Two-spirit: Difference between revisions

*Wíŋkte is the contraction of an older Lakota word, ''Winyanktehca'', meaning "wants to be like a woman".<ref name="Medicine">{{cite web | last = Medicine | first =Beatrice | authorlink = | title = Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies: Two Spirits and Other Categories by Beatrice Medicine | work = Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (Unit 3, Chapter 2). W. J. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes, & D. N. Sattler (Eds.)| publisher = Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University |date=2002 | url = http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~culture/medicine.htm | archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20030330115133/http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~culture/medicine.htm | archivedate = 2003-03-30 | doi = | accessdate = 2015-07-07 }}</ref> ''[[Winkte]]'' are a social category in historical Lakota culture, of male-bodied people who in some cases have adopted the clothing, work, and mannerisms that Lakota culture usually consider [[feminine]]. In contemporary Lakota culture, the term is most commonly associated with simply being gay. Both historically and in modern culture, usually ''winkte'' are [[homosexual]], though they may or may not consider themselves part of the more mainstream [[LGBT]] communities. Some ''winkte'' participate in the pan-Indian Two Spirit community.<ref name="Medicine" /> While historical accounts of their status vary widely, most accounts, notably those by other Lakota, see the ''winkte'' as regular members of the community, and neither marginalized for their status, nor seen as exceptional. Other writings, usually historical accounts by anthropologists, hold the ''winkte'' as sacred, occupying a liminal, third gender role in the culture and born to fulfill ceremonial roles that cannot be filled by either men or women.<ref name="Medicine" /> In contemporary Lakota communities, attitudes towards the ''winkte'' vary from accepting to homophobic.<ref name="Medicine" /><ref name="WinkteInterview">{{cite web|last1=Druke|first1=Galen |url=https://www.wpr.org/native-american-two-spirit-people-serve-unique-roles-within-their-communities

|title=Native American 'Two-Spirit People' Serve Unique Roles Within Their Communities – One 'Winkte' Talks About Role Of LGBT People In Lakota Culture|publisher=Wisconsin Public Radio|date=27 June 2014 |accessdate=1 October 2017 |ref=harv}}</ref>

Phillips. Native North American Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-284218-3}} . pg. 34</ref> In traditional Navajo culture, ''nádleeh'' are male-bodied individuals described by those in their communities as "effeminate male", or as "half woman, half man".<ref name="Estrada" /> A 2009 documentary about the tragic murder of ''nádleeh'' Fred Martinez, entitled, ''Two Spirits'', contributed to awareness of these terms and cultures.<ref name="Estrada" /> A Navajo gender spectrum that has been described is that of four genders: feminine woman, masculine woman, feminine man, masculine man.<ref name="Estrada" />

*Ojibwe: ''ikwekaazo'', "Men who chose to function as women" / "one who endeavors to be like a woman".<ref name="Treur2011">{{cite book|last1=Treuer|first1=Anton|editor1-last=|editor1-first=|title= The Assassination of Hole in the Day|date=2011|publisher=Borealis Books|location=|isbn=|page=|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1aIrg3wiUyoC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q=ininiikaazo%20&f=false|accessdate=17 October 2016|chapter=Women and Gender}}</ref>