Phalloplasty
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==Techniques and related procedures==
There are different techniques for phalloplasty. Construction of a new penis (sometimes called a neophallus) typically involves taking a tissue flap from a donor site (such as the forearm). Extending the urethra through the length of the neophallus is another goal of phalloplasty.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morrison|first=Shane D.|last2=Shakir|first2=Afaaf|last3=Vyas|first3=Krishna S.|last4=Kirby|first4=Johanna|last5=Crane|first5=Curtis N.|last6=Lee|first6=Gordon K.|date=September 2016|title=Phalloplasty: A Review of Techniques and Outcomes|journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|volume=138|issue=3|pages=594–615|doi=10.1097/PRS.0000000000002518|pmid=27556603|issn=0032-1052}}</ref>.
Temporary lengthening can also be gained by a procedure that releases the suspensory ligament where it is attached to the pubic bone, thereby allowing the penis to be advanced toward the outside of the body. The procedure is performed through a discreet horizontal incision located in the pubic region where the pubic hair will help conceal the incision site. However, scar formation can cause the penis to retract. Therefore, the American Urological Association "considers the division of the suspensory ligament of the penis for increasing penile length in adults to be a procedure which has not been shown to be safe or efficacious."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.auanet.org/guidelines/penile-augmentation-surgery|title=American Urological Association - Penile Augmentation Surgery|website=www.auanet.org|access-date=2018-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522060033/http://www.auanet.org/guidelines/penile-augmentation-surgery|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
As of November 2009, there is research in progress to synthesize ''corpora cavernosa'' (erectile tissue) in the lab on rabbits for eventual use in patients requiring penile construction surgery. Of the rabbits used in the preliminary studies, 8 of 12 had biological responses to sexual stimuli that were similar to the control, and four caused impregnation.<ref>[http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/11/12/0909367106.full "Bioengineered corporal tissue for structural and functional restoration of the penis" by Kuo-Liang Chen, Daniel Eberli, James J. Yoo, and Anthony Atala (''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'', Vol. 106 No. 45, November 9, 2009)]</ref>
==Techniques and related procedures==There are different techniques for phalloplasty. Construction of a new penis (sometimes called a neophallus) typically involves taking a tissue flap from a donor site (such as the forearm). Extending the urethra through the length of the neophallus is another goal of phalloplasty.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morrison|first=Shane D.|last2=Shakir|first2=Afaaf|last3=Vyas|first3=Krishna S.|last4=Kirby|first4=Johanna|last5=Crane|first5=Curtis N.|last6=Lee|first6=Gordon K.|date=September 2016|title=Phalloplasty: A Review of Techniques and Outcomes|journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|volume=138|issue=3|pages=594–615|doi=10.1097/PRS.0000000000002518|pmid=27556603|issn=0032-1052}}</ref>.Temporary lengthening can also be gained by a procedure that releases the suspensory ligament where it is attached to the pubic bone, thereby allowing the penis to be advanced toward the outside of the body. The procedure is performed through a discreet horizontal incision located in the pubic region where the pubic hair will help conceal the incision site. However, scar formation can cause the penis to retract. Therefore, the American Urological Association "considers the division of the suspensory ligament of the penis for increasing penile length in adults to be a procedure which has not been shown to be safe or efficacious."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.auanet.org/guidelines/penile-augmentation-surgery|title=American Urological Association - Penile Augmentation Surgery|website=www.auanet.org|access-date=2018-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522060033/http://www.auanet.org/guidelines/penile-augmentation-surgery|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>As of November 2009, there is research in progress to synthesize ''corpora cavernosa'' (erectile tissue) in the lab on rabbits for eventual use in patients requiring penile construction surgery. Of the rabbits used in the preliminary studies, 8 of 12 had biological responses to sexual stimuli that were similar to the control, and four caused impregnation.<ref>[http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/11/12/0909367106.full "Bioengineered corporal tissue for structural and functional restoration of the penis" by Kuo-Liang Chen, Daniel Eberli, James J. Yoo, and Anthony Atala (''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'', Vol. 106 No. 45, November 9, 2009)]</ref>