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Discrimination against nonbinary people: Difference between revisions
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{{Content warning|specific cases of discrimination, harassment, abuse, and violence}} | {{Content warning|specific cases of discrimination, harassment, abuse, and violence}} | ||
[[File:TransGender Equality-Symbol black-and-white.svg|thumb|Transgender equality symbol.]] | [[File:TransGender Equality-Symbol black-and-white.svg|thumb|Transgender equality symbol.]] | ||
'''Discrimination against nonbinary people''', also known as '''exorsexism'''<ref>https://vergess.tumblr.com/post/143919554200/xor-gender-chart</ref>, happens in all countries, and can take many forms. People who have a [[nonbinary]] [[gender identity]] (that is, who don't think of themselves as simply [[female]] or [[male]]) face the sexism that affects all [[transgender]] people ([[cissexism#transphobia|transphobia]] and [[cissexism]]), along with some forms of discrimination that specifically affect nonbinary people, such as '''[[nonbinary erasure]]'''. Depending on their [[ethnicity and culture]], they may also face '''[[binarism]]'''. | '''Discrimination against nonbinary people''', also known as '''exorsexism'''<ref>https://vergess.tumblr.com/post/143919554200/xor-gender-chart [https://web.archive.org/web/20230521021817/https://vergess.tumblr.com/post/143919554200/xor-gender-chart Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>, happens in all countries, and can take many forms. People who have a [[nonbinary]] [[gender identity]] (that is, who don't think of themselves as simply [[female]] or [[male]]) face the sexism that affects all [[transgender]] people ([[cissexism#transphobia|transphobia]] and [[cissexism]]), along with some forms of discrimination that specifically affect nonbinary people, such as '''[[nonbinary erasure]]'''. Depending on their [[ethnicity and culture]], they may also face '''[[binarism]]'''. | ||
==Discrimination== | ==Discrimination== | ||
A 2008 study in the ''National Transgender Discrimination Survey'' showed that genderqueer and other non-binary individuals were more likely to suffer physical assaults (32% vs. 25%), experience police brutality and harassment (31% vs. 21%), and opt out of medical treatment due to discrimination (36% vs. 27%), compared to transgender individuals who identified within the gender binary (i.e., [[transgender men]] and [[transgender women]]). This study also found that they were more likely to be people of color (30% vs. 23%) and younger (under 45) than [[binary genders|binary]] transgender people (89% vs. 68%).<ref>Jack Harrison, Jaime Grant, Jody L. Herman. "A Gender Not Listed Here: Genderqueers, Gender Rebels, and Otherwise in the National Transgender Discrimination Survey." Harvard Kennedy School. ''LGBTQ Policy Journal'' Vol. 2, p. 22. 2011–2012 http://www.thetaskforce.org/downloads/release_materials/agendernotlistedhere.pdf</ref> | A 2008 study in the ''National Transgender Discrimination Survey'' showed that genderqueer and other non-binary individuals were more likely to suffer physical assaults (32% vs. 25%), experience police brutality and harassment (31% vs. 21%), and opt out of medical treatment due to discrimination (36% vs. 27%), compared to transgender individuals who identified within the gender binary (i.e., [[transgender men]] and [[transgender women]]). This study also found that they were more likely to be people of color (30% vs. 23%) and younger (under 45) than [[binary genders|binary]] transgender people (89% vs. 68%).<ref>Jack Harrison, Jaime Grant, Jody L. Herman. "A Gender Not Listed Here: Genderqueers, Gender Rebels, and Otherwise in the National Transgender Discrimination Survey." Harvard Kennedy School. ''LGBTQ Policy Journal'' Vol. 2, p. 22. 2011–2012 http://www.thetaskforce.org/downloads/release_materials/agendernotlistedhere.pdf [https://web.archive.org/web/20230520000818/https://www.thetaskforce.org/downloads/release_materials/agendernotlistedhere.pdf Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> | ||
In 2015, a petition asked for the legal [[Recognition (UK)|recognition of nonbinary genders in the United Kingdom]]. The Ministry of Justice refused to grant this, saying: | In 2015, a petition asked for the legal [[Recognition (UK)|recognition of nonbinary genders in the United Kingdom]]. The Ministry of Justice refused to grant this, saying: | ||
<blockquote>"The Equality Act 2010 protects people from discrimination if it arises from their being perceived as either male or female. We recognise that a very small number of people consider themselves to be of neither gender. We are not aware that that results in any specific detriment, and it is not Government policy to identify such people for the purpose of issuing non-gender-specific official documents".<ref>https://petition.parliament.uk/petitions/104639</ref></blockquote> | <blockquote>"The Equality Act 2010 protects people from discrimination if it arises from their being perceived as either male or female. We recognise that a very small number of people consider themselves to be of neither gender. We are not aware that that results in any specific detriment, and it is not Government policy to identify such people for the purpose of issuing non-gender-specific official documents".<ref>https://petition.parliament.uk/petitions/104639 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230405153640/https://petition.parliament.uk/petitions/104639 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref></blockquote> | ||
The Ministry of Justice chose not to recognize nonbinary genders because it believes they are too few, and it believes that they don't face any discrimination. It didn't give proof of either of these views. It said that nonbinary people are not protected under the Equality Act, which was created to protect other kinds of transgender people. In response, many nonbinary people in the UK voiced their objections to this. ''[[Beyond the Binary (magazine)|Beyond the Binary]]'', a magazine run by nonbinary people, collected responses from 80 nonbinary people about what kinds of discrimination they have faced for being nonbinary, and said of these, | The Ministry of Justice chose not to recognize nonbinary genders because it believes they are too few, and it believes that they don't face any discrimination. It didn't give proof of either of these views. It said that nonbinary people are not protected under the Equality Act, which was created to protect other kinds of transgender people. In response, many nonbinary people in the UK voiced their objections to this. ''[[Beyond the Binary (magazine)|Beyond the Binary]]'', a magazine run by nonbinary people, collected responses from 80 nonbinary people about what kinds of discrimination they have faced for being nonbinary, and said of these, | ||
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== Enbyphobia == | == Enbyphobia == | ||
'''Enbyphobia''' (or '''exorsexism''') is a specific form of [[transphobia]] that affects [[nonbinary]] people. It is an ignorant attitude toward nonbinary people that leads to prejudiced actions. <ref>https://beyond-mogai-pride-flags.tumblr.com/post/167039576895/hi-i-just-saw-the-term-enbyphobia-but-i-cant</ref>. The term comes from "enby" which is an abbreviation of the word "nonbinary (NB)," and is used as a specifically nonbinary equivalent to 'boy' or 'girl'. | '''Enbyphobia''' (or '''exorsexism''') is a specific form of [[transphobia]] that affects [[nonbinary]] people. It is an ignorant attitude toward nonbinary people that leads to prejudiced actions. <ref>https://beyond-mogai-pride-flags.tumblr.com/post/167039576895/hi-i-just-saw-the-term-enbyphobia-but-i-cant [https://web.archive.org/web/20210317173916/https://beyond-mogai-pride-flags.tumblr.com/post/167039576895/hi-i-just-saw-the-term-enbyphobia-but-i-cant Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>. The term comes from "enby" which is an abbreviation of the word "nonbinary (NB)," and is used as a specifically nonbinary equivalent to 'boy' or 'girl'. | ||
Enbyphobia is prevalent in [[queer]] and [[transgender]] spaces as well. For example, nonbinary people are often told that they should just pick a binary gender or that they aren't part of the community. In addition, the [[gender expression]] of nonbinary people is often expected to be [[androgyny|androgynous]], and expressions of masculinity or femininity is seen as strange and invalid. <ref>https://badapplepie.wordpress.com/2016/10/26/enbyphobia-in-cistrans-spaces/</ref> | Enbyphobia is prevalent in [[queer]] and [[transgender]] spaces as well. For example, nonbinary people are often told that they should just pick a binary gender or that they aren't part of the community. In addition, the [[gender expression]] of nonbinary people is often expected to be [[androgyny|androgynous]], and expressions of masculinity or femininity is seen as strange and invalid. <ref>https://badapplepie.wordpress.com/2016/10/26/enbyphobia-in-cistrans-spaces/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20210330135403/https://badapplepie.wordpress.com/2016/10/26/enbyphobia-in-cistrans-spaces/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> | ||
==Related forms of sexism== | ==Related forms of sexism== | ||
[[Sexism]] that discriminates against nonbinary people has some relationship to these other kinds of sexism: | [[Sexism]] that discriminates against nonbinary people has some relationship to these other kinds of sexism: | ||
* Oppositional sexism, a way of thought in which female and male are thought of not only as the only two sexes/genders, but as opposites that can only have opposite characteristics, such as "strong" and "weak". An example of this is the fact that many associate the concepts of yin and yang with binary genders, even though their origins came from observations of hills, their shadows, and the relationships between the shadows and the direction of the sun from the observer's location.<ref>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy ~ http://www.iep.utm.edu/yinyang/</ref> | * Oppositional sexism, a way of thought in which female and male are thought of not only as the only two sexes/genders, but as opposites that can only have opposite characteristics, such as "strong" and "weak". An example of this is the fact that many associate the concepts of yin and yang with binary genders, even though their origins came from observations of hills, their shadows, and the relationships between the shadows and the direction of the sun from the observer's location.<ref>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy ~ http://www.iep.utm.edu/yinyang/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20230601225124/https://iep.utm.edu/yinyang/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> | ||
* [[Cissexism]], a way of thought in which only [[cisgender]] people are seen as normal or right. A more actively harmful form of cissexism is transphobia. Cissexism is harmful to all kinds of transgender people, including non-binary people. | * [[Cissexism]], a way of thought in which only [[cisgender]] people are seen as normal or right. A more actively harmful form of cissexism is transphobia. Cissexism is harmful to all kinds of transgender people, including non-binary people. | ||
* [[Intersex#Dyadism|Dyadism]], the common but wrong idea that there are only two physical sexes. Dyadism is harmful to people who were born with [[intersex]] conditions. | * [[Intersex#Dyadism|Dyadism]], the common but wrong idea that there are only two physical sexes. Dyadism is harmful to people who were born with [[intersex]] conditions. | ||