Editing Gender variance in spirituality

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[[Gender variance in spirituality]] is about the views that spiritual traditions have toward people who are gender variant. It is also about gender variant figures within those spiritual traditions. Gender variance [[History of nonbinary gender|has always existed]]. Spirituality has often been part of how individuals and [[ethnicity and culture|cultures]] have expressed or regulated that variance. 

First, some definitions: "[[Gender variant]]" is shorthand for gender that doesn't conform to one's assigned gender in one's culture, and differs from that of the [[gender binary]]. Gender variance includes those who are [[transgender]], [[gender nonconformity|gender non-conforming]], and [[nonbinary]], reflecting that historical figures used different words for these. "Spirituality" is a category that includes organized religions, as well as paths that are not centrally organized or defined as religions, but are nonetheless spiritual. In religious and folklore studies, the word "mythology" means a religious story, such as one about deities and miracles. In this field of study, "mythology" doesn't mean that the story is untrue or less valid than others. 

Scholars differ in how to categorize world spiritualities into a taxonomy or other system of organization. In this article, the following categories of spiritualities are organized first alphabetically, by continent or region, and then by religion or culture. This is with two exceptions, which are ordered differently in this list: [[#Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic religions]], which originated in the [[#Levant spiritualities|Levant region of Asia]], but are best understood as having developed worldwide, and are at the beginning of the list only for alphabetical reasons; and [[#Fictional spiritualities|fictional spiritualities]], which did not historically develop anywhere on a real-world map, and so are explored after the rest of the article.

==Abrahamic religions==
Originating from southwest Asia and spreading worldwide, the Abrahamic religions include Judaism, Christianity, Islam, the Bahá'í Faith, Rastafarianism, and others. They have certain teachings in common, particularly the belief in one God, specifically Jehovah, the God of Abraham. 

=== Judaism ===

==== Views about gender variance in Judaism ====

Some relevant Wikipedia articles: 
* [[Wikipedia:LGBT-affirming denominations in Judaism|Wikipedia article on LGBT-affirming denominations in Judaism]]
* [[Wikipedia:Transgender people and religion#Judaism|Wikipedia article transgender people in Judaism]]

===== The six genders in classical Judaism =====
[[File:Tumtum Pride-Flag.png|thumb|A Tumtum pride flag designed by Tumblr user tumtum_and_androgynos in 2018 CE. White and blue symbolize Judaism, and gray for genderlessness.]]

Classical Judaism recognizes six categories of sex/gender, instead of the [[gender binary|male/female gender binary]] from modern Western culture. Jewish law (called ''halacha'') recognises gender ambiguity, and has done so throughout Jewish history.<ref>"More than Just Male and Female: The Six Genders in Ancient Jewish Thought." Freidson, Sarah. Sefaria, 10 June 2016. [https://www.sefaria.org/sheets/37225]</ref> This ambiguity is defined according to physical presentation (or lack thereof) and primary and secondary sexual characteristics. Then Jewish law assigns six gender roles to these six sexes, each with distinct prohibitions and required duties. According to Rabbi Elliot Kukla, these six are:<ref>Robbie Medwed. "More Than Just Male and Female: The Six Genders in Classical Judaism." ''Sojourn'' (blog). June 01, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150714011440/http://www.sojourngsd.org/blog/sixgenders</ref>

* Zachar (זָכָר): This term is derived from the word for a pointy sword and refers to a phallus. It is usually translated as “[[man|male]]” in English.
* Nekeivah (נְקֵבָה): This term is derived from the word for a crevice and probably refers to a vaginal opening. It is usually translated as “[[woman|female]]” in English.
* [[Androgynos]] (אַנְדְּרוֹגִינוֹס): A person who has both “male” and “female” sexual characteristics. In English, translated as [[androgyne]] or [[intersex]]. 149 references in Mishna and Talmud (1st-8th Centuries CE); 350 in classical midrash and Jewish law codes (2nd -16th Centuries CE).
* [[Tumtum]] (טֻומְטוּם "hidden"): A person whose sexual characteristics are indeterminate or obscured. 181 references in Mishna and Talmud; 335 in classical midrash and Jewish law codes. In Yevamot 64a, the Talmud says that the Biblical figures Abraham and Sarah were said to have been born tumtum and infertile, and then miraculously turned into a fertile husband and wife in their old age. The classical description of the physical characteristic of tumtum as skin hiding normal female or male genitals does not exactly match any [[intersex]] condition known today. Modern scholars see it as corresponding with some known intersex conditions with [[ambiguous genitalia]].<ref>"Arachin 4b ~ The Tumtum, the Androgyne, and the Fluidity of Gender." ''Talmudology.'' June 20, 2019. https://www.talmudology.com/jeremybrownmdgmailcom/2019/6/17/arachin-4b-the-tumtum-the-androgyne-and-the-invention-of-gender?rq=tumtum</ref> In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 5 of the 11,242 respondents called themselves tumtum.<ref name="2019 Gender Census">"Gender Census 2019 - The Worldwide tl;dr." ''Gender Census'' (blog). March 31, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2020. https://gendercensus.com/post/183843963445/gender-census-2019-the-worldwide-tldr Archive: https://web.archive.org/web/20200118084451/https://gendercensus.com/post/183843963445/gender-census-2019-the-worldwide-tldr</ref>
* Ay’lonit (איילונית): A person who is identified as “female” at birth, but fails to develop sexual characteristics at puberty or develops “male” characteristics, and is infertile. 80 references in Mishna and Talmud; 40 in classical midrash and Jewish law codes. Modern scholars think ay'lonit refers to a selection of intersex conditions, such as [[Turner's syndrome]].<ref>"Ketuvot 36 ~ The Aylonit Syndrome and Turner's Syndrome." ''Talmudology.'' March 10, 2015. https://www.talmudology.com/jeremybrownmdgmailcom/2015/3/9/ketuvot-36-the-aylonit</ref> In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 2 of the respondents called themselves ay’lonit.<ref name="2019 Gender Census" />
* Saris (סריס): A person who is identified as “male” at birth but develops “female” characteristics as puberty and/or is lacking a penis. A saris can be “naturally” a saris (saris hamah), or become one through human intervention (saris adam), such as a [[eunuch]]. 156 references in mishna and Talmud; 379 in classical midrash and Jewish law codes.

The above six categories of gender are important to consider whenever considering gender in classical Jewish texts, such as the Hebrew Bible, rather than misinterpreting them in terms of the modern Western gender binary.
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==== Gender variant figures in Judaism ====

===== God as a gender variant figure in Judaism =====

The exact nature of the '''God of Abraham''' is much disputed, even within one particular religious sect. God is often thought of as a male patriarch, but there is also a long history of seeing God as partly or entirely other than female or male, or as both.<ref name="KasselAndrogynous" /> Jehovah's wife and/or female aspect is Shekinah (שכינה‎). This is a Hebrew word meaning "dwelling" or "settling" and denotes the dwelling or settling of the divine presence of God. This term does not occur in the Bible, and is from rabbinic literature.<ref>McNamara, Martin (2010). McNamara, Martin (ed.). Targum and Testament Revisited: Aramaic Paraphrases of the Hebrew Bible: A Light on the New Testament (2nd ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-80286275-4. "Whereas the verb shakan and terms from the root škn occur in the Hebrew Scriptures, and while the term shekhinah/shekinta is extremely common in rabbinic literature and the targums, no occurrence of it is attested in pre-rabbinic literature."</ref> Jewish mystics saw God as having been originally an androgyne, noting that the name "Eve" is derived from "Jehovah".<ref>Barbara Walker, ''A Woman’s Dictionary'', p. 195-196. </ref>

===== Adam as a gender variant figure in Judaism =====

[[File:Adam Kadmon - Androgyne.jpg|thumb|150px|The Tree of Life juxtaposed upon Adam Kadmon, in which Adam is shown as a Primal Androgyne.]]
Jewish and Christian teachings often interpret the first human, '''Adam''', as having been created as both male and female, before God extracted Eve from him.<ref>Norman Solomon, ''The Talmud: A selection,'' p. 271.</ref> This is an example of the Primal Androgyne motif.

According to the Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE - c. 50 CE), Adam's original form was "original man" or "heavenly man," which was "neither man nor woman," but was rather a spiritual being made "male and female" in the perfect image of God in Genesis 1:27, before being made into physical form from clay in Genesis 2:7, and then even later being separated into Adam and Eve in Genesis 2:21-22. Of [[#The six genders in classical Judaism|the six genders/sexes in classical Judaism]], Adam's gender/sex was originally the one called ''androgynos'' (אַנְדְּרוֹגִינוֹס).<ref name="KasselAndrogynous">Charles Kassel. "Androgynous man in myth and tradition." ''The Open Court'', vol. 18. Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Co., 1904. Page 525-530. Accessed May 2, 2019 via Google Books. https://books.google.com/books?id=VYtGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA525#v=</ref><ref>Louis Ginzberg, "Adam Kadmon." ''Jewish Encyclopedia.'' 1906. Online version retrieved May 2, 2019. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/761-adam-kadmon</ref> 

Jewish Gnostics said that dividing this complete human was what made humans mortal, and that if they could be a complete "hermaphrodite" [sic] again, they wouldn't die anymore.<ref>Walker, ''A Woman’s Dictionary of Sacred and Symbolic Objects,'' p. 196. </ref> 

===== Lilith as a gender variant figure =====

In Jewish mysticism, '''Lilith''' is a supernatural masculine female demon. She isn't included in Genesis, but folklore holds she came to be in Creation, though the story of her origin varies. In one of them, God meant her to be the first human woman, creating her before Eve, as a whole being like Adam, but she refused to be submissive to Adam. She left him, and wanders the world making trouble for humankind forever. Although Lilith is described in feminine language, and gives birth to hundreds of demons, she is considered as having masculine characteristics. Her masculine characteristics are said to be because she was created as a whole male-female being, like Adam. She is said to have thick body hair like a man.<ref>Michael Page and Robert Ingpen. "Lilith." ''Encyclopedia of Things that Never Were.'' Viking: New York, 1987. P. 225-226.</ref> 

Scholars think Lilith was a goddess or introduced from a neighboring Southwest Asian religion, or that she at least corresponds with some of them. 

=== Christianity ===

''The below is a more brief summary. For more detail on this subject, please see the main article: [[gender variance in Christianity]].''

==== Views about gender variance in Christianity ====

Christians have tended to have difficult views of [[LGBT]] people. Christians have used certain religious views as motivation behind discrimination and hate crimes against LGBT people. Christian denominations and churches vary in their attitudes toward LGBT people. What views churches do express about LGBT people tend to focus mainly on sexual orientation (lesbian, gay, and bisexual people), and less on gender variance (gender nonconforming, transgender, and nonbinary people). Because this is the nonbinary wiki, this portion of the article will focus wherever possible on Christian views specifically addressing gender variance, rather than sexual orientation.

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===== Gender variance in the Christian Bible =====

The Christian Bible doesn't specifically mention transgender people, as such.<ref>{{cite web|title=Transgender|work=Hope Remains|url=http://hoperemainsonline.com/Transgender|date=2017|access-date=2019-05-11|archive-date=2023-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508021847/https://hoperemainsonline.com/Transgender|url-status=dead}}</ref> It also doesn't specifically mention nonbinary people, who are one kind of transgender people. Because of this, the Bible doesn't officially condemn transgender or nonbinary people. The absence of such people in the Bible doesn't mean that they were unknown during Biblical times. [[#the six genders in classical Judaism|Classical Judaism itself acknowledged six genders/sexes]] in texts other than the Bible, and [[History of nonbinary gender#Antiquity|several neighboring cultures also acknowledged genders outside the binary]]. Some of the following Bible passages can be seen as relevant to transgender and nonbinary people. 

Although seven Bible passages have sometimes been thought of as condemning lesbian, gay, or bisexual people, only ''one'' passage seems to specifically condemn cross-dressing, and, by extension, transgender people.<ref name="TransQueerTheology">Shannon Kearns, "Transgender and Christian?" ''Queer Theology.'' Retrieved April 30, 2019. https://www.queertheology.com/transgender-christian</ref> This is [https://biblehub.com/deuteronomy/22-5.htm Deuteronomy 22:5], in one of the Hebrew books of law. Christians do not typically observe Judaic law, because Christians believe one of the important things Christ did when he came was fulfill all those laws, so Christians are no longer bound by them ([https://biblehub.com/matthew/5-17.htm Matthew 5:17]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+7%3A1-7&version=KJV Romans 7:1-7]; [https://biblehub.com/galatians/3-25.htm Galatians 3:25]). 

Nonetheless, this Biblical law has long been used by Christians to condemn those who cross-dress, and as a foundation for writing various national laws against cross-dressing. In the most famous example of this, historical court records show that the Inquisitors of the Catholic Church cited Deuteronomy 22:5 in the only actual specific charge for which the Church burned 19-year-old [[Gender variance in Christianity#Gender variant saints|Saint Joan of Arc]] alive at the stake in 1431.<ref name="FeinbergWarriors31">Leslie Feinberg, ''Transgender Warriors: Making history from Joan of Arc to RuPaul.'' Beacon: Boston, Massachusetts. 1996. P. 31-37.</ref> 

Biblical passages about [[eunuch]]s are relevant to nonbinary people, because some nonbinary people have a physical transition that resembles that of a eunuch. In the Bible, "eunuch" can mean many different kinds of people, not just a man who was castrated, some of which Jesus lists in a sermon in [https://biblehub.com/matthew/19-12.htm Matthew 19:12]. In many ancient cultures, "eunuch" was often an umbrella term for people who were [[intersex]], sterile, gay, a "[[third gender]]", or otherwise queer. Because of this, any ancient writings about eunuchs can be relevant to LGBT people. 

The Bible never condemns anyone for being a eunuch, nor says that becoming a eunuch is a sin, even though being a eunuch made a person subject to Jewish ritual purity laws distinct from those of other men and women. Even though eunuchs were barred from entering the Hebrew congregation and priesthood for ritual purity reasons (Deuteronomy 23:1, Leviticus 21:20), God specifically blesses eunuchs in [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+56%3A3-5&version=NLT Isaiah 56:3-5]. 

[[File:Rembrandt, The Baptism of the Eunuch, 1626, Museum Catharijneconvent, Utrecht.jpg|thumb|150px|''The Baptism of the Eunuch'', depicting Acts 38. Painting by Rembrandt van Rijn, 1626 CE.]]
In [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+8%3A26-40&version=NLT Acts 8:26-40], Philip baptizes a eunuch, in in disregard of the aforementioned ritual purity laws from Judaic tradition. This is because Peter had visions in which God told him to eat non-kosher meats ([https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+11-17&version=KJV Acts 11-17]), which meant not to call any person common or unclean ([https://biblehub.com/acts/10-28.htm Acts 10:28]), so Christians started to baptize gentiles ([https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+10%3A45-48&version=KJV Acts 10:45-48]). The story of the baptism of the eunuch represents that Christianity welcomes all who wish to join it, in full participation. It is relevant to  nonbinary people, in that it shows that people who have a gender/sex outside of the binary are welcome in Christianity just as they are. Having an unusual gender/sex is not a sin, and is not something that they need to give up in order to be Christian. 

A letter from Saint Paul to the Christian Gauls, in [https://biblehub.com/galatians/3-28.htm Galatians 3:28], says that the [[gender binary]] is merely one more system of oppression that doesn't exist in Christianity: "There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus." This passage is relevant to nonbinary people, because they identify outside of the gender binary. It's also relevant to all LGBT people, who are treated differently due to how they all relate differently to the gender binary than most, whether by crossing it (in the case of binary transgender people) or loving on the same side of it (in the case of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people). 

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==== Gender variant figures in Christianity ====

In addition to the above list of [[#Gender variant figures in Abrahamic religion|gender variant figures held in common between Christianity and Judaism]], some figures are distinct to Christianity, or are distinctly seen as gender variant in Christianity. 

===== God as a gender variant figure in Christianity =====

[[File:Sierck-les-Bains Église 8.JPG|thumb|A figurative trinity of God in stained glass  in a Catholic parish church in Sierck-les-Bains.]]
Individual Christian sects can interpret the '''God of Abraham''' in different ways. God is often thought of as a male patriarch. However, there is also a long history of seeing God as partly or entirely other than female or male, or as both. Jehovah's wife and/or female aspect is Shekinah.<ref name="KasselAndrogynous" /> Many Christian sects believe in God as a trinity, having three parts: God, Jesus Christ, and the '''Holy Ghost'''. The Holy Ghost is an abstract entity depicted as a dove that flew down to be born as Jesus, and it is said to be neither male nor female in some traditions. In other words, one aspect of God, the Holy Ghost, is outside of the gender binary, and is nonbinary in certain traditions. The word for “spirit” in Hebrew is considered to be both masculine & feminine and in Greek is considered a neuter noun, but in Latin it is masculine. In general, within Christianity the soul is always considered feminine in relation to God. Within the Christian Hermetic tradition there is a “Luminous Holy Trinity” model which makes use of the Star of David six pointed hexagram. The upward pointing triangle consisting of Father, Son and Holy Spirit is masculine and the downward facing triangle consisting of Mother, Daughter, Holy Soul is feminine.<ref>Meditations on the Tarot, Letter XIX</ref> Within the Sophiological tradition of the Russian Orthodox priest Sergius Bulgakov the Mother of God Saint Mary is considered to be the world soul and the “Pneumatophoric hypostasis” of the Holy Spirit.<ref>Walter Nunzio Sisto, 'The Mother of God in the Theology of Sergius Bulgakov: The Soul Of The World',  Routledge; 1 edition (November 2, 2017).</ref> 

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===== Gender variant angels in Christianity =====

[[File:7 Francesco Botticini Three Archangels with Tobias. (135x154cm) c.1471 Uffizi, Florence.jpg|thumb|''Three Archangels and Tobias'', painting from 1467 by Francesco Di Giovanni Botticini, of a scene from the deuterocanonical, apochryphal Book of Tobit. From left: Michael, Raphael, Tobias, and Gabriel.]]

Angels are traditionally described with masculine language, and their names are more often given to masculine people. However, Christianity has traditionally held that all angels are neither male nor female. The reasoning for this is because God created all the angels, so they don't need to reproduce. They are spiritual beings, without the limits of physical bodies. God created Angels as perfectly whole combinations of masculine and feminine characteristics.<ref name="AngelsCatholic">Catholic Answers staff, "Can angels be male or female?" ''Catholic Answers.'' August 4, 2011. Accessed May 2, 2019. https://www.catholic.com/qa/can-angels-be-male-or-female</ref><ref>Evelyn Dorothy Oliver, "Angels A to Z." Page 156. Accessed via Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=56B7fmmlt6QC&lpg=PA156&dq=angels%20male%20female&pg=PA156#v=onepage&q=male%20female&f=false</ref> Christian denominations that officially hold the view that all angels are nonbinary include the Catholic church.<ref name="AngelsCatholic" />

Another reason for thinking of angels as genderless is a quotation from Jesus, which has sometimes been taken as mentioning the gender of angels: "For in the resurrection they neither marry, nor are given in marriage, but are as the angels of God in heaven." ([https://www.biblehub.com/matthew/22-30.htm Matthew 22:30], King James Version) Traditionally, Christianity has taken this passage as further implying that all spiritual beings are genderless or androgynous, even angels and resurrected humans, though some scholars disagree with that interpretation.<ref name="BarnhartAngels">Content warning for description of physical and sexual violence in recent history. Rev. Dave Barnhart. "Angels of indeterminate gender in Genesis 19." ''Reconciling Ministries Network.'' March 10, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2019. https://rmnetwork.org/genesis19/</ref><ref name="KasselAndrogynous" /> 

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===== Gender variant saints in Christianity =====

[[File:Joan of Arc, Place du Parvis, Reims(1).jpg|thumb|200px|Equestrian statue of Jeanne d'Arc by Paul Dubois (Reims). 1896.]]  

Even though the book of Deuteronomy condemned cross-dressing, and medieval Christianity penalized that act, the Church nonetheless canonized as many as twenty-five saints who are known to have cross-dressed or been gender-variant. However, only saints on the female-to-male spectrum have been canonized, whereas any trace of spiritual people on the male-to-female spectrum have been erased from Christian history.<ref name="FeinbergWarriors68">Leslie Feinberg, ''Transgender Warriors: Making history from Joan of Arc to RuPaul.'' Beacon: Boston, Massachusetts. 1996. P. 68-69.</ref> 

One particularly notable such figure was Saint Joan of Arc (Jeanne D'Arc, or Jehanne) (c. 1412 - 1431). This saint told her ally, Prince Charles, that God had commanded her to exclusively chose to wear masculine dress and hairstyle. After her victory, when she was captured, Henry VI, the King of England, referred to Deuteronomy 22:5 as a reason for the Inquisitors of the Church to condemn her. Her judges claimed they gave her the choice to either give up cross-dressing, to face a sentence of life in prison, or to be executed if she again wore men's clothing. The court records show that cross-dressing, based on Deuteronomy 22:5, was the actual charge for which she was burned alive at the stake. In [[English neutral pronouns#Ze|hir]] history book, ''Transgender Warriors'', the genderqueer activist [[Leslie Feinberg]] (1949 - 2014) argues that the historical evidence shows that this saint was not just a warrior woman who took up armor for practicality, but was transgender, and the court documents about her refer to local peasants' beliefs that her gender variance was sacred in and of itself, which was part of why the Catholic Church saw her as so threatening to its power.<ref name="FeinbergWarriors31">Leslie Feinberg, ''Transgender Warriors: Making history from Joan of Arc to RuPaul.'' Beacon: Boston, Massachusetts. 1996. P. 31-37.</ref> 

''For further reading on this subject, please see the main article: [[gender variance in Christianity]].''

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=== Islam ===

==== Views about gender variance in Islam ====
''See main article: [[Wikipedia:Islam and transgender people]]''
In Islamic literature, the word ''[[mukhannathun]]'' is used to describe "effeminate men". The term has sometimes been equated to transgender women,<ref>{{cite book|title=Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People|last1=Roughgarden|first1=Joan|page=362|year=2013|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520957978}}</ref> gay men, members of a third gender, or intersex individuals,<ref name="Alipour" >{{Cite journal|last=Alipour|first=M|date=2016|title=Islamic shari'a law, neotraditionalist Muslim scholars and transgender sex-reassignment surgery: A case study of Ayatollah Khomeini's and Sheikh al-Tantawi's fatwas|journal=International Journal of Transgenderism|volume=17:1|pages=91–103|doi=10.1080/15532739.2016.1250239|doi-access=free}}</ref> though it does not neatly fit into any of those categories.<ref name="TEOEM">{{cite journal|last=Rowson|first=Everett K.|date=October 1991|title=The Effeminates of Early Medina|url=http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/The_effeminates_of_early_medina.pdf|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=111|issue=4|pages=671–693|doi=10.2307/603399|jstor=603399|citeseerx=10.1.1.693.1504}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Muhsin |last=Hendricks |title=Islam and Homosexuality |publisher=ILGA |date=July 2006 |location=ILGA's preconference on religions |url=http://doc.ilga.org/content/download/4522/27322/version/1/file/ILGA-July06-Religions.pdf |accessdate=2007-06-22 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222247/http://doc.ilga.org/content/download/4522/27322/version/1/file/ILGA-July06-Religions.pdf |archivedate=2007-09-27 }}</ref>

The treatment of ''mukhannathun'' varied throughout early Islamic history, and the meaning of the term took on new dimensions over time. In some eras, men deemed ''mukhannathun'' were persecuted and castrated, while in others they were celebrated as musicians and entertainers.<ref name="TEOEM" /><ref>{{cite book|title=The Music of the Arabs|last1=Touma|first1=Habib|year=1975|pages=135–136}}</ref> In later years, the term came to be associated with the receptive partner in gay sexual practices, as homosexuality was seen as an extension of effeminacy. In the late medieval era, several Islamic scholars held that ''mukhannathun'' who had innate feminine mannerisms were not blameworthy as long as they did not violate religious laws concerning sexual morality.<ref name="TEOEM" />

Due to Ayatollah Khomeini issuing a fatwa allowing sex reassignment surgery for intersex and transgender individuals,<ref name="Alipour" /> Iran carries out more sex change operations than any other nation in the world except for Thailand. It is sanctioned as a supposed "cure" for homosexuality, which is punishable by death under Iranian law. The government even provides up to half the cost for those needing financial assistance and a sex change is recognised on the birth certificate.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7259057.stm |work=BBC News |title=Iran's 'diagnosed transsexuals' |first=Vanessa |last=Barford}}</ref>

==== Gender variant figures in Islam ====
''Information needed.''

=== Bahá'í Faith === 

==== Views about gender variance in Bahá'í Faith ====
In the Baha'i Faith, transgender people can gain recognition in their gender if they have medically transitioned under the direction of medical professionals and if they have [[surgery|sex reassignment surgery]]. After surgery, they are considered transitioned and may have a Baha'i marriage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bahai-library.com/uhj_transsexuality |title=Transsexuality |publisher=Universal House of Justice |date=26 December 2002}}</ref>

==== Gender variant figures in Bahá'í Faith ====
''Information needed.''

=== Rastafarianism ===

==== Views about gender variance in Rastafarianism ====
''Information needed.''

==== Gender variant figures in Rastafarianism ====
''Information needed.''

=== Unitarian Universalism ===

==== Views about gender variance in Unitarian Universalism ====
''See main article: [[Wikipedia:Unitarian Universalism and LGBT people]]''

Unitarian Universalism, a liberal religion with roots in liberal Christianity, became the first denomination to accept openly transgender people as full members with eligibility to become clergy (in 1979),<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.uua.org/lgbtq/history/185789.shtml |title=Unitarian Universalist LGBTQ History & Facts |publisher=Unitarian Universalist Association |accessdate= 2014-05-02|date=2013-05-16 }}</ref> and the first to open an Office of Bisexual, Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Concerns (in 1973).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.uua.org/directory/staff/multiculturalgrowth/lesbiangay/ |title= Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Ministries |publisher= Unitarian Universalist Association |accessdate= 2014-05-02|date= 2012-10-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_uua.htm|title= The Unitarian Universalist Association and Homosexuality |publisher= Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance}}</ref> In 1988 the first openly transgender person was ordained by the Unitarian Universalist Association.<ref name=uua.org>{{cite web|title= Unitarian Universalist LGBTQ History & Facts|url= http://www.uua.org/lgbtq/history/185789.shtml|work= Unitarian Universalist Association|publisher=Unitarian Universalist Association|accessdate=2 April 2013|date=21 August 2012}}</ref> In 2002 Rev. Sean Dennison became the first openly transgender person in the Unitarian Universalist ministry called to serve a congregation; he was called to South Valley UU Society, Salt Lake City, UT.<ref name="uua.org"/> Also in 2017, the Unitarian Universalist Association's General Assembly voted to create inclusive wordings for nonbinary, genderqueer, genderfluid, agender, intersex, two-spirit and polygender people, replacing the words "men and women" with the word "people." Of the six sources of the living tradition, the second source of faith, as documented in the bylaws of the denomination, now includes "Words and deeds of prophetic people which challenge us to confront powers and structures of evil with justice, compassion, and the transforming power of love".<ref>{{cite web|author=Zr. Alex Kapitan Activist, Organizer &amp; Educator |url=https://www.believeoutloud.com/latest/unitarian-universalist-general-assembly-votes-change-uu-bylaws-include-non-binary-people#comment-7295 |title=Unitarian Universalist General Assembly Votes To Change UU Bylaws To Include Non-Binary People |publisher=Believe Out Loud |date=2017-06-30 |accessdate=2017-07-08}}</ref>

The Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA) states "we not only open our doors to people of all sexual orientations and gender identities, we value diversity of sexuality and gender and see it as a spiritual gift". The Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans (CUUPS), the pagan-aligned affiliate of the UUA, echoes those beliefs with bylaws that state covenant membership "shall be open, without regard to race, color, sex, affectional or sexual orientation, gender expression, physical disability, national origin, or social condition."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uua.org/lgbtq|title=LGBTQ Justice|date=2014-08-08|website=Unitarian Universalist Association|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201023003/https://www.uua.org/lgbtq|archive-date=1 February 2020|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cuups.org/CUUPS-Bylaws|title=Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans - CUUPS Bylaws|website=Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210220201/https://www.cuups.org/CUUPS-Bylaws|archive-date=10 December 2019|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref>

==== Gender variant figures in Unitarian Universalism ====
''Information needed.''

==Africa==

===Ancient Egyptian (Kemetic) religion===
[[File:C+B-Nile-Hapi.PNG|thumb|100px|Hapi, an ancient Egyptian god.]]

==== Views about gender variance in Kemet ====

[[File:Sekhet hieroglyphs.jpg|thumb|The word "sekhet" in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs.<ref>Mark Brustman. "The Third Gender in Ancient Egypt." ''"Born Eunuchs" Home Page and Library.'' 1999. https://people.well.com/user/aquarius/egypt.htm</ref>]]

<section begin=SekhetDefinition />
Writings from ancient Egypt (Middle Kingdom, 2000-1800 BCE) said there were three genders of humans: male (''tie''), ''sekhet (s<u>h</u>t)'', and female (''hemet''), in that order. Sekhet is usually translated as "eunuch," but that's probably an oversimplification of what this gender category means. Since it was given that level of importance, it could potentially be an entire category of gender/sex variance that doesn't fit into male or female. The hieroglyphs for ''sekhet'' include a sitting figure that usually mean a man, but the word doesn't include hieroglyphs that refer to genitals in any way. The word for male did include a hieroglyph explicitly showing a penis. At the very least, ''sekhet'' is likely to mean cisgender gay men, in the sense of not having children, and not necessarily someone who was castrated. Archaeologists question whether ancient Egyptians castrated humans, because the evidence for it is lacking.<ref>Sethe, Kurt, (1926), ''Die Aechtung feindlicher Fürsten, Völker und Dinge auf altägyptischen Tongefäßscherben des mittleren Reiches,'' in: Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, 1926, p. 61.</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Stewart, Sandra|title= Egyptian third gender|url=http://www.gendertree.com/Egyptian%20third%20gender.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206205104/http://www.gendertree.com/Egyptian%20third%20gender.htm |archive-date= 6 February 2020}}</ref><ref>Mark Brustman. "The Third Gender in Ancient Egypt." ''"Born Eunuchs" Home Page and Library.'' 1999. https://people.well.com/user/aquarius/egypt.htm</ref><ref>Frans Jonckheere. Mark Brustman, translator. "Eunuchs in Pharaonic Egypt." Translation of "L'Eunuque dans l'Égypte pharaonique," originally in ''Revue d'Histoire des Sciences'', vol. 7, No. 2 (April-June 1954), pp. 139-155. https://people.well.com/user/aquarius/pharaonique.htm</ref>
<section end=SekhetDefinition />

{{Clear}}

==== Gender variant figures in Kemet ====

Gender-variant deities and figures in ancient Egyptian religion:
* '''Hapi''', god of the Nile River, often depicted as a man with a round belly, breasts, and a fake beard. This is often seen as related to his fertility aspects. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hapi|last=Etheredge|first=Laura|work=Britannica.com|title=Hapi: Egyptian god of the inundation}}</ref><ref name="kemet tenu">Tenu (Emky). "PBP Fridays: G is for Genderqueer and GLBTQ Netjeru." March 30, 2012. https://unorthodoxcreativity.com/emky/pbp/genderqueer-and-glbtq-netjeru/</ref>
* '''Shai(male)/Shait(female)''', who was sometimes portrayed both as male and female. Being the personification of fate, gender was not a concern, and is variable depending on the place and time. 
* '''Nebt-het (Nephthys)'''. "In ancient texts, Nebt-het has been described as being 'an imitation woman with no vagina' because of Her barrenness and She has no children with Her husband, Set, Lord of the Red Desert, which is a striking difference from most Kemetic triads of mother-father-child. [...] She is ''sekhyt'' [''sekhet''], a Kemetic word often translated as 'eunuch' but more accurately indicates any person who doesn’t fit within the traditional gender roles of male or female, any person who is infertile, and/or a sexless/unsexed person."<ref name="kemet tenu" />
* '''Nit''', a world-creating goddess, who has been called by "the epithet 'The Mother and Father of All Things' and has been addressed as 'Male Who made female; Female Who made male' at the temples of Esna. [...] Nit is said to have created childbirth, and, when referred to as a creatrix, Her name is written with the hieroglyph of an ejaculating phallus."<ref name="kemet tenu" />
* '''Set''', god of chaos. The mythology describes him having sex with men and women, and specifically mentions him ejaculating, but also calls him a ''sekhet''.<ref name="kemet tenu" /> This suggests that ''sekhet'' does not necessarily mean someone who was castrated.
* '''Tatenen''', [[androgynous]] mother or father of the earth. They are a creator deity, being seen as creating the land itself. Because of their status as a creator, they are seen as androgynous. <ref>{{cite web|title=Tatenen|last=Dollinger |first=André |url=http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/religion/tatenen.htm|archive-date=12 June 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143914/www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/religion/tatenen.htm}}</ref> 
* '''Wadj-wer''', sometimes depicted as a pregnant man. He relates to water, the Mediterranean, and fertility, the later aspect likely the reason for the pregnancy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.touregypt.net/godsofegypt/wadjwer.htm|title=Egypt: Wadj Wer - The Pregnant God|work=Tour Egypt}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

===Other African and African diaspora religions===

==== Views about gender variance in African and African diaspora religions ====
''Information needed.''

==== Gender variant figures in African and African diaspora religions ====
[[File:Pombagira Rainha.JPG|thumb|A statue representation of Pomba Gira, an Afro-Brazilian spirit associated with [[trans women]], effeminate men, [[drag]] queens, and [[crossdresser]]s.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomba_Gira</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pomba Gira |author=Ferre, Lux |work=Occult World |date=30 July 2017 |access-date=27 March 2022 |url= https://occult-world.com/pomba-gira/ }}</ref>]]
''Information needed.''

Gender variant deities in other African and African diaspora religions:
* '''Ataa Naa Nyomo''' or '''Ataa-Naa-Nyomo''' is the deity worshipped by the Ga people of Ghana and is considered both female and male.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Masculine Women, Feminist Men: Assertions and Contradictions in Mawugbe's In the Chest of a Woman |journal=Theatre History Studies |date=2010 |volume=30 |author=Awo Mana Asiedu |doi=10.1353/ths.2010.0030}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title=Africa in Contemporary Perspective : A Textbook for Undergraduate Students |page=156 |date=2013}}</ref> 
* '''Baron Samedi''', a dandy who sometimes wears a combination of masculine and feminine clothing at the same time{{citation needed}}
* '''Ghede Nibo''' (also known as '''Gedé Nibo''', '''Gedé Nimbo''', '''Guede Nibo''' or '''Gedé Ninbo''') A figure in Haitian Vodou. Formerly human until he was killed and became a Lwa (spirit).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guede_Nibo</ref> He is a healer, leader of the dead, and guardian of children. "Gedé Nibo straddles the borders between death and life, sex and death, and between genders, too. Nibo may wear mixed feminine and masculine attire. A witty trickster with an eye for a joke, he is simultaneously macho and feminine." He has been described as pansexual, transgender, and homoerotic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gedé Nibo |author=Ferre, Lux |work=Occult World |date=13 November 2017 |access-date=27 March 2022 |url= https://occult-world.com/gede-nibo/}}</ref>
* '''Obatala''' (in Brazil: '''Oxala''', in Haiti: '''Blanc-Dani'''), both male and female. Creator of humankind. Depending on the story, gave birth to humans by self-fertilizing, or by dividing into a man and woman.{{citation needed}}
* '''Olokun'''. In the religion of Santeria, Olokun is a deity of the ocean possessing both sets of genitals, "who wears very long hair and who lives in the depths of the ocean floor with a great retinue of mermaids and tritons."<ref>Migene Gonzalez-Wippler, Santeria: African magic in Latin America, p. 26.</ref>
* '''Oya''' (also known as '''Oyá''' or '''Oiá'''; '''Yàńsàn-án''' or '''Yansã'''; and '''Iansá''' or '''Iansã''' in Latin America) is an orisha (spirit) in several religious traditions. She is an orisha of winds, lightning, and violent storms, as well as death and rebirth. Oya has been called a patron spirit of [[trans women]] as well as patron spirit of gay and bisexual men.<ref>{{cite book|title=Queering Creole Spiritual Traditions: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Participation in African-inspired Traditions in the Americas|publisher=Psychology Press |date=2004|page=75}}</ref>
* '''Legba (Ellegua)''', usually male, but changes sex in some stories, and is sometimes portrayed by a girl wearing a phallus.{{citation needed}}
* '''Mawu-Lisa''' (also spelled '''Mahu-Lisa''', '''Mahou-Lissa''', or '''Mahu-Lissa''') is a creator god in the Vodun religious belief. Vodun, from which the word "voodoo" is derived, is practiced by many of the Gbe-speaking tribes of West Africa, but most notably the Ewe and Fon people. (Vodun means "spirits" in the Gbe language.) Mawu-Lisa is a combination of the feminine aspect Mawu and the masculine aspect Lisa (Lisa is also sometimes called Legba). Mawu is associated with the moon, night-time, fertility, motherhood, gentleness, forgiveness, rest, and joy. Lisa/Legba is associated with the sun, daytime, heat, work, power, war, strength, toughness, and intransigence.<ref>{{cite book|title=African Religions: Beliefs and Practices Through History |editor=Thomas, Douglas and Alanamu, Temilola|date=2018|page=245-246}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Encyclopedia of African Religion|editor=Molefi Kete Asante and Ama Mazama|website=SAGE Reference|url=https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/africanreligion/n259.xml}}</ref>
* '''Mwari''', also known as '''Musikavanhu''', '''Musiki''', '''Tenzi''' and '''Ishe''', is the Supreme Creator deity according to Shona traditional religion. Although missionary Bible translations gendered Mwari as male, the Shona understood Mwari as being both male and female, or else neither male nor female.<ref>Obvious Vengeyi, 'The Bible in the Service of Pan-Africanism', in ''The Bible and Politics in Africa'', ed. M. Gunda and J. Kugler (University of Bamburg Press, 2012), pp. 85-6. </ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The God of the Matopo Hills: An Essay on the Mwari Cult in Rhodesia|last=Daneel|first=Marthinus L.|publisher=Mouton & Co.|year=1970|location=The Hague, Netherlands|pages=16}}</ref>
* '''Nana-Buluku''', in Fon tradition, is creator of the world, a god both male and female. This Creator gave birth to the sun (male Liza) and moon (female Mawu).{{citation needed}}
* '''Pomba Gira''', an Afro-Brazilian spirit associated with [[trans women]], effeminate men, [[drag]] queens, and [[crossdresser]]s.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomba_Gira</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pomba Gira |author=Ferre, Lux |work=Occult World |date=30 July 2017 |access-date=27 March 2022 |url= https://occult-world.com/pomba-gira/ }}</ref> Might be the female version of Legba.{{citation needed}}
* '''Vondu''', a god both male and female{{citation needed}}

==Americas==

=== Zuni ===

==== Views about gender variance in Zuni spiritualities ====
''Information needed.''

==== Gender variant figures in Zuni spiritualities ====

Gender variant figures in Zuni traditions:
* '''Awonawilona''', "a deity both male and female" who began the creation process of the universe by forming clouds and water from their breath.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The "Middle" Gender in Zuni Religion |last=Adams |first=Lili |work=Owlcation |date=11 April 2018 |access-date=1 November 2021 |url= https://owlcation.com/social-sciences/The-Middle-Gender-in-Zuni-Religion}}</ref>
* '''He'e''', a male kachina who wore feminine clothing. He defended his pueblo while wearing a mixture of men's and women's [[clothing]], with one side of his hair dressed in the women's style.{{citation needed}}
* '''Ko'lhamana''', a Zuni [[Two-Spirit]] kachina who peacefully mediates between different groups of people.{{citation needed}}

=== Diné (Navajo) ===

==== Views about gender variance in Diné spiritualities ====
''Information needed.''

==== Gender variant figures in Diné spiritualities ====

Figures in Diné (Navajo) traditions:
Note that Navajo traditions include a [[third gender]] role, called ''nadle'' (''Nádleeh''), which includes people who are intersex, as well as people in the transgender spectrum.
* '''Changing Woman''' (Ahsonnutli, Estsanatlehi, Asdzą́ą́ Nádleehé) a Diné Two-Spirit deity. She changes to a different age with each season. In the creation epic, she gives birth to heroic twins, fathered by the Sun, who she marries.{{citation needed}}
* '''Turquoise Boy''' (Ashton nutli, Ashton nadle) a two-spirit person, specifically a feminine man (or in some versions intersex), in the creation story (Diné Bahaneʼ). He helped the people escape the great flood. Later, Turquoise Boy became the sun (Jóhonaaʼéí, The One Who Rules the Day), and then he fathers children with Changing Woman, and marries her. In a different story, Turquoise Boy is instead the child of Changing Woman and the Sun; Changing Woman created him as the first two-spirit person because she couldn't decide whether she wanted a son or a daughter, and decided to make a child who was both.{{citation needed}}
* '''White Shell Girl''', a two-spirit person, in this case a masculine woman, in the creation story who helped Turquoise Boy save the people from the flood. She later became the moon (Tłʼéhonaaʼéí, The One Who Rules the Night).{{citation needed}}

=== Nahua ===

==== Views about gender variance in Nahua spiritualities ====
''Information needed.''

==== Gender variant figures in Nahua spiritualities ====

[[File:Huehuecoyotl.jpg|thumb|200px|The Nahua god Huehuecoyotl, in the Codex Telleriano-Remensis (16th century).]]
Figures in Nahua traditions:
* '''Huehuecoyotl''', an Aztec trickster god who was usually male but sometimes female{{citation needed}}

=== Other Native American spiritualities ===

==== Views about gender variance in other Native American spiritualities ====
''Information needed.''

==== Gender variant figures in other Native American spiritualities ====

Figures in traditions of other Native peoples of North America:
* '''Coyote''', usually male, but changes sex in some stories.{{citation needed}}
* '''Double Woman''', in Lakota tradition, appears in a young man's dreams holding out women's tools, and if the dreamer takes these, the dreamer accepts the trans feminine gender role of winkte, meaning "would become woman."<ref>Walter Williams, ''spirit and the flesh'', p.28</ref>
* '''Frog Earrings''' (Toad Earrings), a female spirit in Mandan tradition who appears in people's dreams to tell them to adopt a different gender role.{{citation needed}}
* '''Red Woman''' (Hicicawia) a spirit in Crow tradition who created two-spirit people.{{citation needed}}
* '''Holy Women''', in Hidatsa tradition, appear in people's dreams to tell them to adopt a different gender role.{{citation needed}}
* '''Moon deity''', in Omaha tradition, is said to appear in a young person's vision quest or dreams, holding out men's tools in one hand, and women's tools in the other. Which one the dreamer grasps for will determine the dreamer's gender role. For this reason, the Omaha word for a two-spirit person is mexoga, meaning "instructed by the moon." "This type of vision, conferring high status because of instruction from the Moon spirit, was also reported ... among the Winnebagos, Lakotas, Assiniboine, Pawnees, Mandans, and Hidatsas"<ref>walter williams, spirit and the flesh, p. 29.</ref>
* '''Nih'a'ca''', in Arapaho mythology, was the first person who was two-spirit (haxu'xan). Nih'a'ca is a trans feminine trickster who married the mountain lion.<ref>Bruce Bagemihi, Biological Exuberance, unpaged</ref>

==Asia==

===Hinduism===

==== Views about gender variance in Hinduism ====

Hindu philosophy has the concept of a third sex or [[third gender]] (''tritiya-prakriti'' – literally, "third nature"). Certain people in this category are called [[Hijra]]s in Hinduism.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Neither Man Nor Woman: The Hijras of India|last=Nanda|first=Serena|author-link=Serena Nanda|year=1990|isbn=978-0534509033|page=137}}</ref> 

==== Gender variant figures in Hinduism ====
[[File:Ardhanari c. 1800.jpg|thumb|A depiction of Ardhanarisvara, painted around the year 1800.]]
* '''Purusha''', a primal androgynous deity. The word also refers to a complex concept within Hinduism. <ref> [https://kaulapedia.com/en/siddha-vastu/#Principle_of_Vastu_Purusha] </ref>
* '''Ardhanarisvara''' or '''Ardhanarishvara''' (aspect of male Shiva, with female consort Parvati, Deva, Shakti, or Uma), both male and female in one body.<ref>Raven Kaldera, Hermaphrodeities, p. 40.</ref> Patron of gay people, intersex people, and transgender people
* '''Bahuchara Mata''', goddess, patron of [[Hijra]], who are members of a trans feminine nonbinary gender role.<ref>{{cite web|title=Collected Information About the Eunuchs of India Known as Hijras|url=http://androgyne.0catch.com/hijrax.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200218220634/http://androgyne.0catch.com/hijrax.htm|archive-date=18 February 2020}}</ref>
* '''Indra''', who cursed a king to become a woman<ref name="Pattanaik">Devdutt Pattanaik, The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine</ref>. The king was Bhangashvana in the ancient Indian epic, the Mahabharata. The king ended up with "two sets of sons—those who called him 'Father' and those who called him 'Mother.' Indra caused the two sets of children to fight and kill each other. When Bhangashvana pleaded for mercy, Indra asked which set of sons he would like back. 'Those who call me mother,' said Bhangashvana. When asked whether he wanted a male body or a female one, he replied, 'A female one, so that I can get more pleasure.'"<ref name="Pattanaik" />
* '''Ila''' (Sanskrit: इल) or '''Ilā''' (Sanskrit: इला) is usually described as the child of Vaivasvata Manu (the progenitor of mankind) and his wife Shraddha. There are multiple versions of Ila's story, but all involve sex/gender changes. In one version, Ila was born female, but her parents prayed to Mitra and Varuna, who changed Ila to a boy named Sudyumma (or Sudhyumna). In another version, Ila's parents failed to have any children for a long time and approached the sage Agastya for a solution. The sage performed a yajna (fire sacrifice) dedicated to Mitra and Varuna to attain a son for the couple. Due to either an error in the ritual, a failure to offer the appropriate sacrifice, or Shraddha wishing to have a daughter, Mitra and Varuna instead sent a daughter to the couple. However, Manu desired a son so Vashistha appealed to Vishnu and the child was made male. In adulthood, Sudyumma accidentally trespassed in the sacred grove of the goddess Parvati and was cursed, becoming a woman. According to the ''Ramayana'', when Ila approached Shiva for help, Shiva laughed with scorn. However, Parvati reduced the curse and allowed Ila to switch sexes every month. While in male form, he was not able to remember his life as a woman, and vice versa. Ila had children in both their male form and female form. In almost all versions of the tale, Ila wants to live as a man, but in the ''Skanda Purana'', Ila desires to be a woman.<ref>{{cite web| title=Ila (Hinduism) |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ila_(Hinduism)&oldid=1038791690 |date= 14 August 2021 |access-date=7 September 2021|work= Wikipedia}}</ref>
* '''Iravan''' (Iravat, Iravant, Aravan), patron of [[hijra]].
* '''Samba''', who became a woman and gave birth
* '''Shakti''' or '''Sakti''', the deity personification of cosmic energy.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakti</ref> Shakti is commonly referred to in feminine terms, yet in ''Mahakalistotra'' Shakti is described as "neither female nor male nor [[hermaphrodite]]" and in ''Nava Ratneshwar '' Shakti is described as "neither female nor male, nor [[neuter]]".<ref>{{cite book|title=Proceedings Of The Convention Of Religions In India Vol. 2|page=147|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39759/page/n217/mode/2up?q=%22neither+female+nor+male%22 |chapter=Shaktaism.|year=1910}}</ref>
* '''Shikhandi''' (Śikhaṇḍī, Shikandi, Srikhandi), a warrior in the ancient Indian epic Mahabharata, who was born a girl and lived as a man. He was destined for military victory. He married a woman, but she rejected him when she found out that he was a trans man. Shikhandi contemplated responding to this with suicide,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The story of Shikandi |work=MahabharataOnline |date= |access-date=7 September 2021 |url= http://www.mahabharataonline.com/stories/mahabharata_character.php?id=94}}</ref> but instead made himself fully physically male by trading his sex with Sthunakarna,<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaksha_Kingdom</ref> a forest spirit (a ''yaksha'') who wanted to become a woman.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikhandi</ref>

===Buddhism===

[[File:Liao Dynasty Avalokitesvara Statue Clear.jpeg|thumb|200px|Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara (Guanshiyin) statue from China, 11th-12th century CE.]]

==== Views about gender variance in Buddhism ====

Thai Buddhism recognizes a category of gender variance called [[kathoey]], which includes feminine people who were assigned male at birth. Many people in Thailand think of kathoey as a separate category than woman or man, and even separate from [[transgender women]]. In Thai Buddhism, being kathoey is seen as being part of one's karma, if it should be the case for a person. The response is one of "pity" rather than "blame". Kathoey are generally seen as not likely to form lasting relationships with men, and the lay explanation of their karma is that they are working out debts from adulterous behavior in past lives. In the past they disrupted marriages, and now they are doomed to never marry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenscene.com/ironladies/reviews/questions.html|title=14 Questions |first=Andrew |last=Matzner |year=2000 |work=Golden Scene}}</ref> 

==== Gender variant figures in Buddhism ====

Figures that are gender variant or patrons of gender variant people:
* '''Avalokiteśvara''', a male bodhisattva, sometimes shown as an androgynous man, who can appear in a form of any gender
** '''Kwanyin''' (Guanyin, Kannon), originally a male bodhisattva (derived from Avalokiteśvara) who was reinterpreted as female or androgynous. There are only hypotheses about how and why this happened.

{{Clear}}

===Taoism===
[[File:Dinastia ming, l'immortale lan caihe, 1510 ca..JPG|thumb|100px|Ming dynasty figurine of Lan Caihe. Circa 1510 CE.]]

==== Views about gender variance in Taoism ====
''Information needed.''

==== Gender variant figures in Taoism ====

Gender-variant figures in Taoism:
* '''[[Wikipedia:Lan Caihe|Lan Caihe]]''' (Lan Ts'ai-ho), one of the Eight Immortals, who was a homeless wandering singer. Lan is not thought to have been based on a historically real person,<ref name="NatGeo" /> but many ballads attributed to Lan survive today.<ref name="Britannica" /> The earliest stories about Lan were told as far back as at least the 10th century CE.<ref name="Explaining">金乃逯. ''中国文化释疑 (Explaining Doubts in Chinese Culture).'' 北京语言文化大学出版社, 1999. Page 65.</ref> The gender of Lan Caihe is unknown, and has always been disputed. Chinese theatre traditionally portrays Lan as wearing feminine clothing, but speaking in a masculine voice,<ref name="Britannica">"Lan Caihe." ''Encyclopedia Britannica.'' https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lan-Caihe</ref> that is, by a male actor without attempting a feminine style of speech.<ref name="TimeLifeDragon">''Land of the Dragon: Chinese Myth.'' Time-Life Books, 1999. Page 111.</ref> He Xiangu is always described as the only woman among the Eight Immortals,<ref name="Werner293">E.T.C. Werner. ''Myths and Legends of China.'' London: George G. Harrap & Co. 1922. Page 293. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15250/15250-h/15250-h.htm#d0e4611</ref><ref name="NatGeo">National Geographic Society (U.S.). ''National Geographic Essential Visual History of World Mythology.'' National Geographic Books, 2008. Page 340.</ref> so Lan is not a woman. According to the ''Xiu Xiang Ba Xian Dong You Ji,'' Lan Caihe was a man who could not understand how to be a man.<ref name="Werner293" /><ref name="Cassell">Randy P. Conner, David Hatfield Sparks, Mariya Sparks. ''Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit: Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Lore.'' Cassell, 1997. Page 212.</ref>

{{Clear}}

===Shintoism===

==== Gender variant figures in Shintoism ====

Shinto kami associated with gender variance include: shirabyōshi, female or transgender kami represented as half-human, half-snake. They are linked to Shinto priests of the same name, who are usually female (or occasionally transgender) and perform ceremonial dances in traditional men's clothing;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Conner |first1=Randy P. |last2=Sparks |first2=David Hatfield |last3=Sparks |first3=Mariya |year=1998 |title=Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol and Spirit |isbn=978-0-304-70423-1 |page=305 |chapter=Shirabyoshi}}</ref> Ōyamakui no kami, a transgender Yama-no-Kami mountain spirit that protects industry and childbearing (notably enshrined in Hie Shrine);<ref>Conner & Sparks (1998), p. 259, "Oyamakui"</ref> and Inari Ōkami, the kami of agriculture and rice, who is depicted as various genders, the most common representations being a young female food goddess, an old man carrying rice, and an androgynous bodhisattva.<ref name=smyers8>{{cite book|last=Smyers|first=Karen Ann|title=The fox and the jewel : shared and private meanings in contemporary Japanese inari worship|year=1999|publisher=Univ. of Hawaií Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=9780824820589|page=8}}</ref> Inari is further associated with foxes and shapeshifting fox trickster spirits. Kitsune sometimes disguise themselves as women, independent of their true gender, in order to trick human men into sexual relations with them.<ref>Conner & Sparks (1998), p. 203, "Kitsune"</ref> Common belief in medieval Japan was that any woman encountered alone, especially at dusk or night, could be a fox.<ref name="Tyler xlix">Tyler (1987), xlix.{{Full citation needed|date=May 2014}}</ref>

The Japanese Moon God, Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto, is sometimes identified as the brother of the Sun Goddess, Amaterasu, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japanese-wiki-corpus.org/Shinto/Tsukuyomi.html|title=Tsukuyomi - Japanese Wiki Corpus|last=Yu|first=A. C.|website=www.japanese-wiki-corpus.org|access-date=2021-06-20}}</ref> and sometimes as her spouse. But their gender is unknown and they are known by androgynous pronouns. Very little is known about this god, other than the fight with their sister that separated them in the heavens forever. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-05-25|title=Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto&oldid=1024973351|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japanese-wiki-corpus.org/Shinto/Tsukuyomi.html|title=Tsukuyomi - Japanese Wiki Corpus|last=Yu|first=A. C.|website=www.japanese-wiki-corpus.org|access-date=2021-06-20}}</ref>

===Levant spiritualities===

The Levant is an area of western Asia, which is popularly called the middle East, including the Fertile Crescent, where the earliest civilizations developed. Culturally, the Levant can also spread into north-eastern Africa, and even southern parts of Europe, due to easy trade and travel across the Mediterranean Sea. The [[#Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic family of religions]] also originated in the Levant. 

==== Views about gender variance in Levant spiritualities ====
''Information needed.''

==== Gender variant figures in Levant spiritualities ====

Gender-variant deities and patrons of gender variance in Levant spiritualities:
* '''Enki''', a Sumerian male god and creator. He has been referenced to have both male and female aspects, but these seem to largely relate to fertility, or his place in a per-patriarchal society.
* '''Inanna''', a Sumerian goddess who was described in some hymns as both male and female, and whose worship included ritual cross-dressing. Some more recent translations indicate that "ritual cross dressing" might have been mistranslated, the passages instead referring to a sect of trans priestesses. She was also indicated to have domain over transitioning gender, "To turn a man into a woman and a woman into a man are yours, Inana."<ref>{{Cite web |title=A hymn to Inana (Inana C): translation |work=The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature |date= |access-date=7 September 2021 |url= https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4073.htm}}</ref>
* '''Zurvan''', a Zoroastrian primal deity of time who is grammatically represented as genderless.

{{Clear}}

==Australia and Oceania==

==== Views about gender variance in Australian and Oceanian spiritualities ====
''Information needed.''

==== Gender variant figures in Australian and Oceanian spiritualities ====

Gender-variant deities and patrons of gender variance:
* '''Amihan''' is a genderless deity who is depicted as a bird in Philippine mythology. According to Tagalog folklore, Amihan was the first creature to inhabit the universe, along with two other gods, Bathala and Aman Sinaya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amihan (mythology) |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amihan_(mythology)&oldid=1007128416 |date=16 February 2021|access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref>
* '''Ungud''': In the religion of the Wunambal people of northwestern Australia, Ungud is a snake god who is sometimes male and sometimes female. Ungd is associated with rainbows and the fertility and erections of the tribe's shamans.  Ungud is associated with earth and water and is credited with causing rain to fall. At night, Ungud and the sky deity Wallanganda created living beings through their dreams.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of world mythology|date=2000|publisher=Dempsey Parr|others=Auerbach, Loren., Cotterell, Arthur.|isbn=0-7550-0063-3|location=Bath, UK|pages=239|oclc=46836408}}</ref>

==Europe==

===Greco-Roman religions===
[[File:Eros - Apulian red-figured kantharos, Puglia.jpg|thumb|200px|Eros as a winged androgyne. Red-figured kantharos, Italy, 320 to 310 BCE.]]
Also called Classical religion, the ancient Greek (Hellenistic) and Roman religions featured mythology about the many gods, goddesses, and supernatural heroes. Although these are often seen as dead religions, the Classical deities are still worshiped today by Hellenistic Pagans.

==== Views about gender variance in Greco-Roman religions ====

==== Gender variant figures in Greco-Roman religions ====

Gender variant deities and patrons of gender variance in Greco-Roman religions:
* Greek mythology with Phrygian origins described '''Agdistis''', who was both male and female. The other gods feared the power of this complete being, and so castrated Agdistis, removing Agdistis's penis. From their blood sprang a tree that bore either almonds or pomegranates, depending on the version of the story, but both of these fruits symbolize the vulva and womb. The fruit of it fertilized Nana, who gave birth to Attis. Agdistis brought chaos to the wedding of Attis, so that Attis went mad, castrated himself, and died. In dismay, Agdistis asked the gods to preserve Attis's body, and founded a festival in his honor. There are several very different versions of the story of Agdistis, but basic events remain similar.<ref>Pierre Grimal and Stephen Kershaw, The Penguin Dictionary of Classical Mythology, p. 27-28.</ref> In some versions, Agdistis has a relation or is an aspect of the goddess Cybele.
* '''Aphrodite''' had transgender aspects. Servius said, "There is in Cyprus an image...with the body and dress of a woman, but with a scepter and the sex of a man, which they call '''Aphroditus''', and to which the men sacrifice in a female dress and the women in a masculine one."<ref>Gerald Massey, ''The natural Genesis.'' p. 512. </ref> This can be seen as the presence of transgender priests and priestess, as the Romans often had antagonistic views towards androgyny. This deity was depicted as a woman with a penis, often lifting her skirt to reveal her penis.
*'''Venus''', the Roman counterpart to Aphrodite, also had gender variant aspects.'''Venus Barbata''', an aspect of the goddess Venus, grew a beard and dressed as a man in order to court a gay man. This deity was patron of sex workers and of socially taboo love and sex, particularly homosexuality.<ref>Raven Kaldera, Hermaphrodeities, p. 72-74.</ref>  Her followers included men who dressed as women, and she’s said to have turned some men into women.
* '''Cybele''', a goddess who was in some interpretations both male and female. Her priestesses were trans-feminine eunuchs called [[Gallae]].
* '''Dionysus''', a deity of wine, madness, vegetation, pleasure, and frenzy. His tradition is broadly reaching, so accounts do not agree on aspects of his gender. However, some popular accounts agree on certain aspects of his gender. Dionysus, by most accounts, was raised by nymphs on Mt. Nysa. There, he was raised as a woman. <ref> [https://www.theoi.com/Olympios/DionysosMyths.html#Birth] </ref> In most traditions, he is seen as effeminate, and sometimes is seen as changing gender. <ref> [https://www.theoi.com/Olympios/DionysosGod.html#Homosexuality] </ref>
* '''Hermaphroditus''', a Greek deity who was both male and female, who was shown in art as a beautiful woman with a penis. One version of this deity's origin was that Hermes (the messenger god) united with Aphrodite (the goddess of love) to become Hermaphroditus.<ref>Walker, A Woman’s Dictionary, p. 195.</ref> Another story said instead that Hermaphroditus was originally the beautiful male son of Hermes and Aphrodite. The lake nymph Salmacis raped him, wishing them to never separate again, so the gods made them one being. The gods also granted the victim's wish that anyone who bathed in that lake would lose their virility.<ref>Pierre Grimal and Stephen Kershaw, ''The Penguin Dictionary of Classical Mythology'', p. 197.</ref> This is the origin of the word "hermaphrodite.".
* '''Pales''', a Roman shepherd deity seen as male, female, or multiple deities at different times.

Other gender variant figures and myths:
* '''Caeneus''' (also called Caenus, Caenis, or Kaineus) was a mighty warrior who had been divinely changed from a woman to a man. When Caeneus was female, the god Poseidon had raped him, and then offered a wish. Caeneus wished to become a man with the power of being impenetrable by anything, so that he could never be raped again in any way. As a result, Caenus also became supernaturally invulnerable to being penetrated by any weapon, such as swords and arrows. A centaur found out Caeneus's secrets, and so mocked him, and then defeated Caeneus by burying him under logs and boulders.<ref>Michael Hernandez, “Exploring FTM mythology, part 1: Raising Caeneus.” http://www.otherbear.com/Raising%20Caeneus.pdf{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* '''Tiresias''' (Teiresias), a man who was changed to a woman for several years and back again. He settled a dispute between Zeus and Hera about whether men or women experience more pleasure during sex. He said women did, which angered Hera, so she blinded him. To make up for it, Zeus gave Tiresias the power of prophesy. Some consider Tiresias to have those powers because of having experienced life as a man and as a woman.<ref>Raven Kaldera, ''Hermaphrodeities'', p. 238-239.</ref>
*'''Iphis''' is the son of Ligdus and Telethusa, a couple who was poor, and could not afford a dowry if they were to have a girl. If a girl was born, she was to be killed. The goddess Isis advised Telethusa to keep her child, regardless of the gender. Though born "female", Telethusa raised Iphis as a man. When Iphis became older and fell in love, he prayed to Isis for help, and was able to have a body that matched his gender perception. <ref>Ovid, Metamorphoses </ref>

=====Art of Hermaphroditus, Aphroditus, or figures believed by historians to be them=====
<gallery>
File:Statua di Ermafrodito tipo Anasyromenos.jpg|Hermaphroditus or Aphroditus in skirt-lifting (''anasyrma'') pose, a magical gesture to ward off bad luck. 
File:Bronze hermaphrodite figures in the Louvre.jpg|Bronze statue in the Louvre of Hermaphroditus, Aphroditus, and a herma representing Hermes.
File:Ermafrodito, 50 ac-50 dc ca. 01.JPG|Ancient Roman bronze statuette in the Museo archeologico nazionale (Florence).
File:Fresco depicting Hermaphroditus. Museo Barracco 01.jpg|Fresco fragment depicting Hermaphroditus, 2nd half of 3rd century AD, from Capua, Museo di Scultura Antica Giovanni Barracco, Rome
File:Toletta di Ermafrodito.jpg|Toilet of Hermaphroditus, an engraving of a fresco from the House of Adonis and Venus, Pompeii.
File:Ermafrodito, affresco Romano di Ercolano (1–50 d.C., Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli) - 02.jpg|A Roman fresco of Hermaphroditus from Herculaneum. Between 1 and 50 CE. 
File:035 arte romana, ermafrodito, calcedonio, III sec dc..JPG|Hermaphroditus attended by Cupids. Ancient Roman glyptics in the Museo archeologico nazionale (Florence)
File:Affresco romano -Ermafrodito e Sileno - Pompei.JPG|Hermaphroditus and Silenus. Ancient Roman fresco from Pompeii.
File:Marble statue of Hermaphroditus. House of Loreius Tiburtinus. Pompeii2.JPG|Marble statue of Hermaphroditus found in the House of Loreius Tiburtinus, Pompeii. 
File:IAM 363T - Hermaphroditus statue.jpg|Statue of Hermaphroditus, Marble, Pergamum, Hellenistic style, 3rd century BCE. Istanbul Archaeological Museums.
</gallery>

=====Other gender-variant figures from Greek and Roman mythology=====
<gallery>
File:Kaineus centaurs MAR Palermo NI1845.jpg|Caeneus fighting centaurs. Attic black-figure lekythos, 520–510 BC. 
File:Tiresias striking the snakes.png|Tiresias transformed into a woman by Hera for striking at copulating snakes.
File:Villa Caprarola Gabinete de Ermatena.jpg|Hermathena, painted by Federico Zuccaro, circa 1566.
File:Lucas Cranach I - Hercules and Omphale - Private Collection - .jpg|Hercules in women's clothing and spinning thread, painted by Lucas Cranach the Elder in 1537. 
</gallery>

{{Clear}}

===Norse religion and Heathenry===
[[File:Ed0019.jpg|thumb|200px|Loki dressing Thor, the thunder god, in feminine clothing. Illustration by Carl Larsson and Gunnar Forssell in the ''Poetic Edda'', 1893.]]

==== Views about gender variance in Norse religion and Heathenry ====
Norse Heathenry has a complex relationship with LGBTQ subjects. The practice of ''seiðr'' is typically regarded as women-only magical practice, requiring an openness that draws parallels to the sexually receptive feminine role found in other neopagan beliefs. Historically and currently, non-female practitioners are sometimes targeted with homophobic or effeminate harassment.{{R|group=|KraemerGS|page1=395|q1=These traditional gender roles are even more dominant in more politically conservative Pagan traditions such as Heathenry. In Nine Worlds of Seid-Magic (2002), Jenny Blain describes the gender issues surrounding Heathen practitioners of seiðr, an oracular form of shamanic practice traditionally considered to be "women&apos;s magic" (p. 90). The seið worker, it is thought, must be receptive to the spirits, and in Northern European cultures, receptivity (especially sexual receptivity) is a trait of the feminine. In the Icelandic sagas, the practice of seiðr by men—even patriarchs like the god Odinn—threatens to render them ergi, a negative state with connotations of masculation and weakness (Blain 2002, pp. 60, 115). Among contemporary Heathens, the practice of seiðr by men sometimes draws homophobic harassment from others in the community, and it may be considered evidence of homosexuality (Blain 2002, p. 122).||}}

==== Gender variant figures in Norse religion and Heathenry ====

Gender-variant deities in Norse religion:
* '''Friga''', usually female, but sometimes both male and female
* '''Loki (Loke, Loge, Loptr, Hveðrungr)''', usually male, a shapeshifter who became female and gave birth on occasion. He transformed into a mare to birth Sleipnir, an eight-legged horse that became the swift steed of the god Odin.
* '''Odin as Jalkr''', usually male, but in one story was a eunuch in feminine clothing in order to study women's mysteries.<ref>Raven Kaldera, ''Hermaphrodeities'', p. 160.</ref>

{{Clear}}

=== Wicca ===

==== Views about gender variance in Wicca ====

''See also: [[Wikipedia:Modern Pagan views on LGBT people]]''

Transgender people are generally magickal people, according to Karla McLaren in her ''Energetic Boundaries'' study guide. Transgender people are almost always welcomed in individual communities, covens, study groups, and circles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wicca-spirituality.com/gay-wicca.html |title=The Scoop on Gay Wicca |work=Wicca Spirituality: A New Wicca for a New World}}</ref> However, some Neopagan groups do not welcome transgender people, and specifically exclude people from participation who do not fit into [[cisgender]] [[male]] and [[female]] categories.<ref name="EncWitch"/> Some gender separatist groups exclude transgender people, often on the basis of their [[gender assigned at birth]].<ref name="EncWitch">{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism|first=Shelley|last=Rabinovitch|author2=James Lewis|publisher=Citadel Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0806524061
}}</ref> Dianic Wicca is an example of such a separatist group.<ref name=Adler>{{cite book |last=Adler |first=Margaret |title=Drawing down the moon: witches, Druids, goddess-worshippers, and other pagans in America |year=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books |page=[https://archive.org/details/drawingdownmoonw00adle_2/page/126 126] |isbn=978-0-14-303819-1  }}</ref>

Wiccan traditions hold a wide range of differing beliefs about [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]]. However, Wicca is regarded by many practitioners as a fertility religion. Starhawk wrote in her 1982 book ''Dreaming the Dark,'' "Sexuality was a sacrament in the Old Religion; it was (and is) viewed as a powerful force through which the healing, fructifying love of the immanent Goddess was directly known, and could be drawn down to nourish the world, <u>to quicken fertility</u> in human beings and in nature".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dreaming the dark : magic, sex, & politics|last=Starhawk.|date=1982|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=0807010006|location=Boston|oclc=8281427}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.spiralnature.com/spirituality/god-goddess-other/|title=God, Goddess, and Other: Fertility faiths and queer identities|last=Xenia|date=2014-11-26|website=Spiral Nature Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203111149/http://www.spiralnature.com/spirituality/god-goddess-other/|archive-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Most Wiccans worship two deities, the Goddess and God, representing a male-female polarity that Wiccans believe is in all things.{{r|group=|KraemerGS|page1=392|q1=Both rituals seek union between the divine masculine and the divine feminine as represented by a priest and priestess, but Gardner emphasized that the purpose of the Great Rite was physical and spiritual fertility...|page2=|q2=|3=}}<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Farrar1989">{{cite book|title=The Witches' God: Lord of the Dance|author=Farrar, Janet|author2=Farrar, Stewart|publisher=Hale|year=1989|isbn=0-7090-3319-2|location=London|pages=170–171|oclc=59693966}}</ref> This is a "predominantly heterosexual model".<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of psychology and religion|others=Leeming, David Adams, 1937-|isbn=978-1-4614-6086-2|edition=2nd|location=New York|pages=1638–1641|oclc=865090158|lay-url=https://www.academia.edu/25192164/Sexuality_and_Wicca|lay-source=Academia.edu - Harrington, Melissa|lay-date=2016}}</ref> A central part of Wiccan liturgy involves the Great Rite,{{r|ObolerGE}}<ref name=":4" />{{cite book|author=Farrar, Stewart|title=What Witches Do: A Modern Coven Revealed|year=1973|publisher= Sphere Books| page=85-94}}</ref> an act of actual or symbolic ritual sexual intercourse between the two deities, carried out by a priest and priestess who have had the deities invoked upon them.{{r|ObolerGE}}<ref name=":4" />{{cite book|author=Crowley, Vivianne|title=Wicca: The Old Religion in the New Age| year= 1989|publisher=The Aquarian Press|ISBN=0-85030-737-6|page=234}}</ref>

Gardnerian and Alexandrian groups typically form their covens from male-female pairs exclusively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wicca.com/wicca/wicca-forms.html|title=Various Forms of Wicca and Wiccan Traditions|website=wicca.com|access-date=2020-06-25|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627042208/https://wicca.com/wicca/wicca-forms.html|archive-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> Kraemer writes, "The British Traditional Wicca of the 1950s and 1960s saw masculine and feminine energies as wholly distinct from each other, yet complementary. Although masculinity and femininity were to be valued equally, priestesses and priests were cast into rigidly gendered, heteronormative roles."{{r|KraemerGS}}

Newer Wiccan traditions often avoid or disregard the historical aversion to [[LGBT]] individuals.{{r|FWQC|KraemerGS|ObolerGE}}<ref name="Gallagher2005">{{cite book|last=Gallagher|first=Ann-Marie|title=The Wicca Bible: the Definitive Guide to Magic and the Craft|publisher=Sterling Publishing|year=2005|isbn=978-1-4027-3008-5|location=New York|oclc=61680143}}</ref> Oboler notes the change in neopagan culture thus, "Although the symbolic bedrock of Wicca and modern Paganism is strongly gender-essentialist, the Pagan community, like the culture as a whole, has been moving away from that position."{{r|ObolerGE}} These traditions sometimes cite the Wiccan ''Charge of the Goddess'' which says "All acts of Love and Pleasure are My rituals".<ref name=":7" /><ref name="Gardner 2004 p.70">{{cite book|author=Gardner, Gerald|title=Witchcraft and the Book of Shadows|year=2004|editor= A.R.Naylor|publisher= I-H-O Books|page=70|isbn=1-872189-52-0}}</ref> Professor Melissa Harrington wrote that despite traditional Wicca showing [[heterosexism]] "as Wicca has grown and attracted gay practitioners they have begun to work out ways in which Wiccan rites can become more meaningful to them".<ref name=":4" />

According to professor and Wicca author Ann-Marie Gallagher, "There is a moralistic doctrine or dogma other than the advice offered in the Wiccan Rede... The only 'law' here is love... It matters that we are gay, straight, bisexual or transgender– the physical world is sacred, and [we are] celebrating our physicality, sexuality, human nature and celebrating the Goddess, Giver of ALL life and soul of ALL nature."<ref name="Gallagher2005" />

The Pagan Federation of Canada stated, "Over the last few decades, many people have thought that the emphasis on male/female polarity in Wicca excludes homosexuals."  However, the Federation goes on to make the case for the validity of LGBT orientations even within traditional Wicca, suggesting that gay men and lesbians are likely to be particularly alive to the interplay of the masculine and feminine principles in the Universe.<ref>{{cite web|last= Huneault|first= Robert|title=Homosexuality and Wicca|work=Pagan Federation/Fédération Païenne Canada|accessdate= 11 May 2007|url=http://www.pfpc.ca/info/wiccan/wicca/homo.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071229050605/http://www.pfpc.ca/info/wiccan/wicca/homo.html |archive-date=29 December 2007}}</ref>

=====In Gardnerian Wicca=====
Gerald Gardner, the founder of Gardnerian Wicca in the 1950s and 60s, emphasized heterosexual approaches to Wicca. As Jan Van Cleve, former practitioner of traditional Wicca, wrote, "Much of Gardnerian magic is based on this notion that physical interaction between male and female is not only desirable, but also necessary."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.witchvox.com/va/dt_va.html?id=12197|title=Gender and Paganism|last=Van Cleve|first=Janice|date=27 January 2008|website=WitchVox|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124020359/http://www.witchvox.com/va/dt_va.html?id=12197|archive-date=24 January 2020|access-date=11 September 2019}}{{Self-published source|date=June 2020}}</ref> Gardner said that a witch could only be initiated by one of the other gender, with exceptions for parents initiating children, and otherwise would be cursed by the Goddess.<ref name=":9">Gardner, Gerald. ''Witchcraft Today'' (1954) London: Rider. p. 69</ref> According to Lois Bourne, one of the High Priestesses of the Bricket Wood coven, Gardner said that all witches had to be heterosexual men and women.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bourne, Lois|title=Dancing with Witches|year=2006|isbn=0-7090-8074-3|page=38}}(Hardback edition first published 1998).</ref>

=====In Alexandrian Wicca=====
Alex Sanders, the co-founder of Gardnerian offshoot Alexandrian Wicca, came out as [[bisexual]] later in life and created new rituals in which sexual orientation was irrelevant. However, a significant portion of Alexandrian belief is regarding heterosexual reproduction, best expressed by his wife and co-founder Maxine Sanders who is well known to emphasize the concept of male-female polarity and the fact that Alexandrian Wicca is a fertility religion. She also expressed concern about a proper functionality of transgender people (referred to as "transvestites") within coven practices, saying it best to look at other traditions that suit them more. "These people", as she is noted to have said, "they're not happy people."<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZrmRkpRTiw On the Blackchair Podcast, Special Edition Series #3 - Tea With Maxine - On Initiation]</ref>

=====In Dianic Wicca=====
[[File:Triple-Goddess-Pentagram.svg|thumb|194x194px|The symbol of Dianic Wicca — a circumscribed pentacle combined with the Triple Goddess symbol.|alt=A green pentagram circumscribed in black in center with a waxing crescent moon on the left and waning crescent moon on the right.]]
Dianic Wicca has become notable for the female-focus and anti-transgender stances of its founder, Zsuzsanna Budapest, and many members. This female-only, radical feminist variant of Wicca allows [[cisgender]] [[lesbian]]s but not [[transgender women]] in Dianic covens. This is due to Dianic belief in [[gender essentialism]], specifically, "you have to have sometimes [sic] in your life a womb, and ovaries and moon bleed [menstruate] and not die," according to Budapest. This belief and the way it is expressed is often denounced as [[transphobia]] and [[TERF|transgender-exclusionary radical feminism]]. Budapest was vocal in her opposition to trans women.{{r|ObolerGE}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/pantheon/2011/03/transgender-issues-in-pagan-religions/|title=Transgender Issues in Pagan Religions|last=PANTHEON|date=2011-03-01|work=PANTHEON|access-date=2018-05-01|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525163404/https://www.patheos.com/blogs/pantheon/2011/03/transgender-issues-in-pagan-religions/|archive-date=25 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-dianic-wicca-2562908|title=What is the Dianic Wiccan Tradition?|work=ThoughtCo|access-date=2018-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415020853/https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-dianic-wicca-2562908|archive-date=15 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/mar/08/pagans-trans-women-religions|title=Why won't pagans accept trans women? {{!}} Roz Kaveney|last=Kaveney|first=Roz|date=2011-03-08|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-06-15|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212114306/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/mar/08/pagans-trans-women-religions|archive-date=12 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some Dianic practitioners, such as lesbian priestess Jan Van Cleve, see this discrimination as a reactionary impulse that will someday subside. Van Cleve writes:<blockquote>"The relationship of the Feminist Movement to Dianic Wicca has been a mixed blessing. On the one hand, it liberated Wiccan women from patriarchal notions of paganism, which claimed that all energy comes from the male/female polarity. The early neo-Pagan leaders were all men and sex between sexes occupied a large part of their attention and sometimes even their rituals. This was rejected by feminists who sought a spirituality they could call exclusively their own. However, as feminism was a reaction to oppression, it carried with it a mindset colored by it. Feminists rebelled against the oppression of men but very soon began to oppress lesbians in their own ranks. The early years of the National Organization of Women, for example, were rife with bitter struggles between straight and lesbian feminists.<br><br>Oppression inevitably breeds oppression. The oppressed inevitably become the oppressors. It's the old story of man beats wife, wife yells at child, and child kicks dog. The same thing happened in Dianic Wiccan circles between straight and lesbian Witches. Lesbians, in turn, oppressed Bisexual women, and today some feminists and lesbians are opposed to transgendered women in circle. These are normal growing pains of any movement and as straight and lesbian women have by now largely overcome their orientation differences, they will no doubt soon overcome their fears of their transgendered sisters as well."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.witchvox.com/va/dt_va.html?id=12083|title=Dianic Wicca|last=Van Cleve|first=Jan|date=11 February 2008|website=WitchVox|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124021931/http://www.witchvox.com/va/dt_va.html?id=12083|archive-date=24 January 2020|access-date=11 September 2019}}{{Self-published source|date=June 2020}}</ref></blockquote>

===Other European and Neo-Pagan spiritual traditions===

''See also: [[Wikipedia:Modern Pagan views on LGBT people]]''

==== Feri ====

The Feri Tradition, a modern form of traditional witchcraft, has provided a home for many neopagan LGBT individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/features/witching-hour-lgbtq-and-paganism-1205509.html|title=Witching Hour: How LGBTQ+ views differ within Wicca and Paganism|last=August 2019|first=Holly Mosley1 {{!}} 7|website=www.femalefirst.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.feritradition.com/index.html|title=Feri Tradition Resources: articles and information related to Faery Tradition, Faerie Tradition, Fairy Tradition witchcraft|website=www.feritradition.com|access-date=2019-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509044256/http://www.feritradition.com/index.html|archive-date=9 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Tradition is very open to non-heterosexual orientations and queer identities.<ref name="FWQC" /> Feri practitioner Storm Faerywolf writes:<blockquote>"As any Queer practitioner can attest, there is a definite shortage of Queer-specific models that encourage the strengthening of ourselves as whole beings. In many Neo-Pagan Witchcraft traditions, we are told simply to adopt the pre-existing (and heterosexist) magickal modalities of polarity and fertility. In the Feri tradition we are given certain tools that enable us to have healthier relationships with our Divine natures, devoid of any such baggage."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.witchvox.com/va/dt_va.html?id=9173|title=The Amethyst Pentacle|last=Faerywolf|first=Storm|date=8 May 2005|website=WitchVox|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124020507/http://www.witchvox.com/va/dt_va.html?id=9173|archive-date=24 January 2020|access-date=11 September 2019}}{{Self-published source|date=June 2020}}</ref></blockquote>

==== Gender variant figures in other European spiritual traditions ====

Figures from other European spiritual traditions include: 
* '''Baphomet''', a primal androgyne said by the mystic Eliphas Lévi (1810-1875) to have been worshiped by the Knights Templar. This primal androgyne is an alchemical allegorical figure, made of a mixture of human (female and male) and animal features, representing the spiritual and physical realms, with a flame over its head representing enlightenment. This is the figure on the Tarot card called "The Devil," but it's debatable whether it's synonymous with the devil.{{citation needed}}

{{Clear}}

==Fictional spiritualities==

Some spiritual traditions that were made up for use in a fictional story refer to gender-variance, transgender people, and nonbinary people. Fiction can be helpful for speculating about different ways that people could think about gender variance than has happened in real-world history. In real life, some Pagans and magicians choose to include deities and practices of fictional origin in their spiritual practices. 

=== Views about gender variance in fictional spiritualities ===
''Information needed.''

=== Gender variant figures in fictional spiritualities ===

Spiritual gender-variant figures from fiction include: 
* '''Kyprioth,''' a trickster god in the fictional Tortallan culture, in the fantasy novels by Tamora Pierce (Bloodhound and Trickster’s Choice.) Kyprioth is a transgender man, and makes people be born transgender by touching them in the womb. http://tamorapierce.wikia.com/wiki/Kyprioth
* In the Trinyvale Campaign of ''Not Another D&D Podcast'', the world has three deities: one male (Nullar), one female (Liandt), one nonbinary (Neddas). [[Singular they]] is used for Neddas.
* In the video game ''The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind'', the god '''Vivec''' is referred to in some texts as "the union of male and female, the magic hermaphrodite".<ref>{{Cite web |title=General:Gender and Sexual Diversity |author= |work=The Unofficial Elder Scrolls Pages (UESP) |date= |access-date=8 November 2021 |url= https://en.uesp.net/wiki/General:Gender_and_Sexual_Diversity#Gender}}</ref> Vivec is almost always referred to with he/him pronouns, but in the text "[https://en.uesp.net/wiki/Lore:36_Lessons_of_Vivec,_Sermon_37 The Thirty-Six Lessons of Vivec, Sermon Thirty-Seven]" it is said that Vivec became sick and died, and his mother "gave him her skin to wear into the underworld" and thereafter the book uses she/her pronouns for Vivec.
* Also in Elder Scrolls lore, the Daedric Prince '''Boethiah''' (aka '''Boethia''' or '''Boethra''') is sometimes manifested/referred to as male and sometimes as female. Boethiah's titles include "Prince of Plots", "Queen of Shadows", "Goddess of Destruction", and "He-Who-Destroys and She-Who-Erases".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lore:Boethiah |author= |work=The Unofficial Elder Scrolls Pages (UESP) |date= |access-date=8 November 2021 |url= https://en.uesp.net/wiki/Lore:Boethiah}}</ref> (Note: "Daedric Prince" is the term used regardless of gender; e.g. Azura and Namira are always female but are still Daedric Princes, not Princesses.)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lore:Daedric Princes |author= |work=The Unofficial Elder Scrolls Pages (UESP) |date= |access-date=8 November 2021 |url= https://en.uesp.net/wiki/Lore:Daedric_Princes}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Gender-variant identities worldwide]]
* [[History of nonbinary gender]]
* [[Nonbinary gender in fiction]]

==Further reading==
*''Omnigender: A Trans-religious Approach'', by Virginia Ramey Mollenkott
* [[Wikipedia:Category:Androgynous and hermaphroditic deities]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Visibility]] [[Category:Spirituality]]