Gender neutral language in Portuguese

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    Revision as of 20:22, 4 June 2024 by 213.22.212.106 (talk)

    This page is fake. Portuguese, French and Spanish are gendered languages. Entire new languages would need to be created to change that which translates in culture loss. I am sorry but this page is fake and probably computer generated.

    Language sets

    There are two established ways of representing language sets in the Portuguese language. The first one, ela/dela follows the same format as the English "she/her," however, it is very incomplete. In Portuguese, word endings indicate gender, so the format ela/dela/-a was suggested as an alternative. Though this format is more complete than the previous one, it has been criticized. Some of the criticisms are that it doesn't take the particularities of the Portuguese language into account; that the other elements in the language that indicate gender, like articles and demonstrative pronouns, should also be declared and that article and word ending choice are unrelated to pronoun choice. For these reasons, the recommended representation is a/ela/a, which follows the format article/pronoun/word ending.[1] An even more complete version of this format would be a/uma/da/ela/dela/minha/essa/a.[2] Note that, because pronouns aren't the only language elements that indicate gender in Portuguese, some people suggest calling these sets language sets instead of pronoun sets.

    Articles

    In Portuguese, there are two types of articles: definite articles - a, o, as, os (equivalent to the English "the") - and indefinite articles - uma, um, umas, uns (equivalent to the English "a" and "an") - all of which are gendered.[3]

    The definite articles a and o compared to neutral alternatives:[4]
    a/o ae el fi i u ê le
    a/o estudante ae estudante el estudante fi estudante i estudante u estudante ê estudante le estudante

    There are many other alternatives, though ê is, by far, the most used one. As for indefinite articles, these depend on the word ending that was chosen.

    Articles affected by word ending:[4]
    Word ending a ae e eo o oa
    um + word ending uma(s) umae(s) ume(s) umeo(s) umo(s) umoa(s)

    Pronouns

    In Portuguese, there are two standard personal pronouns for the third person singular and two for the third person plural. Ela is equivalent to the English "she" and ele is equivalent to the English "he," while elas and eles are both equivalent to the English plural "they." Portuguese-speaking non-binary people who don't feel comfortable with these have had to come up with neopronouns.

    Ela and ele compared to some Portuguese neopronouns:[5][6][7][8]
    ela/e(s) ael(s) el(s) el@(s)* elu(s) elx(s)* ile(s) ilu(s) êla(s) ilo(s) ila(s) elo(s)
    dela/e(s) dael(s) del(s) del@(s) delu(s) delx(s) dile(s) dilu(s) dêla(s) dilo(s) dila(s) delo(s)
    nela/e(s) nael(s) nel(s) nel@(s) nelu(s) nelx(s) nile(s) nilu(s) nêla(s) nilo(s) nila(s) nelo(s)
    aquela/e(s) aquael(s) aquel(s) aquel@(s) aquelu(s) aquelx(s) aquile(s) aquilu(s) aquêla(s) aquilo(s) aquila(s) aquelo(s)
    daquela/e(s) daquael(s) daquel(s) daquel@(s) daquelu(s) daquelx(s) daquile(s) daquilu(s) daquêla(s) daquilo(s) daquila(s) daquelo(s)
    naquela/e(s) naquael(s) naquel(s) naquel@(s) naquelu(s) naquelx(s) naquile(s) naquilu(s) naquêla(s) naquilo(s) naquila(s) naquelo(s)
    àquela/e(s) àquael(s) àquel(s) àquel@(s) àquelu(s) àquelx(s) àquile(s) àquilu(s) àquêla(s) àquilo(s) àquila(s) àquelo(s)
    praquela/e(s) praquael(s) praquel(s) praquel@(s) praquelu(s) praquelx(s) praquile(s) praquilus(s) praquêla(s) praquilos(s) praquilas(s) praquelo(s)

    *The use of these sets has been increasingly discouraged for the following reasons: they aren't convenient for people who use screen readers; they can be hard to read for people with dyslexia and they aren't orally pronounceable.[9]

    The most well known and most used Portuguese neopronoun is elu. Its use is encouraged, mainly because it fits in with the pronouns ela ("she") and ele ("he") and it is easily pronounceable. Some people pronounce it as "élu", while others pronounce it as "êlu". A third option is saying "elú".

    Some pronouns can depend on the word ending chosen by the user. While each pronoun, typically, has a word ending tied to it, using concordant language is not mandatory. Someone may use the word ending eo while using the pronoun ile, for example.

    Pronouns that can be affected by word ending:[4]
    Word ending a ae e eo o u oa
    est + word ending esta(s) estae(s) este(s) esteo(s) esto(s) estu(s) estoa(s)
    ess + word ending essa(s) essae(s) esse(s) esseo(s) esso(s) essu(s) essoa(s)
    mi or minh + word ending minha(s) minhae(s) minhe(s) minheo(s) minho(s) minhu(s) minhoa(s)
    tu + word ending tua(s) tuae(s) tue(s) tueo(s) tuo(s) tu(s) tuoa(s)
    su or su + word ending sua(s) suae(s) sue(s) sueo(s) suo(s) su(s) suoa(s)

    The pronouns esta and essa can follow one of two paths when being converted to neutral forms. Est/ess + word ending or letters of personal pronoun before consonant + st/ss + letters of personal pronoun after consonant. The latter only works if the personal pronoun has a consonant in the middle, so it'd work for ilu and ile (issu/istu and isse/iste) but not for ael (aess/aest), for example.[10]

    Word endings

    In the Portuguese language, the ending of a word typically indicates gender. For this reason, the vast majority of words have two forms: the masculine and the feminine. Feminine words end in a, while masculine words end in o.[11] The word "friend," a noun, can translate to amiga or amigo. The same rule applies to adjectives, however, so "tall" can translate to either alta or alto. Moreover, adjectives and nouns are expected to agree in gender. Some non-binary people use more than one word ending and may not mind that non-concordant language is used when referring to them, like in the sentence ae meu amiga é bonito. New word endings were created to accomodate people who don't feel comfortable with either of the standard word endings.

    Word endings a and o compared to neutral alternatives:[4][12][13]
    a/o ae e eo ie u y oa
    menina/o meninae menine menineo meninie meninu meniny meninoa
    parceira/o parceirae parceire parceireo parceirie parceiru parceiry parceiroa
    companheira/o companheirae companheire companheireo companheirie companheiru companheiry companheiroa
    adulta/o adultae adulte adulteo adultie adultu adulty adultoa
    aluna/o alunae alune aluneo alunie alunu aluny alunoa
    ambígua/o ambíguae ambígue ambígueo ambíguie ambígu ambíguy ambíguoa
    amiga/o amigae amigue amigueo amiguie amigu amiguy amigoa
    feia/o feiae feie feieo feie feiu feiy feioa
    dona/o donae done doneo donie donu dony donoa
    convidada/o convidadae convidade convidadeo convidadie convidadu convidady convidadoa
    brasileira/o brasileirae brasileire brasileireo brasileirie brasileiru brasileiry brasileiroa
    garota/o garotae garote garoteo garotie garotu garoty garotoa
    estrangeira/o estrangeirae estrangeire estrangeireo estrangeirie estrangeiru estrangeiry estrangeiroa
    moça/o moçae moce moceo mocie moçu mocy moçoa
    menina/o meninae menine menineo meninie meninu meniny meninoa
    solteira/o solteirae solteire solteireo solteirie solteiru solteiry solteiroa
    prima/o primae prime primeo primie primu primy primoa
    namorada/o namoradae namorade namoradeo namoradie namoradu namorady namoradoa
    política/o políticae polítique polítiqueo polítiquie políticu polítiquy políticoa
    psicóloga/o psicólogae psicólogue psicólogueo psicóloguie psicólogu psicóloguy psicólogoa
    veterana/o veteranae veterane veteraneo veteranie veteranu veterany veteranoa
    zagueira/o zagueirae zagueire zagueireo zagueirie zagueiru zagueiry zagueiroa
    usuária/o usuáriae usuárie usuárieo usuárie usuáriu usuáriy usuárioa
    noiva/o noivae noive noiveo noivie noivu noiviy noivoa
    obrigada/o obrigadae obrigade obrigadeo obrigadie obrigadu obrigady obrigadoa
    secretária/o secretáriae secretárie secretárieo secretárie secretáriu secretáriy secretárioa

    Some words, such as heteronyms, are also inflected in the beginning, some examples and proposals below.[14][15][16]

    madrinha/padrinho nadrinhe xadrinhe adrinhe fadrinhe badrinhe zadrinhe
    madre/padre nadre xadre adre fadre badre zadre
    madrasta/padrasto nadraste xadraste adraste fadraste badraste zadraste
    matriarca/patriarca natriarca xatriarca atriarca fadriarca batriarca zatriarca
    maternidade/paternidade naternidade xaternidade aternidade faternidade baternidade zaternidade
    mãe/pai nãe/nam pãe ade zazi

    See also

    References

    1. "Motivos para não usar "pronome/d[pronome]" como indicação de conjuntos de linguagem" [Reasons not to use "pronoun/d[pronoun]" as an indication of language sets]. Amplifi.casa (in Portuguese). 20 September 2019. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
    2. "expansão do sistema artigo/pronome/final de palavra?" [expansion of the article/pronoun/word ending system?]. Fórum Orientando (in Portuguese). 23 May 2018. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
    3. "Definite and Indefinite Articles". Practice Portuguese. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
    4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Testador de conjuntos: Modo avançado" [Set tester: Advanced mode]. Orientando (Language set tester, containing a number of neutral language elements) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
    5. Lobo, Cari; Gaigaia, V. "Linguagem não-binária ou neutra" [Non-binary or neutral language]. wikia (in Portuguese). Revised by Kumiho Lim. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
    6. "Pronome neutro de terceira pessoa" [Neutral third person pronoun]. Wikipedia (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
    7. "Elementos de conjuntos de linguagem" [Elements of sets of language]. orientando (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
    8. "Gender neutrality in Portuguese". Wikipedia. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
    9. "NEUTRALIDADE DE GÉNERO NA LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA" [GENDER NEUTRALITY IN THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE]. ORGULHO GAY (in Portuguese). 17 October 2019. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
    10. https://diversidades.fandom.com/pt-br/wiki/Neopronome
    11. "The Gender of Portuguese Words". Practice Portuguese. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
    12. "Dicionário de linguagem neutra" [Neutral language dictionary]. Pronouns.page (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 2022-03-06.
    13. "Linguagem não sexista" [Non-sexist language]. Wikipédia (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 2022-03-06.
    14. https://bloguealternative.wordpress.com/lista-de-neologismos/
    15. https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/7546402/mod_resource/content/1/Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20para%20todas%2C%20todos%20e%20todes_UnB.pdf
    16. https://repository.ufrpe.br/bitstream/123456789/3756/1/tcc_art_enildavaleriagomesmarinho.pdf

    External links