Gender neutral language in Dutch: Difference between revisions
→Official genderneutral pronouns or pronoun equivalents
| (7 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
=== Overview === | === Overview === | ||
==== '''Direct or subjective''' ==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ | |||
!Gendered (subjective or direct reference) | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!f | !f | ||
| Line 26: | Line 20: | ||
!hers | !hers | ||
!~its | !~its | ||
!herself | !herself | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 33: | Line 25: | ||
|zij | |zij | ||
|haar | |haar | ||
|haar | |haar, d'r | ||
|het hare | |het hare | ||
|zich | |zich | ||
|zichzelf | |zichzelf | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 45: | Line 35: | ||
!his | !his | ||
!his | !his | ||
! | !~its | ||
!himself | !himself | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 53: | Line 41: | ||
|hij | |hij | ||
|hem | |hem | ||
|zijn | |zijn, z'n | ||
|het zijne | |het zijne | ||
|zich | |zich | ||
|zichzelf | |zichzelf | ||
|} | |||
|} | |||
How to read the chosen fonts: | |||
Official; | |||
<u>official/prevalent in some language circles;</u> | |||
''synthetic.'' | |||
Sorted 1st-last based on most use to least popular. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+Gender neutral pronouns in Dutch (all singular) | |||
|Grammatical gender (subjective or direct reference) | |||
|nom. | |||
|accus. | |||
|poss. | |||
|refl. poss | |||
|refl. nom | |||
|refl. | |||
|- | |- | ||
!x | !x | ||
| Line 65: | Line 71: | ||
!their, that person's | !their, that person's | ||
!theirs | !theirs | ||
! | !~its | ||
!themself | !themself | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 73: | Line 77: | ||
|<u>die</u>, ''hen, ze'' | |<u>die</u>, ''hen, ze'' | ||
|diegene, ''hen, die'' | |diegene, ''hen, die'' | ||
|de<sup>1</sup>,diens, <u>hun</u> | |de<sup>1</sup>, diens, <u>hun</u> | ||
|van diegene'', van hen, het hunne'' | |van diegene'','' een eigen'', hun eigen, van hen, het hunne'' | ||
|zich | |zich | ||
|zichzelf | |zichzelf | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Objects, concepts and non-domestic animals (traditionally) | !Objects, concepts and non-domestic animals (traditionally) | ||
!it | !it | ||
!(for) it | |||
!its | !its | ||
!its own, for it | !its own, for it | ||
! | !~its | ||
!itself | !itself | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|het | |het, dat, wat | ||
|hem, ''het'' | |hem, ''het'' | ||
|zijn, een<sup>2</sup> | |zijn, een<sup>2</sup> | ||
|zijn eigen, <u>hun eigen</u> | |zijn eigen, een eigen, <u>hun eigen</u> | ||
|zich, het, dat | |zich, het, dat | ||
|hetgeen, datgeen, hetzelf, zichzelf | |||
|hetgeen, datgeen, | |||
|} | |} | ||
<sup>1</sup>de (the) can be used to avoid pronoun use in casual ways, for example when the listener has neutralsceptic views; "Jan is ''de'' portemonnee vergeten" (Jan forgot ''the'' wallet). | <sup>1</sup>de (the), officially, can be used to avoid pronoun use in casual ways, for example when the listener has neutralsceptic views; "Jan is ''de'' portemonnee vergeten" (Jan forgot ''the'' wallet). | ||
<sup>2</sup>een (a or an) can be used in the same sense; singular "Friesland heeft een eigen taal" (Friesland has ''an'' own language); plural "Ieder gebouw heeft ''een'' eigen voorziening" (every building has ''an'' own provision) | <sup>2</sup>een (a or an), officially, can be used in the same sense; singular "Friesland heeft een eigen taal" (Friesland has ''an'' own language); plural "Ieder gebouw heeft ''een'' eigen voorziening" (every building has ''an'' own provision) | ||
==== '''Indirect or objective''' ==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ | |||
!Gendered (objective or indirect reference) | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
!f | |||
!who | |||
!whom | |||
!whose | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|wie | |||
|aan wie | |||
|wier | |||
|- | |||
!m | |||
!who | |||
!whom | |||
!whose | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|wie | |||
|aan wie | |||
|wiens (plural wier) | |||
|} | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|Grammatical gender (objective or indirect reference) | |||
|obj. nom | |||
|obj. acc. | |||
|obj. poss. | |||
|- | |||
!x | |||
!who | |||
!whom | |||
!whose | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|wie | |||
|aan wie | |||
|wiens (plural wier) | |||
|- | |||
!Objects, concepts and non-domestic animals (traditionally) | |||
!which | |||
!to which | |||
!of which | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|dat, wat die, dit, deze | |||
|waaraan, wat, dat, aan wat | |||
|waarvan, <u>wiens, (plural wier) (personifying)</u> | |||
|} | |||
=== '''Use of name''' === | === '''Use of name''' === | ||
Like in English, repeating someone's name in third person is very natural to avoid pronoun use. Just like one would for two females or for two females; using pronouns without clear reference to who is usually the prime reason to use names. In genderneutral speech, this problem is very regular. | Like in English, repeating someone's name in third person is very natural to avoid pronoun use. Just like one would for two females or for two females; using pronouns without clear reference to who is usually the prime reason to use names. In genderneutral speech, this problem is very regular. | ||
| Line 209: | Line 262: | ||
'''(een) ieder(s)''' > every person, everyone's lit. each/every/other (one) | '''(een) ieder(s)''' > every person, everyone's lit. each/every/other (one) | ||
'''eigen''' > own | '''eigen''' > own | ||
| Line 221: | Line 270: | ||
'''diegene''' > that person | '''diegene''' > that person | ||
'''zo een (zo'n)''' > such a (degredatory) | |||
'''iemand''' > someone | |||
=== '''Not official, still very commonly used genderneutral pronouns''' === | === '''Not official, still very commonly used genderneutral pronouns''' === | ||