045263| archive-url = False | archive-date = 17 July 2023 }}</ref> while sociological research in Australia, a country which offers a nonbinary legal sex classification ("X"), shows that 19% of people born with atypical sex characteristics selected an "X" or "other" option, while 52% are women, 23% men and 6% unsure.<ref name="jonesbk2016">{{Cite book|publisher=Open Book Publishers |isbn=978-1-78374-208-0 |last1=Jones |first1=Tiffany |last2=Hart |first2=Bonnie |last3=Carpenter |first3=Morgan |last4=Ansara |first4=Gavi |last5=Leonard |first5=William |last6=Lucke |first6=Jayne |title=Intersex: Stories and Statistics from Australia |location=Cambridge, UK |accessdate=2016-02-02 |date=February 2016 |url=http://oii.org.au/wp-content/uploads/key/Intersex-Stories-Statistics-Australia.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914152729/http://oii.org.au/wp-content/uploads/key/Intersex-Stories-Statistics-Australia.pdf |archivedate=2016-09-14 |df= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530185958/https://oii.org.au/wp-content/uploads/key/Intersex-Stories-Statistics-Australia.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref><ref name="oiiaudemo">{{Citation| last = Organisation Intersex International Australia| title = Demographics| date = July 28, 2016| url = https://oii.org.au/demographics/ | accessdate = 2016-09-30 | Like non-intersex people, some intersex individuals may not identify themselves as either exclusively female or exclusively male, but most appear to be men or women.<ref name="Money">{{cite book |last=Money |first=John |author-link = John Money |author2=Ehrhardt, Anke A. |title=Man & Woman Boy & Girl. Differentiation and dimorphism of gender identity from conception to maturity |year=1972 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |location=USA |isbn=978-0-8018-1405-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/manwomanboygirl00mone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612131547/https://archive.org/details/manwomanboygirl00mone |archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref><ref name="Dreger">{{cite book |last=Domurat Dreger |first=Alice |title=Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex |year=2001 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=USA |isbn=978-0-674-00189-3 }}</ref><ref name="maranon">{{cite book |last=Marañón |first=Gregorio |title=Los estados intersexuales en la especie humana |year=1929 |publisher=Morata |location=Madrid }}</ref> A clinical review suggests that between 8.5–20% of people with intersex conditions may experience [[gender dysphoria]],<ref name="furtado">{{cite journal | author = Furtado P. S.| year = 2012 | title = Gender dysphoria associated with disorders of sex development | url = | journal = Nat. Rev. Urol. | volume = 9 | issue = 11| pages = 620–627 | doi = 10.1038/nrurol.2012.182 |display-authors=etal | pmid=23045263| archive-url = False | archive-date = 17 July 2023 }}</ref> while sociological research in Australia, a country which offers a nonbinary legal sex classification ("X"), shows that 19% of people born with atypical sex characteristics selected an "X" or "other" option, while 52% are women, 23% men and 6% unsure.<ref name="jonesbk2016">{{Cite book|publisher=Open Book Publishers |isbn=978-1-78374-208-0 |last1=Jones |first1=Tiffany |last2=Hart |first2=Bonnie |last3=Carpenter |first3=Morgan |last4=Ansara |first4=Gavi |last5=Leonard |first5=William |last6=Lucke |first6=Jayne |title=Intersex: Stories and Statistics from Australia |location=Cambridge, UK |accessdate=2016-02-02 |date=February 2016 |url=http://oii.org.au/wp-content/uploads/key/Intersex-Stories-Statistics-Australia.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914152729/http://oii.org.au/wp-content/uploads/key/Intersex-Stories-Statistics-Australia.pdf |archivedate=2016-09-14 |df= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530185958/https://oii.org.au/wp-content/uploads/key/Intersex-Stories-Statistics-Australia.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref><ref name="oiiaudemo">{{Citation| last = Organisation Intersex International Australia| title = Demographics| date = July 28, 2016| url = https://oii.org.au/demographics/| accessdate = 2016-09-30| archive-date = 2016-10-01| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161001215740/https://oii.org.au/demographics/| url-status = bot: unknown}} on 17 July 2023</ref> [[Alex MacFarlane]] is believed to be the first person in Australia to obtain a birth certificate recording sex as indeterminate, and the first Australian passport with an 'X' sex marker in 2003.<ref name="West Australian">[http://www.bodieslikeours.org/pdf/xmarks.pdf "X marks the spot for intersex Alex"], West Australian, via bodieslikeours.org. 11 January 2003 [https://web.archive.org/web/20220924112046/https://www.bodieslikeours.org/pdf/xmarks.pdf Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> | ||
The third International Intersex Forum, held in November/December 2013, made statements for the first time on sex and gender registration:<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ilga-europe.org/home/news/latest/intersex_forum_2013|title= 3rd International Intersex Forum concluded|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204073813/http://www.ilga-europe.org/home/news/latest/intersex_forum_2013 |archive-date=2013-12-04 }}, ILGA-Europe (Creative Commons statement), 2 December 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/global-intersex-community-affirms-shared-goals/113806 Global intersex community affirms shared goals], Star Observer, December 4, 2013 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230608080746/http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/global-intersex-community-affirms-shared-goals/113806 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref><ref>[http://aiclegal.org/public-statement-by-the-third-international-intersex-forum/ Public Statement by the Third International Intersex Forum], Advocates for Informed Choice, 12 December 2013 [https://web.archive.org/web/20220505210044/http://aiclegal.org/public-statement-by-the-third-international-intersex-forum/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref><ref>[http://oii.org.au/24241/public-statement-by-the-third-international-intersex-forum/ Public statement by the third international intersex forum], Organisation Intersex International Australia, 2 December 2013 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230302153133/https://oii.org.au/24241/public-statement-by-the-third-international-intersex-forum/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=471190186323466&id=144553798987108 |title=Öffentliche Erklärung des Dritten Internationalen Intersex Forum|language=de|author= Intersex Austria|date= 8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414222233/https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=471190186323466&id=144553798987108|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>[https://twitter.com/intersexuk/status/407790650084823040 IntersexUK consensus paper.3rd International IntersexForum concluded...], Intersex UK on Twitter, 3 December 2013 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230419190451/https://twitter.com/intersexuk/status/407790650084823040 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://nnid.nl/2013/12/03/derde-internationale-intersekse-forum/ |language=nl |title=Derde Internationale Intersekse Forum| author= Nederlandse Netwerk Intersekse/DSD (NNID)|date= 3 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.intersexualite.de/index.php/public-statement-third-international-intersex-forum/ |title=Public Statement by the Third International Intersex Forum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226074847/http://www.intersexualite.de/index.php/public-statement-third-international-intersex-forum/ |archive-date=26 December 2013|publisher= IVIM/OII-Germany|date= 1 December 2013|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.oii.tw/Home/3rd-is-forum-statement |language=zh|title= 2013 第三屆世界陰陽人論壇宣言 |author= Oii-Chinese |date=December 2013}}</ref> | The third International Intersex Forum, held in November/December 2013, made statements for the first time on sex and gender registration:<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ilga-europe.org/home/news/latest/intersex_forum_2013|title= 3rd International Intersex Forum concluded|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204073813/http://www.ilga-europe.org/home/news/latest/intersex_forum_2013 |archive-date=2013-12-04 }}, ILGA-Europe (Creative Commons statement), 2 December 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/global-intersex-community-affirms-shared-goals/113806 Global intersex community affirms shared goals], Star Observer, December 4, 2013 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230608080746/http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/global-intersex-community-affirms-shared-goals/113806 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref><ref>[http://aiclegal.org/public-statement-by-the-third-international-intersex-forum/ Public Statement by the Third International Intersex Forum], Advocates for Informed Choice, 12 December 2013 [https://web.archive.org/web/20220505210044/http://aiclegal.org/public-statement-by-the-third-international-intersex-forum/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref><ref>[http://oii.org.au/24241/public-statement-by-the-third-international-intersex-forum/ Public statement by the third international intersex forum], Organisation Intersex International Australia, 2 December 2013 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230302153133/https://oii.org.au/24241/public-statement-by-the-third-international-intersex-forum/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=471190186323466&id=144553798987108 |title=Öffentliche Erklärung des Dritten Internationalen Intersex Forum|language=de|author= Intersex Austria|date= 8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414222233/https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=471190186323466&id=144553798987108|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>[https://twitter.com/intersexuk/status/407790650084823040 IntersexUK consensus paper.3rd International IntersexForum concluded...], Intersex UK on Twitter, 3 December 2013 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230419190451/https://twitter.com/intersexuk/status/407790650084823040 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://nnid.nl/2013/12/03/derde-internationale-intersekse-forum/ | language=nl | title=Derde Internationale Intersekse Forum | author=Nederlandse Netwerk Intersekse/DSD (NNID) | date=3 December 2013 | access-date=5 July 2020 | archive-date=20 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220161700/http://nnid.nl/2013/12/03/derde-internationale-intersekse-forum/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.intersexualite.de/index.php/public-statement-third-international-intersex-forum/ |title=Public Statement by the Third International Intersex Forum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226074847/http://www.intersexualite.de/index.php/public-statement-third-international-intersex-forum/ |archive-date=26 December 2013|publisher= IVIM/OII-Germany|date= 1 December 2013|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.oii.tw/Home/3rd-is-forum-statement |language=zh|title= 2013 第三屆世界陰陽人論壇宣言 |author= Oii-Chinese |date=December 2013}}</ref> | ||
{{quote| | {{quote| | ||
* To register intersex children as females or males, with the awareness that, like all people, they may grow up to identify with a different sex or gender. | * To register intersex children as females or males, with the awareness that, like all people, they may grow up to identify with a different sex or gender. | ||
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The Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions states that the legal recognition of intersex people is firstly about access to the same rights as other men and women, when assigned male or female; secondly it is about access to administrative corrections to legal documents when an original sex assignment is not appropriate; and thirdly it is not about the creation of a third sex or gender classification for intersex people as a population but it is, instead, about self-determination.<ref name="afp2016">{{Cite book| publisher = Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions| isbn = 978-0-9942513-7-4| last = Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions| title = Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics| date = June 2016| url = http://www.asiapacificforum.net/resources/manual-sogi-and-sex-charactersitics/}}</ref> | The Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions states that the legal recognition of intersex people is firstly about access to the same rights as other men and women, when assigned male or female; secondly it is about access to administrative corrections to legal documents when an original sex assignment is not appropriate; and thirdly it is not about the creation of a third sex or gender classification for intersex people as a population but it is, instead, about self-determination.<ref name="afp2016">{{Cite book| publisher = Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions| isbn = 978-0-9942513-7-4| last = Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions| title = Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics| date = June 2016| url = http://www.asiapacificforum.net/resources/manual-sogi-and-sex-charactersitics/}}</ref> | ||
In March 2017, an Australian and Aotearoa/New Zealand community statement called for an end to legal classification of sex, stating that legal third classifications, like binary classifications, were based on structural violence and failed to respect diversity and a "right to self-determination". It also called for the criminalization of deferrable intersex medical interventions.<ref name="darlington2017">{{Citation| last1 = Androgen Insensitivity Support Syndrome Support Group Australia | last2 = Intersex Trust Aotearoa New Zealand| last3 = Organisation Intersex International Australia| last4 = Black| first4 = Eve| last5 = Bond| first5 = Kylie| last6 = Briffa| first6 = Tony| author6-link = Tony Briffa | last7 = Carpenter| first7 = Morgan| author7-link = Morgan Carpenter | last8 = Cody| first8 = Candice| last9 = David| first9 = Alex| last10 = Driver| first10 = Betsy| last11 = Hannaford| first11 = Carolyn| last12 = Harlow| first12 = Eileen| last13 = Hart| first13 = Bonnie| author13-link = Bonnie Hart | last14 = Hart| first14 = Phoebe| author14-link = Phoebe Hart | last15 = Leckey| first15 = Delia| last16 = Lum| first16 = Steph| last17 = Mitchell| first17 = Mani Bruce| author17-link = Mani Bruce Mitchell | last18 = Nyhuis| first18 = Elise| last19 = O'Callaghan| first19 = Bronwyn| last20 = Perrin| first20 = Sandra| last21 = Smith| first21 = Cody| last22 = Williams| first22 = Trace| last23 = Yang| first23 = Imogen| last24 = Yovanovic| first24 = Georgie| title = Darlington Statement| date = March 2017 | url = https://oii.org.au/darlington-statement/| archive-url = https:// | In March 2017, an Australian and Aotearoa/New Zealand community statement called for an end to legal classification of sex, stating that legal third classifications, like binary classifications, were based on structural violence and failed to respect diversity and a "right to self-determination". It also called for the criminalization of deferrable intersex medical interventions.<ref name="darlington2017">{{Citation| last1 = Androgen Insensitivity Support Syndrome Support Group Australia| last2 = Intersex Trust Aotearoa New Zealand| last3 = Organisation Intersex International Australia| last4 = Black| first4 = Eve| last5 = Bond| first5 = Kylie| last6 = Briffa| first6 = Tony| author6-link = Tony Briffa| last7 = Carpenter| first7 = Morgan| author7-link = Morgan Carpenter| last8 = Cody| first8 = Candice| last9 = David| first9 = Alex| last10 = Driver| first10 = Betsy| last11 = Hannaford| first11 = Carolyn| last12 = Harlow| first12 = Eileen| last13 = Hart| first13 = Bonnie| author13-link = Bonnie Hart| last14 = Hart| first14 = Phoebe| author14-link = Phoebe Hart| last15 = Leckey| first15 = Delia| last16 = Lum| first16 = Steph| last17 = Mitchell| first17 = Mani Bruce| author17-link = Mani Bruce Mitchell| last18 = Nyhuis| first18 = Elise| last19 = O'Callaghan| first19 = Bronwyn| last20 = Perrin| first20 = Sandra| last21 = Smith| first21 = Cody| last22 = Williams| first22 = Trace| last23 = Yang| first23 = Imogen| last24 = Yovanovic| first24 = Georgie| title = Darlington Statement| date = March 2017| url = https://oii.org.au/darlington-statement/| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170322204013/https://oii.org.au/darlington-statement/| archive-date = 2017-03-22| accessdate = March 21, 2017| url-status = bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name="copland2017ds">{{Cite web| last = Copland| first = Simon| title = Intersex people have called for action. It's time to listen.| work = Special Broadcasting Service| accessdate = 2017-03-21| date = March 20, 2017| url = http://www.sbs.com.au/topics/sexuality/agenda/article/2017/03/20/intersex-people-have-called-action-its-time-listen}}</ref> | ||
== Indigenous peoples and third gender == | == Indigenous peoples and third gender == | ||
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Gender can be recognized and organized differently in different cultures. In some non-Western cultures, gender may not be seen as binary, or people may be seen as being able to cross freely between male and female, or to exist in a state that is in-between, or neither. In some cultures being third gender may be associated with the gift of being able to mediate between the world of the spirits and world of humans.<ref name="SellIngrid">Sell, Ingrid M. "Third gender: A qualitative study of the experience of individuals who identify as being neither man nor woman." The Psychotherapy Patient. 13.1/2 (2004): p.132</ref> For cultures with these spiritual beliefs, it is generally seen as a positive thing, though some third gender people have also been accused of witchcraft and persecuted.<ref name=Stewart>{{cite book |editor1-last=Stewart |editor1-first=Chuck |title=Proud heritage : people, issues, and documents of the LGBT experience |date=2014 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-398-1 |page=345}}</ref> In most western cultures, people who do not conform to heteronormative ideals are often seen as sick, disordered, or insufficiently formed.<ref name="SellIngrid" /> | Gender can be recognized and organized differently in different cultures. In some non-Western cultures, gender may not be seen as binary, or people may be seen as being able to cross freely between male and female, or to exist in a state that is in-between, or neither. In some cultures being third gender may be associated with the gift of being able to mediate between the world of the spirits and world of humans.<ref name="SellIngrid">Sell, Ingrid M. "Third gender: A qualitative study of the experience of individuals who identify as being neither man nor woman." The Psychotherapy Patient. 13.1/2 (2004): p.132</ref> For cultures with these spiritual beliefs, it is generally seen as a positive thing, though some third gender people have also been accused of witchcraft and persecuted.<ref name=Stewart>{{cite book |editor1-last=Stewart |editor1-first=Chuck |title=Proud heritage : people, issues, and documents of the LGBT experience |date=2014 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-398-1 |page=345}}</ref> In most western cultures, people who do not conform to heteronormative ideals are often seen as sick, disordered, or insufficiently formed.<ref name="SellIngrid" /> | ||
The Indigenous ''[[māhū]]'' of Hawaii are seen as embodying an intermediate state between man and woman, or as people "of indeterminate gender",<ref name="vargas2015">{{cite web|last1=Llosa |first1=Mario Vargas |authorlink1=Mario Vargas Llosa |title=The men-women of the Pacific |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/men-women-pacific |website=tate.org.uk |publisher=Tate Britain |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100743/http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/men-women-pacific |archivedate=2 April 2015 |url-status=live |df= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323202357/http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/men-women-pacific |archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref> while some traditional Diné of the Southwestern US recognize a spectrum of four genders: feminine woman, masculine woman, feminine man, masculine man.<ref name=Estrada>{{cite journal | last1 = Estrada | first1 = Gabriel S | year = 2011 | title = Two Spirits, Nádleeh, and LGBTQ2 Navajo Gaze | url = http://nativeout.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Two-Spirits-Nadleeh-and-Navajo-LGBTQ2-Gaze.pdf | journal = American Indian Culture and Research Journal | volume = 35 | issue = 4| pages = 167–190 | doi=10.17953/aicr.35.4.x500172017344j30}}</ref> The term "third gender" has also been used to describe the ''hijras'' of South Asia<ref name="agrawal1997">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/006996697031002005 |title=Gendered Bodies: The Case of the 'Third Gender' in India |year=1997 |last1=Agrawal |first1=A. |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=273–297}}</ref>, the ''[[fa'afafine]]'' of Polynesia, and the Albanian sworn virgins.<ref name="Young">{{cite book|last=Young|first= Antonia |year=2000|title=Women Who Become Men: Albanian Sworn Virgins|isbn=1-85973-335-2}}</ref> | The Indigenous ''[[māhū]]'' of Hawaii are seen as embodying an intermediate state between man and woman, or as people "of indeterminate gender",<ref name="vargas2015">{{cite web|last1=Llosa |first1=Mario Vargas |authorlink1=Mario Vargas Llosa |title=The men-women of the Pacific |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/men-women-pacific |website=tate.org.uk |publisher=Tate Britain |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100743/http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/men-women-pacific |archivedate=2 April 2015 |url-status=live |df= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323202357/http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/men-women-pacific |archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref> while some traditional Diné of the Southwestern US recognize a spectrum of four genders: feminine woman, masculine woman, feminine man, masculine man.<ref name=Estrada>{{cite journal | last1 = Estrada | first1 = Gabriel S | year = 2011 | title = Two Spirits, Nádleeh, and LGBTQ2 Navajo Gaze | url = http://nativeout.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Two-Spirits-Nadleeh-and-Navajo-LGBTQ2-Gaze.pdf | journal = American Indian Culture and Research Journal | volume = 35 | issue = 4 | pages = 167–190 | doi = 10.17953/aicr.35.4.x500172017344j30 | access-date = 2020-07-05 | archive-date = 2015-05-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150513044527/http://nativeout.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Two-Spirits-Nadleeh-and-Navajo-LGBTQ2-Gaze.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> The term "third gender" has also been used to describe the ''hijras'' of South Asia<ref name="agrawal1997">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/006996697031002005 |title=Gendered Bodies: The Case of the 'Third Gender' in India |year=1997 |last1=Agrawal |first1=A. |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=273–297}}</ref>, the ''[[fa'afafine]]'' of Polynesia, and the Albanian sworn virgins.<ref name="Young">{{cite book|last=Young|first= Antonia |year=2000|title=Women Who Become Men: Albanian Sworn Virgins|isbn=1-85973-335-2}}</ref> | ||
== Transgender people and third gender == | == Transgender people and third gender == | ||
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[[Image:Thirdsex bookcover 1959.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Cover of Artemis Smith's 1959 [[lesbian]] pulp fiction novel ''The Third Sex'']] | [[Image:Thirdsex bookcover 1959.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Cover of Artemis Smith's 1959 [[lesbian]] pulp fiction novel ''The Third Sex'']] | ||
Before the sexual revolution of the 1960s, there was no common non-derogatory vocabulary for non-heterosexuality; terms such as "third gender" trace back to the 1860s.<ref name="Hirschfeld 1904"/><ref name="Ellis 1897"/><ref name="fordham.edu"/><ref name="Duc, Aimée 1901"/><ref name="The Social Studies C" | Before the sexual revolution of the 1960s, there was no common non-derogatory vocabulary for non-heterosexuality; terms such as "third gender" trace back to the 1860s.<ref name="Hirschfeld 1904"/><ref name="Ellis 1897"/><ref name="fordham.edu"/><ref name="Duc, Aimée 1901"/><ref name="The Social Studies C"/><ref>Kennedy, Hubert C. (1980) ''The "third sex" theory of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs'', Journal of Homosexuality. 1980–1981 Fall–Winter; 6(1–2): pp. 103–1</ref> | ||
One such term, [[Uranian]], was used in the 19th century to a person of a third sex—originally, someone with "a female psyche in a male body" who is sexually attracted to men. Its definition was later extended to cover homosexual gender variant females and a number of other sexual types. It is believed to be an English adaptation of the German word ''Urning'', which was first published by activist [[Karl Heinrich Ulrichs]] (1825–95) in a series of five booklets (1864–65) that were collected under the title ''Forschungen über das Räthsel der mannmännlichen Liebe'' ("Research into the Riddle of Man-Male Love"). Ulrich developed his terminology before the first public use of the term "homosexual", which appeared in 1869 in a pamphlet published anonymously by Karl-Maria Kertbeny (1824–82). The word Uranian (''Urning'') was derived by Ulrichs from the Greek goddess Aphrodite Urania, who was created out of the god Uranus' testicles; it stood for homosexuality, while Aphrodite Dionea (''Dioning'') represented heterosexuality.<ref>[http://www.mmkaylor.com Michael Matthew Kaylor, ''Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Hopkins, Pater and Wilde'' (Brno, CZ: Masaryk University Press, 2006)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230604143426/http://mmkaylor.com/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> Lesbian activist Anna Rueling used the term in a 1904 speech, "What Interest Does the Women's Movement Have in Solving the Homosexual Problem?"<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAny0qfa6qsC&pg=PA79|title=Finding Out: An Introduction to LGBT Studies|first1=Deborah T.|last1=Meem|first2=Michelle|last2=Gibson|first3=Michelle A.|last3=Gibson|first4=Jonathan|last4=Alexander|date=28 May 2018|publisher=SAGE|via=Google Books|isbn=9781412938655|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524034337/https://books.google.com/books?id=pAny0qfa6qsC&pg=PA79|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> | One such term, [[Uranian]], was used in the 19th century to a person of a third sex—originally, someone with "a female psyche in a male body" who is sexually attracted to men. Its definition was later extended to cover homosexual gender variant females and a number of other sexual types. It is believed to be an English adaptation of the German word ''Urning'', which was first published by activist [[Karl Heinrich Ulrichs]] (1825–95) in a series of five booklets (1864–65) that were collected under the title ''Forschungen über das Räthsel der mannmännlichen Liebe'' ("Research into the Riddle of Man-Male Love"). Ulrich developed his terminology before the first public use of the term "homosexual", which appeared in 1869 in a pamphlet published anonymously by Karl-Maria Kertbeny (1824–82). The word Uranian (''Urning'') was derived by Ulrichs from the Greek goddess Aphrodite Urania, who was created out of the god Uranus' testicles; it stood for homosexuality, while Aphrodite Dionea (''Dioning'') represented heterosexuality.<ref>[http://www.mmkaylor.com Michael Matthew Kaylor, ''Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Hopkins, Pater and Wilde'' (Brno, CZ: Masaryk University Press, 2006)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230604143426/http://mmkaylor.com/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> Lesbian activist Anna Rueling used the term in a 1904 speech, "What Interest Does the Women's Movement Have in Solving the Homosexual Problem?"<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAny0qfa6qsC&pg=PA79|title=Finding Out: An Introduction to LGBT Studies|first1=Deborah T.|last1=Meem|first2=Michelle|last2=Gibson|first3=Michelle A.|last3=Gibson|first4=Jonathan|last4=Alexander|date=28 May 2018|publisher=SAGE|via=Google Books|isbn=9781412938655|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524034337/https://books.google.com/books?id=pAny0qfa6qsC&pg=PA79|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> | ||