Hijra: Difference between revisions
m (1 revision imported: import from nonbinary.wiki) |
|||
| (20 intermediate revisions by 11 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{ | {{infobox identity | ||
| flag = Hijra by HijrAnon.png | |||
| meaning = Design based on Ardhanarishvara. A deity that is a combination of Lord Shiva and his consort Parvati, thus Ardhanarishvara is literally half-man, and half-woman. | |||
| frequency = <0.1% | |||
}} | |||
[[File:Hermaphrodite Indian entertainers (c. 1865).jpg|thumb|A group of Hijra, circa 1865.]] | [[File:Hermaphrodite Indian entertainers (c. 1865).jpg|thumb|A group of Hijra, circa 1865.]] | ||
[[File:Hijra Protest Islamabad.jpg|thumb|A Pakistani hijra at a protest between two hijra groups from Islamabad and Rawalpindi. 2008.]] | [[File:Hijra Protest Islamabad.jpg|thumb|A Pakistani hijra at a protest between two hijra groups from Islamabad and Rawalpindi. 2008.]] | ||
| Line 6: | Line 10: | ||
==Legal Recognition== | ==Legal Recognition== | ||
In some countries today, Hijra are legally recognized as a gender other than female or male. | In some countries today, Hijra are legally recognized as a gender other than female or male. | ||
* India, November 2009 <ref> | * India, November 2009<ref name="Harmeet">{{Cite web |title=India's third gender gets own identity in voter rolls |author=Harmeet Shah Singh |work=CNN |date=12 November 2009 |access-date=4 December 2020 |url= https://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/11/12/india.gender.voting/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602201419/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/11/12/india.gender.voting/index.html |archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref> Owing to the Hijra, India allows passports to use the gender marker "T", meaning transgender or third gender,<ref name="Kellaway">{{Cite web |title=Trans Indian's Predicament at Border Shows the U.S. Lags Behind |last=Kellaway |first=Mitch |work=The Advocate |date=9 May 2015 |access-date=4 December 2020 |url= https://www.advocate.com/politics/transgender/2015/05/09/trans-indian-womans-predicament-border-shows-us-lags-behind|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603065740/https://www.advocate.com/politics/transgender/2015/05/09/trans-indian-womans-predicament-border-shows-us-lags-behind |archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref> as well as "E" ([[eunuch]]).<ref name="Hopper">{{Cite web |title=Genderless passports 'under review' in Canada |last=Hopper |first=Tristin |work=National Post |date=9 May 2012 |access-date=4 December 2020 |url= https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/genderless-passports-under-review-in-canada}}</ref> However, this distinction doesn't grant them all civil rights (for example, in order to vote, one needs to identify as either male or female). | ||
* Pakistan, December 2009 <ref> | * Pakistan, December 2009 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politicsdaily.com/2009/12/25/pakistan-recognizes-third-gender/|title=Pakistan Recognizes Third Gender|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227044909/http://www.politicsdaily.com/2009/12/25/pakistan-recognizes-third-gender/ |first=Ria|last= Misra|work= Politics Daily|date=25 December 2009|archive-date=27 February 2010}}</ref> | ||
* Bangladesh, November 2013 <ref> | * Bangladesh, November 2013 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2013/nov/11/hijras-now-separate-gender |title=Hijras now a separate gender|first= Mohosinul|last=Karim|work=Dhaka Tribune|date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://archive.vn/AJ2NW|archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> In 2011, Bangladesh started to allow passports to show a gender called "other", owing to the Hijra.<ref name="Macarow">{{Cite web |title=These Eleven Countries are Way Ahead of the US on Trans Issues |last=Macarow |first=Aron |work=ATTN: |date=9 February 2015 |access-date=1 October 2020 |url= https://archive.attn.com/stories/868/transgender-passport-status|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213084016/https://archive.attn.com/stories/868/transgender-passport-status |archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref><ref name="Hopper" /> | ||
==Notable hijras== | |||
•[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxmi_Narayan_Tripathi Laxmi Narayan Tripathi] (1978-present), also known as Laskhmi, is a Indian transgender rights activist. She is also a dancer and actress. She was the first trans person to represent Asia Pacific at the UN back in 2008. She founded the Astitiva organization in 2007 to support sexual minorities. When talking about her gender, she said “Am I both man and a woman? Am I neither man nor woman? I am a hijra so I can access both states of being.” Laxmi had participated in documentaries about transgender people such as “Between the Lines: India’s Third Gender”, “Project Bolo”, “Queens! Destiny of Dance”. She co-wrote her biography, called “Red Lipstick”, in 2016. | |||
* [[Mecks (Dhyey/Dhairya Sharma) Hijra]] is also revered as one of the most notable celebrities in the hijra community of neopolitan Mumbai{{Citation needed}}. Mecks was one of the leading activists in the "Protect trans kids" protests of 2019 in South Bombay, and was the organiser of [https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-women-transpersons-protest-against-citizenship-law-6198905/ trans citizenship protests] in 2020, one of the quotes from that protest stuck with the transcommunity of mumbai and was popularized amongst the famous community "Humans of Bombay," "Desh ka hijra amar rahe."{{Citation needed}} | |||
[[File:Laxmi Narayan Tripathi.jpg|thumb|Laxmi at the “Gender and the Spaces Between" panel at the Melbourne Writers Festival in 2017.]] | |||
==In fiction== | |||
* ''River of the Gods'' and ''Cyberabad Days'' by Ian McDonald. A novel set in futuristic India in year 2050, with interesting subplots about hijra. | |||
==Flags== | |||
[[File:Hijra by HijrAnon.png|thumb|HijrAnon's hijra pride flag.]] | |||
The first known hijra flag was created in 2016 by a user under the handle "HijrAnon".<ref>{{cite web|author=HijrAnon|date=17 December 2016|title=So next set of information, for culture genders, is hijra!|url=https://ask-pride-color-schemes.tumblr.com/post/154602847564/so-next-set-of-information-for-culture-genders|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205021636/http://ask-pride-color-schemes.tumblr.com/post/154602847564/so-next-set-of-information-for-culture-genders|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> HijrAnon wrote of the flag's symbolism: | |||
{{quote|The flag I have made here is based on Ardhanarishvara. A deity that is a combination of Lord Shiva and his consort Parvati, thus Ardhanarishvara is literally half-man, and half-woman. Many hijra such as myself identify with Ardhanarishvara because of the gender ambiguty, since they are neither of the two big genders. The pinkish background is also meant to be ambigous, looking like a pink or dark red depending on how you look at it (not sure if this makes sense, sorry!). The head shape with one half white and one half greenish is meant to represent Ardhanarishvara (the white half is Lord Shiva, green half is Parvati, light green middle is Ardhanarishvara themselves). The yellow ring near their neck is meant to be a necklace, in India necklaces are usually worn for protection and good luck. So in a way I wanted this to represent protection for hijras.}} | |||
[[File:Hijra flag.svg|thumb|Samira's hijra pride flag.]]Another hijra flag was created in 2018 by a hijra on Tumblr named Samira, who wrote: | |||
{{quote|pink and blue are for those of us who identify with binary genders as trans people, while the white is for those of us who are nonbinary | |||
the red represents the divinity we were blessed with by Rama}} | |||
However, as of 2020, Samira no longer identifies as hijra.<ref>{{cite web|author=Samira |title=this post is blowing up again, but I want people to know that I no longer identify as hijra.|date=4 August 2020 |url=https://floralfemmes.tumblr.com/post/625504225631289344/|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204165050/https://floralfemmes.tumblr.com/post/625504225631289344/hi-im-samir-and-i-identify-as-hijra-an-east}}</ref> | |||
{{clear}} | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[Gender-variant identities worldwide]] | *[[Gender-variant identities worldwide]] | ||
*[[Gallae]] | *[[Gender-variant identities worldwide#Gallae|Gallae]] | ||
*[[Eunuch]] | *[[Eunuch]] | ||
*[[Two-Spirit]] | *[[Two-Spirit]] | ||
| Line 22: | Line 50: | ||
[[Category:Gender-variant identities worldwide]] | [[Category:Gender-variant identities worldwide]] | ||
[[Category:Bangladesh]] | |||
[[Category:India]] | |||
[[Category:Pakistan]] | |||
Latest revision as of 17:53, 25 September 2023
 Meaning Design based on Ardhanarishvara. A deity that is a combination of Lord Shiva and his consort Parvati, thus Ardhanarishvara is literally half-man, and half-woman. | |
| Frequency | <0.1% |
|---|---|
.jpg)
In south Asian countries including India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, the Hijra are people who were assigned male at birth and who have a feminine gender expression. This is a very ancient tradition of a nonbinary gender role (often called "third gender"). The Hijra in India alone may number as many as 2,000,000.[1]
Legal Recognition[edit | edit source]
In some countries today, Hijra are legally recognized as a gender other than female or male.
- India, November 2009[2] Owing to the Hijra, India allows passports to use the gender marker "T", meaning transgender or third gender,[3] as well as "E" (eunuch).[4] However, this distinction doesn't grant them all civil rights (for example, in order to vote, one needs to identify as either male or female).
- Pakistan, December 2009 [5]
- Bangladesh, November 2013 [6] In 2011, Bangladesh started to allow passports to show a gender called "other", owing to the Hijra.[7][4]
Notable hijras[edit | edit source]
•Laxmi Narayan Tripathi (1978-present), also known as Laskhmi, is a Indian transgender rights activist. She is also a dancer and actress. She was the first trans person to represent Asia Pacific at the UN back in 2008. She founded the Astitiva organization in 2007 to support sexual minorities. When talking about her gender, she said “Am I both man and a woman? Am I neither man nor woman? I am a hijra so I can access both states of being.” Laxmi had participated in documentaries about transgender people such as “Between the Lines: India’s Third Gender”, “Project Bolo”, “Queens! Destiny of Dance”. She co-wrote her biography, called “Red Lipstick”, in 2016.
- Mecks (Dhyey/Dhairya Sharma) Hijra is also revered as one of the most notable celebrities in the hijra community of neopolitan Mumbai[citation needed]. Mecks was one of the leading activists in the "Protect trans kids" protests of 2019 in South Bombay, and was the organiser of trans citizenship protests in 2020, one of the quotes from that protest stuck with the transcommunity of mumbai and was popularized amongst the famous community "Humans of Bombay," "Desh ka hijra amar rahe."[citation needed]
In fiction[edit | edit source]
- River of the Gods and Cyberabad Days by Ian McDonald. A novel set in futuristic India in year 2050, with interesting subplots about hijra.
Flags[edit | edit source]
The first known hijra flag was created in 2016 by a user under the handle "HijrAnon".[8] HijrAnon wrote of the flag's symbolism:
| « | The flag I have made here is based on Ardhanarishvara. A deity that is a combination of Lord Shiva and his consort Parvati, thus Ardhanarishvara is literally half-man, and half-woman. Many hijra such as myself identify with Ardhanarishvara because of the gender ambiguty, since they are neither of the two big genders. The pinkish background is also meant to be ambigous, looking like a pink or dark red depending on how you look at it (not sure if this makes sense, sorry!). The head shape with one half white and one half greenish is meant to represent Ardhanarishvara (the white half is Lord Shiva, green half is Parvati, light green middle is Ardhanarishvara themselves). The yellow ring near their neck is meant to be a necklace, in India necklaces are usually worn for protection and good luck. So in a way I wanted this to represent protection for hijras. | » |
.jpg){kind=link}
Another hijra flag was created in 2018 by a hijra on Tumblr named Samira, who wrote:
| « | pink and blue are for those of us who identify with binary genders as trans people, while the white is for those of us who are nonbinary
the red represents the divinity we were blessed with by Rama |
» |
However, as of 2020, Samira no longer identifies as hijra.[9]
See also[edit | edit source]
- Gender-variant identities worldwide
- Gallae
- Eunuch
- Two-Spirit
- Glossary of Hindi gender and sex terminology
- Recognition
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Reddy, Gayatri, With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India, 310 pp., University of Chicago Press, 2005 ISBN 0-226-70755-5 (see p. 8)
- ↑ Harmeet Shah Singh (12 November 2009). "India's third gender gets own identity in voter rolls". CNN. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ↑ Kellaway, Mitch (9 May 2015). "Trans Indian's Predicament at Border Shows the U.S. Lags Behind". The Advocate. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hopper, Tristin (9 May 2012). "Genderless passports 'under review' in Canada". National Post. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ↑ Misra, Ria (25 December 2009). "Pakistan Recognizes Third Gender". Politics Daily. Archived from the original on 27 February 2010.
- ↑ Karim, Mohosinul (11 November 2013). "Hijras now a separate gender". Dhaka Tribune. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013.
- ↑ Macarow, Aron (9 February 2015). "These Eleven Countries are Way Ahead of the US on Trans Issues". ATTN:. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2020.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
- ↑ HijrAnon (17 December 2016). "So next set of information, for culture genders, is hijra!". Archived from the original on 17 July 2023.
- ↑ Samira (4 August 2020). "this post is blowing up again, but I want people to know that I no longer identify as hijra". Archived from the original on 4 December 2020.