Pronouns: Difference between revisions
Corrected reference. It was only a dot!
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Gender-neutral pronouns in Modern Standard Arabic (اللغة العربية) include: | Gender-neutral pronouns in Modern Standard Arabic (اللغة العربية) include: | ||
هما means "they, originally dual, can work as a neutral singular third person."<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns">.</ref> | هما means "they, originally dual, can work as a neutral singular third person."<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns">https://whatdoesenbymean.tumblr.com/post/98205665479/multilingual-pronouns-list</ref> | ||
انتما means "second person dual."<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | انتما means "second person dual."<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> | ||
==Bulgarian neutral pronouns== | ==Bulgarian neutral pronouns== | ||
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Gender-neutral pronouns in Bulgarian language (български език) include: | Gender-neutral pronouns in Bulgarian language (български език) include: | ||
те/тях/техен/им "generally used for a group of people, could be used as singular as in 'they'"<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | те/тях/техен/им "generally used for a group of people, could be used as singular as in 'they'"<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> | ||
то/него/негово/му "means 'it', informal"<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | то/него/негово/му "means 'it', informal"<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> | ||
==Chinese neutral pronouns== | ==Chinese neutral pronouns== | ||
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Gender-neutral pronouns in Mandarin Chinese (普通话) include: | Gender-neutral pronouns in Mandarin Chinese (普通话) include: | ||
'''tā/ta1''' is the standard pronoun for people, which when pronounced aloud is gender-neutral. Before the language was influenced by Europeans, "他" was the proper way of rendering "tā" (regardless of gender); with the radical "亻" (a variant of "人") meaning "person" and "也" meaning "other" (i.e. "another person, neither me nor you"). Under European influence, the character "她" was invented, to mean "she" ("女"=female + "也"=other). Therefore, "他" more and more acquired the gender-specific meaning "he", with the consequence that nowadays neither "他" nor "她" are perceived as gender-neutral. Another written form of tā is "它" meaning "it," but this can be derogatory, so only use it for a person with their permission. Similarly, tā 牠 is a pronoun "used for non-human animals", <ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | '''tā/ta1''' is the standard pronoun for people, which when pronounced aloud is gender-neutral. Before the language was influenced by Europeans, "他" was the proper way of rendering "tā" (regardless of gender); with the radical "亻" (a variant of "人") meaning "person" and "也" meaning "other" (i.e. "another person, neither me nor you"). Under European influence, the character "她" was invented, to mean "she" ("女"=female + "也"=other). Therefore, "他" more and more acquired the gender-specific meaning "he", with the consequence that nowadays neither "他" nor "她" are perceived as gender-neutral. Another written form of tā is "它" meaning "it," but this can be derogatory, so only use it for a person with their permission. Similarly, tā 牠 is a pronoun "used for non-human animals", <ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> and tā 祂 is usually used for gods. | ||
As the logical gender-neutral character is "他" ("亻" meaning "person"), one solution would be to use a character composed of "男"("male") and "也" to mean "he", which would make it evident that "他" used in the same text can only be meant in a gender-neutral way. However, as Unicode does not provide "男"+"也" as a single character, this is currently only possible in handwriting. | As the logical gender-neutral character is "他" ("亻" meaning "person"), one solution would be to use a character composed of "男"("male") and "也" to mean "he", which would make it evident that "他" used in the same text can only be meant in a gender-neutral way. However, as Unicode does not provide "男"+"也" as a single character, this is currently only possible in handwriting. | ||
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Gender-neutral pronouns in Czech language (čeština) include: | Gender-neutral pronouns in Czech language (čeština) include: | ||
'''onikání''', "which was used in the past as gender-neutral pronoun when refering to someone of lesser status. it’s oni/je/jejich/se they/them/their/themself and the use is: Oni jsou moc milým člověkem. - They are a very nice person."<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | '''onikání''', "which was used in the past as gender-neutral pronoun when refering to someone of lesser status. it’s oni/je/jejich/se they/them/their/themself and the use is: Oni jsou moc milým člověkem. - They are a very nice person."<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> | ||
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Gender-neutral pronouns in Danish language (Dansk) include: | Gender-neutral pronouns in Danish language (Dansk) include: | ||
'''de, dem, deres'''<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | '''de, dem, deres'''<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> | ||
'''hen, hen, hens'''<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | '''hen, hen, hens'''<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> (neopronoun - the variants hæn and høn are equally proposed.)<ref>https://sproget.dk/raad-og-regler/artikler-mv/svarbase/SV00016738</ref> <ref>https://nordjyske.dk/nyheder/han-hun-eller-hoen/13013a26-ec3f-4c10-9833-d80a0fd6ea7e</ref> | ||
==Dutch neutral pronouns== | ==Dutch neutral pronouns== | ||
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Gender-neutral pronouns in Dutch language (Nederlands) include: | Gender-neutral pronouns in Dutch language (Nederlands) include: | ||
'''ze, hun, ze''' "note: literal translation of they, but ze is often used as 'she'"<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | '''ze, hun, ze''' "note: literal translation of they, but ze is often used as 'she'"<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> | ||
'''zij, hen, hun'''<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | '''zij, hen, hun'''<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> | ||
‘’’Die, hen, hun’’’is also often used with die being a translation of who or another way of using a Dutch version of they <ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | ‘’’Die, hen, hun’’’is also often used with die being a translation of who or another way of using a Dutch version of they <ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> | ||
Dutch has three grammatical genders, masculine, feminine and neuter, but most forms are identical for masculine and feminine (while often opposed to neuter). This makes avoidance strategies attractive. E.g. while the third person singular personal pronoun is differentiated between feminine ("zij") and masculine ("hij"), the demonstrative pronoun is identical for these two genders ("die") and can often be used instead. | Dutch has three grammatical genders, masculine, feminine and neuter, but most forms are identical for masculine and feminine (while often opposed to neuter). This makes avoidance strategies attractive. E.g. while the third person singular personal pronoun is differentiated between feminine ("zij") and masculine ("hij"), the demonstrative pronoun is identical for these two genders ("die") and can often be used instead. | ||
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Some neutral pronouns in Estonian language (eesti keel) include: | Some neutral pronouns in Estonian language (eesti keel) include: | ||
'''tema, teda, tema'''. Formal.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | '''tema, teda, tema'''. Formal.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> | ||
'''ta, teda, tema'''.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | '''ta, teda, tema'''.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> | ||
==Finnish neutral pronouns== | ==Finnish neutral pronouns== | ||
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The Finnish language (suomen kieli) doesn't have grammatical gender. There are no pronouns that specifically mean "she" or "he". Everyone is called by the genderless pronoun ''hän''. | The Finnish language (suomen kieli) doesn't have grammatical gender. There are no pronouns that specifically mean "she" or "he". Everyone is called by the genderless pronoun ''hän''. | ||
'''hän, hänen'''. Formal.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | '''hän, hänen'''. Formal.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> | ||
'''se, sen'''. Means "it." Informal but used a lot in slang.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | '''se, sen'''. Means "it." Informal but used a lot in slang.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> | ||
==French neutral pronouns== | ==French neutral pronouns== | ||
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'''per'''.<ref>"Namensgebung? Pronomen? Nicht-binärer Name!" ''nibiTrans*ich'' (blog). http://nibitransich.blogspot.de/2015/06/namensgebung-non-binarer-name.html</ref> used the same as ''er/sie'' | '''per'''.<ref>"Namensgebung? Pronomen? Nicht-binärer Name!" ''nibiTrans*ich'' (blog). http://nibitransich.blogspot.de/2015/06/namensgebung-non-binarer-name.html</ref> used the same as ''er/sie'' | ||
'''sier,''' '''sie_er, sie_r, si_er'''<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> | '''sier,''' '''sie_er, sie_r, si_er''',<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> '''si*er, si:er,'''<ref name="annaheger zine">https://annaheger.wordpress.com/pronomen/zine/ | ||
Only Wayback Machine accessable</ref> '''sier*'''<ref name=":0" />'''.''' From ''sie'' (she) and ''er'' (he). | Only Wayback Machine accessable</ref> '''sier*'''<ref name=":0" />'''.''' From ''sie'' (she) and ''er'' (he). | ||
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'''x'''.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> Has been criticised for being racist when used by white people.<ref>"Warum das x-Pronomen mir Bauchschmerzen bereitet" ''Tea-Riffic'' (blog). [http://teariffic.de/2015/02/18/warum-das-x-pronomen-mir-bauchschmerzen-bereitet/]</ref> | '''x'''.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> Has been criticised for being racist when used by white people.<ref>"Warum das x-Pronomen mir Bauchschmerzen bereitet" ''Tea-Riffic'' (blog). [http://teariffic.de/2015/02/18/warum-das-x-pronomen-mir-bauchschmerzen-bereitet/]</ref> | ||
'''xier/xies/xiem/xien/dier'''. For a person of any gender. Xier, instead of she, he or it, pronounced [ksi:ɐ̯]; xies/xiese/xieser…, a possessive pronoun instead of ''ihr'' and ''sein''; and dier, an article and relative pronoun, instead of ''die'' and ''der'', pronounced [ksi:zɐ], and [di:ɐ̯]. <ref name="annaheger zine" /> <ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> <ref name="annaheger zine | '''xier/xies/xiem/xien/dier'''. For a person of any gender. Xier, instead of she, he or it, pronounced [ksi:ɐ̯]; xies/xiese/xieser…, a possessive pronoun instead of ''ihr'' and ''sein''; and dier, an article and relative pronoun, instead of ''die'' and ''der'', pronounced [ksi:zɐ], and [di:ɐ̯]. <ref name="annaheger zine" /><ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /><ref name="annaheger zine" /> | ||
'''z, zet.'''<ref>@pandanouk. September 5, 2016. https://twitter.com/pandanouk/status/772895165551874049</ref> replacement for er/sie | '''z, zet.'''<ref>@pandanouk. September 5, 2016. https://twitter.com/pandanouk/status/772895165551874049</ref> replacement for er/sie | ||
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'''ele'''. A neutral pronoun that is a mix of the masculine pronoun ''él'' ("he") and a proposed gender-neutral ending letter, -e. This is less common. The plural would be '''elles'''.<ref name="tawnyflower spanish">Phoenix Tawnyflower. "Nonbinary Spanish." May 24, 2014. ''Reflections of a Queer Artist'' (personal blog). http://phoenixtawnyflower.blogspot.com/2014/05/nonbinary-spanish.html</ref> | '''ele'''. A neutral pronoun that is a mix of the masculine pronoun ''él'' ("he") and a proposed gender-neutral ending letter, -e. This is less common. The plural would be '''elles'''.<ref name="tawnyflower spanish">Phoenix Tawnyflower. "Nonbinary Spanish." May 24, 2014. ''Reflections of a Queer Artist'' (personal blog). http://phoenixtawnyflower.blogspot.com/2014/05/nonbinary-spanish.html</ref> | ||
'''ell_'''. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud. This is less common. The _ (underscore) means that the "a" or "o" is left out.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | '''ell_'''. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud. This is less common. The _ (underscore) means that the "a" or "o" is left out.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> | ||
'''ell*'''. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud. This is less common. The * (asterisk) means that the "a" or "o" is left out. Compare the [[Pronouns#*E|splat *e pronouns]] in English, which work by the same idea.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | '''ell*'''. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud. This is less common. The * (asterisk) means that the "a" or "o" is left out. Compare the [[Pronouns#*E|splat *e pronouns]] in English, which work by the same idea.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> | ||
'''ellæ'''. A neutral pronoun. This is less common.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | '''ellæ'''. A neutral pronoun. This is less common.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> | ||
'''ell@'''. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud, or else is pronounced like "ellao". This is non-standard, but one of the most common of these. The @ (at symbol) is meant to be seen as a mix between an "a" and an "o".<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | '''ell@'''. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud, or else is pronounced like "ellao". This is non-standard, but one of the most common of these. The @ (at symbol) is meant to be seen as a mix between an "a" and an "o".<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> | ||
'''elle'''. A neutral pronoun that can be easily said out loud. This is non-standard, but one of the most common of these.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | '''elle'''. A neutral pronoun that can be easily said out loud. This is non-standard, but one of the most common of these.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> It's used by nonbinary people in Chile.<ref>http://linguaphiles.livejournal.com/5990300.html</ref> | ||
'''elli'''. A neutral pronoun that can be said out loud. It's uncommonly used.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | '''elli'''. A neutral pronoun that can be said out loud. It's uncommonly used.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> | ||
'''ellu'''. A neutral pronoun that can be said out loud. It's uncommonly used.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | '''ellu'''. A neutral pronoun that can be said out loud. It's uncommonly used.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> | ||
'''ellx'''. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud. This non-standard, but one of the more common of these. Note that, unlike English coinages such as "princex," which is only for people of color, a neutral x in Spanish is not only for people of color. "Ellx" can be used by white people as well.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | '''ellx'''. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud. This non-standard, but one of the more common of these. Note that, unlike English coinages such as "princex," which is only for people of color, a neutral x in Spanish is not only for people of color. "Ellx" can be used by white people as well.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> | ||
'''ol'''. A neutral pronoun. Non-standard and uncommon. The plural would be '''olles'''. This would go with the non-standard definite article that is also ''ol''.<ref name="tawnyflower spanish"></ref> | '''ol'''. A neutral pronoun. Non-standard and uncommon. The plural would be '''olles'''. This would go with the non-standard definite article that is also ''ol''.<ref name="tawnyflower spanish"></ref> | ||
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In 2014, the Swedish language (Svenska) officially added a new gender-neutral pronoun, ''hen'', which is popular among Swedish-speaking nonbinary people. | In 2014, the Swedish language (Svenska) officially added a new gender-neutral pronoun, ''hen'', which is popular among Swedish-speaking nonbinary people. | ||
'''de, dem (dom), deras'''.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | '''de, dem (dom), deras'''.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> | ||
'''den, den, dens (dess)'''. Means 'it'. This isn't usually used for humans.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" | '''den, den, dens (dess)'''. Means 'it'. This isn't usually used for humans.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> Traditionally, the word ''den'' has been used as a gender neutral pronoun and remains widely used today. However, depending on the context, the word ''den'' can also mean "it," leaving it unsatisfactory as a gender neutral pronoun for many who do not wish to be seen as like an inanimate object. | ||
'''hen, hen (henom), hens (henoms)'''. This neutral pronoun was first proposed in 1966. Since the 1960s, the person pronoun ''hen'' has become increasingly popular. It was proposed independently in 1994, based on the Finnish neutral pronoun ''hän''. It came to be used in magazines and books during the 2000s and 2010s. In 2014, it was officially added to the language. In 2015, it will be added for the first time to ''Svenska Akademiens Ordlista'' (the Swedish equivalent to France's ''Dictionnaire de l'Académie française''). It usage, however, remains somewhat controversial and is vigorously opposed by some. ''Hen'' is used for people whose gender is not known, as well as for nonbinary people who ask to be called by this pronoun. It's not meant to replace the gendered pronouns ''hon'' ("she") and ''han'' ("he"), but to exist together with them. For more information, see the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hen_%28pronoun%29 Wikipedia entry on hen]. | '''hen, hen (henom), hens (henoms)'''. This neutral pronoun was first proposed in 1966. Since the 1960s, the person pronoun ''hen'' has become increasingly popular. It was proposed independently in 1994, based on the Finnish neutral pronoun ''hän''. It came to be used in magazines and books during the 2000s and 2010s. In 2014, it was officially added to the language. In 2015, it will be added for the first time to ''Svenska Akademiens Ordlista'' (the Swedish equivalent to France's ''Dictionnaire de l'Académie française''). It usage, however, remains somewhat controversial and is vigorously opposed by some. ''Hen'' is used for people whose gender is not known, as well as for nonbinary people who ask to be called by this pronoun. It's not meant to replace the gendered pronouns ''hon'' ("she") and ''han'' ("he"), but to exist together with them. For more information, see the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hen_%28pronoun%29 Wikipedia entry on hen]. | ||