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Nonbinary identities worldwide: Difference between revisions
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The European society is, in general, very [[Binarism|binarist]]. However, there are a lot of cultures that, traditionally, have had more than two genders. | The European society is, in general, very [[Binarism|binarist]]. However, there are a lot of cultures that, traditionally, have had more than two genders. | ||
[[File:Puang Matoa 2004.JPG|thumb|250x250px|Puang Matoa, a ''bissu''.]] | |||
== Bugis society == | == Bugis society == | ||
The Bugis people are one of the three biggest ethnic groups located in South Sulawesi (Indonesia). They recognise five genders: ''makkunrai'', ''oroané'', ''bissu'', ''calabai'', and ''calalai. Makkunrai an''d ''oroané'' are the equivalents of [[cisgender]] [[Man|men]] and [[Woman|women]]. ''Calabai'' is similar to [[Transgender|trans women]]; they are assigned male at birth but take female gender roles and their [[gender expression]] is similar to that of cis women. ''Calalai'', on the other hand, is the equivalent to [[Transgender|trans men]]; they are assigned female at birth, but dress and present as cis men.<ref>Carl, John D. (2011). ''Think Sociology'' (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson. </ref> | The Bugis people are one of the three biggest ethnic groups located in South Sulawesi (Indonesia). They recognise five genders: ''makkunrai'', ''oroané'', ''bissu'', ''calabai'', and ''calalai. Makkunrai an''d ''oroané'' are the equivalents of [[cisgender]] [[Man|men]] and [[Woman|women]]. ''Calabai'' is similar to [[Transgender|trans women]]; they are assigned male at birth but take female gender roles and their [[gender expression]] is similar to that of cis women. ''Calalai'', on the other hand, is the equivalent to [[Transgender|trans men]]; they are assigned female at birth, but dress and present as cis men.<ref>Carl, John D. (2011). ''Think Sociology'' (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson. </ref> | ||
''Bissu'' is a gender identity similar to [[multigender]]: they are seen as a combination of all genders. Usually they are also [[intersex]], but not necessarily.<ref>[http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/29/IIASNL29_27.pdf "Sex, Gender, and Priests in South Sulawesi, Indonesia"] (PDF). [[International Institute for Asian Studies]]. Retrieved 2011-07-25.</ref> Bissu people handle the roles of a shaman or a priest.<ref>http://listverse.com/2015/10/21/10-examples-of-nonbinary-genders-throughout-history/</ref> | ''Bissu'' is a gender identity similar to [[multigender]]: they are seen as a combination of all genders. Usually they are also [[intersex]], but not necessarily.<ref>[http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/29/IIASNL29_27.pdf "Sex, Gender, and Priests in South Sulawesi, Indonesia"] (PDF). [[International Institute for Asian Studies]]. Retrieved 2011-07-25.</ref> Bissu people handle the roles of a shaman or a priest.<ref name=":0">Trently, Devin. "[http://listverse.com/2015/10/21/10-examples-of-nonbinary-genders-throughout-history/ 10 Examples Of Nonbinary Genders Throughout History]". ''ListVerse''. 21 October 2015. | ||
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[[File:A group of Hijra in Bangladesh.jpg|left|thumb|215x215px|A group of Hijra in Bangladesh.]] | |||
== Hijras == | |||
In Pakistan, India and Bangladesh, Hijras are assigned male at birth that take on the traditional roles of women, and they are recognised as a third gender by the government.<ref>[http://pandeia.eu/region/inter/hijras-and-bangladesh-the-creation-of-a-third-gender/ "Hijras and Bangladesh: The creation of a third gender"]. ''pandeia.eu''. 2 December 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2016.</ref> Traditionally, they act as a spiritual bargainer, and they go to houses with newborns to bless them.<ref name=":0" /> Some of the hijras undergo a ritual, the ''nirwaan'', to remove their penis, scrotum and testicles.<ref>Nanda, S. "Hijras: An Alternative Sex and Gender Role in India (in Herdt, G. (1996) Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History. Zone Books.)</ref> | |||
Although they are officially recognised, the discrimination against them is still widespread.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Nonbinary identities]] | [[Category:Nonbinary identities]] | ||