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'''Uranian''', or '''Urning''', is a term used during the 19th and early-20th centuries for a varying set of gender and sexual identities, originally with ''Mannling'' Uranians generally describing effeminate homosexual men, and ''Weibling'' Uranians describing people who were not [[Sexes|assigned female at birth]] but whose gender identity and expression is female. Aside from ''Mannling'' and ''Weibling'', several other sub-classifications of Uranians exist solely based on sexuality.<ref name="Ulrichs1">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_bAkQAAAAYAAJ|title=Forschungen über das Räthsel der mannmännlichen Liebe|last=Ulrichs|first=Karl Heinrich|date=|publisher=C. Hübscher'sche Buchhandlung (Hugo Heyn)|others=|year=1868|location=Leipzig|pages=10|archive-url=False|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> | '''Uranian''', or '''Urning''', is a term used during the 19th and early-20th centuries for a varying set of gender and sexual identities, originally with ''Mannling'' Uranians generally describing effeminate homosexual men, and ''Weibling'' Uranians describing people who were not [[Sexes|assigned female at birth]] but whose gender identity and expression is female. Aside from ''Mannling'' and ''Weibling'', several other sub-classifications of Uranians exist solely based on sexuality.<ref name="Ulrichs1">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_bAkQAAAAYAAJ|title=Forschungen über das Räthsel der mannmännlichen Liebe|last=Ulrichs|first=Karl Heinrich|date=|publisher=C. Hübscher'sche Buchhandlung (Hugo Heyn)|others=|year=1868|location=Leipzig|pages=10|archive-url=False|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> | ||
Although the specific distinction between the sub-classifications of Uranians originally existed, by the early-20th century the original sub-classifications were rarely used, and Uranian on its own had broadened into an umbrella term for homosexual men, third gender people,<ref name="Lewis">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-3d4PKb3_NkC&newbks=0&redir_esc=y|title=Studies in the Psychology of Sex: Sexual Inversion|last=Ellis|first=Havelock|publisher=F. A. Davis Company|year=1901|location=Philadelphia|pages=227-231|language=en|archive-url= | Although the specific distinction between the sub-classifications of Uranians originally existed, by the early-20th century the original sub-classifications were rarely used, and Uranian on its own had broadened into an umbrella term for homosexual men, third gender people,<ref name="Lewis">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-3d4PKb3_NkC&newbks=0&redir_esc=y|title=Studies in the Psychology of Sex: Sexual Inversion|last=Ellis|first=Havelock|publisher=F. A. Davis Company|year=1901|location=Philadelphia|pages=227-231|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721125052/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-3d4PKb3_NkC&newbks=0&redir_esc=y|archive-date=21 July 2023|access-date=23 June 2021|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> nonbinary people, and others. | ||
In a book by Karl Heinrich Ulrichs from 1868, where where the term ''Urning'' (a German word from which the English "Uranian" is said to have derived) is first used, the separate term [[Urningin]] is proposed. This is defined as homosexual, assigned female at birth people who identify and express themselves in a generally-masculine way.<ref name="Ulrichs2">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_bAkQAAAAYAAJ|title=Forschungen über das Räthsel der mannmännlichen Liebe|last=Ulrichs|first=Karl Heinrich|date=|publisher=C. Hübscher'sche Buchhandlung (Hugo Heyn)|others=|year=1868|location=Leipzig|pages=6|archive-url=False|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> Urningin was rarely used however, and its meaning was (by the early-20th century) generally considered to fall within the range of meanings of Uranian on its own. | In a book by Karl Heinrich Ulrichs from 1868, where where the term ''Urning'' (a German word from which the English "Uranian" is said to have derived) is first used, the separate term [[Urningin]] is proposed. This is defined as homosexual, assigned female at birth people who identify and express themselves in a generally-masculine way.<ref name="Ulrichs2">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_bAkQAAAAYAAJ|title=Forschungen über das Räthsel der mannmännlichen Liebe|last=Ulrichs|first=Karl Heinrich|date=|publisher=C. Hübscher'sche Buchhandlung (Hugo Heyn)|others=|year=1868|location=Leipzig|pages=6|archive-url=False|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> Urningin was rarely used however, and its meaning was (by the early-20th century) generally considered to fall within the range of meanings of Uranian on its own. | ||
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====Adolf==== | ====Adolf==== | ||
[[File:Uranian drawing.PNG|thumb|311x311px|A drawing made by Adolf, a schizophrenia patient who identified himself as Uranian, when explaining his gender identity to the psychoanalyst Dudley Ward Fay in 1922.]] | [[File:Uranian drawing.PNG|thumb|311x311px|A drawing made by Adolf, a schizophrenia patient who identified himself as Uranian, when explaining his gender identity to the psychoanalyst Dudley Ward Fay in 1922.]] | ||
In 1922, Dudley Ward Fay, a psychoanalyst, visited a hospital for mental illnesses where he came into contact with a person, diagnosed with schizophrenia, who identified himself as a Uranian. (Fay uses he/him pronouns in his work to refer to the individual.) As part of an agreement reached concerning publication, Fay refers to the individual as Adolf, withholding his true identity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=67BIAAAAYAAJ|title=The Psychoanalytic Review|date=1922|publisher=National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis|year=1922|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=267|language=en|volume=9|archive-url= | In 1922, Dudley Ward Fay, a psychoanalyst, visited a hospital for mental illnesses where he came into contact with a person, diagnosed with schizophrenia, who identified himself as a Uranian. (Fay uses he/him pronouns in his work to refer to the individual.) As part of an agreement reached concerning publication, Fay refers to the individual as Adolf, withholding his true identity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=67BIAAAAYAAJ|title=The Psychoanalytic Review|date=1922|publisher=National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis|year=1922|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=267|language=en|volume=9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721115052/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=67BIAAAAYAAJ|archive-date=21 July 2023|access-date=21 June 2021|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> There was no correlation between Adolf's schizophrenia diagnosis and his gender identity, with both relating to Adolf simply being a coincidence. Both before experiencing any symptoms of schizophrenia, and being released from the hospital, Adolf is reported to have made remarks and conducted himself in ways not traditionally seen as completely masculine. | ||
In an interview with his parents, Adolf was described as having "never cared much for rough and tumble play and was inclined to play indoors and read rather than mingle with studier boys outside."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=67BIAAAAYAAJ|title=The Psychoanalytic Review|date=1922|publisher=National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis|year=1922|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=269|language=en|volume=9|archive-url= | In an interview with his parents, Adolf was described as having "never cared much for rough and tumble play and was inclined to play indoors and read rather than mingle with studier boys outside."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=67BIAAAAYAAJ|title=The Psychoanalytic Review|date=1922|publisher=National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis|year=1922|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=269|language=en|volume=9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721115052/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=67BIAAAAYAAJ|archive-date=21 July 2023|access-date=21 June 2021|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> During his late-teens, Adolf became romantically involved with several men, occasionally making remarks that less-masculine men were superior to more masculine ones. During this same period, many of his actions and decisions became more rash, eventually culminating in an episode of psychosis requiring hospitalization. During the first day of his hospitalization, Adolf revealed to his doctor that he was "of the intermediate sex (not strongly masculine)".<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=67BIAAAAYAAJ|title=The Psychoanalytic Review|date=1922|publisher=National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis|year=1922|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=275|language=en|volume=9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721115052/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=67BIAAAAYAAJ|archive-date=21 July 2023|access-date=21 June 2021|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Resulting from his schizophrenia, many of Adolf's statements became progressively more unclear and nonsensical, although reflecting on his gender identity was a reoccurring theme: | ||
{{quote|"I'm ambidextrous, ambisextrous. I'm intermediate sex."<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=67BIAAAAYAAJ|title=The Psychoanalytic Review|date=1922|publisher=National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis|year=1922|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=281|language=en|volume=9|archive-url= | {{quote|"I'm ambidextrous, ambisextrous. I'm intermediate sex."<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=67BIAAAAYAAJ|title=The Psychoanalytic Review|date=1922|publisher=National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis|year=1922|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=281|language=en|volume=9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721115052/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=67BIAAAAYAAJ|archive-date=21 July 2023|access-date=21 June 2021|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>}} | ||
{{quote|[I'm] Uranian. Uranus for the benefit of the Uranians.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=67BIAAAAYAAJ|title=The Psychoanalytic Review|date=1922|publisher=National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis|year=1922|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=283|language=en|volume=9|archive-url= | {{quote|[I'm] Uranian. Uranus for the benefit of the Uranians.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=67BIAAAAYAAJ|title=The Psychoanalytic Review|date=1922|publisher=National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis|year=1922|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=283|language=en|volume=9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721115052/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=67BIAAAAYAAJ|archive-date=21 July 2023|access-date=21 June 2021|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>}} | ||
By the fourth month of Adolf's observation by Fay, he seems to have identified more so as Uranian and/or female than any point previously. Many of Adolf's statements during his hospitalization were significantly affected by his schizophrenia, although upon his release, he still considered himself to be at least somewhat less male than his peers. Begun shortly before, and continued after his release, Fay attempted to pressure Adolf toward "trying to become male", which may be considered an attempt at [[nonbinary erasure]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=67BIAAAAYAAJ|title=The Psychoanalytic Review|date=1922|publisher=National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis|year=1922|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=323|language=en|volume=9|archive-url= | By the fourth month of Adolf's observation by Fay, he seems to have identified more so as Uranian and/or female than any point previously. Many of Adolf's statements during his hospitalization were significantly affected by his schizophrenia, although upon his release, he still considered himself to be at least somewhat less male than his peers. Begun shortly before, and continued after his release, Fay attempted to pressure Adolf toward "trying to become male", which may be considered an attempt at [[nonbinary erasure]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=67BIAAAAYAAJ|title=The Psychoanalytic Review|date=1922|publisher=National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis|year=1922|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=323|language=en|volume=9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721115052/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=67BIAAAAYAAJ|archive-date=21 July 2023|access-date=21 June 2021|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> | ||
=== Modern-day usage === | === Modern-day usage === |