Editing Singular they

'''Singular they''' is the standard English gender neutral [[pronouns|pronoun]] for any individual whose gender is unknown or unspecified. For this reason, "they" pronouns are one of the three most popular pronouns used for real nonbinary people, as shown in surveys (see below). This is consistently and by far the most used pronoun among nonbinary people, with over 79% of the respondents in the 2019 Gender Census marking it as their favourite option.<ref name="census2018"/>

== Grammatical concerns ==
Although the singular they has been used in English informally for centuries, some grammarians have questioned its use based around arguments of grammatical correctness and formality. One of the main points of contention made by grammarians is that the singular they still acts grammatically as a plural would when acting upon verbs (which they consider to be unacceptable). Despite these concerns, which became particularly prominent during and after the 19th century, the singular they is documented to have been used by Shakespeare, Jane Austen, the Oxford English Dictionary, Louis Carroll, C. S. Lewis, among others.<ref>Henry Churchyard, "Singular 'Their' in Jane Austen and Elsewhere." http://www.crossmyt.com/hc/linghebr/austheir.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20230527140558/https://www.crossmyt.com/hc/linghebr/austheir.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> Ever since the end of the 20th century, the singular they has been growing in both formal and informal usage to serve different purposes, and is generally in standard use today.

The grammarian A. Knutson notes in his 1905 book ''The Gender of Words Denoting Living Beings in English, and the Different Ways of Expressing Difference in Sex'' the use of the singular they as a gender neutral term, pulling a quote from a magazine of the time:<blockquote>The privilege of addressing the sovereign when he or she came to dine... after ''their'' coronation.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/genderofwordsden00knutrich|title=The Gender of Words Denoting Living Beings in English, and the Different Ways of Expressing Difference in Sex|last=Knutson|first=A.|publisher=Håkan Ohlsson|others=|year=1905|location=Lund|pages=3-4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925133935/http://www.archive.org/details/genderofwordsden00knutrich|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref></blockquote>Singular "they" gets a surprising number of complaints, considering people use it all the time for people whose gender is unknown. However, there are a lot of arguments that it's correct. [http://motivatedgrammar.wordpress.com/2009/09/10/singular-they-and-the-many-reasons-why-its-correct/ This article on Motivated Grammar] goes through a few reasons, including the fact that it's consistently been in use since Chaucer's time, around 1400. Most people are familiar with how singular "they" works, as plenty of people use it all the time without really thinking about it.

A most comprehensive article about the history of singular "they" is Henry Churchyard's web-page, [http://www.crossmyt.com/hc/linghebr/austheir.html Singular 'Their' in Jane Austen and Elsewhere].

Many official writing style guides and dictionaries approve the usage of singular "they" (for both "generic person" use and for writing about nonbinary people), including the MLA, the APA, and Merriam-Webster's.<ref name="MLA">{{Cite web |title=How do I use singular ''they?'' |author= |work=The MLA Style Center |date= |access-date=8 February 2021 |url= https://style.mla.org/using-singular-they/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404204748/http://style.mla.org/using-singular-they |archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref><ref name="APA">{{Cite web |title=Singular "they" |author= |work=APA Style |date=September 2019 |access-date=8 February 2021 |url= https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/grammar/singular-they|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305192901/https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/grammar/singular-they |archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref>

== Forms ==
The forms of "singular they" are '''they, them, their, theirs, themselves (themself, theirself, theirselves)'''.

* '''Nominative''': When I tell someone a joke ''they'' laugh.
* '''Accusative''': When I greet a friend I hug ''them''.
* '''Pronominal possessive''': When someone does not get a haircut, ''their'' hair grows long.
* '''Predicative possessive''': If I need a phone, my friend lets me borrow ''theirs''.
* '''Reflexive''': Each child feeds ''themself''. Or: each child feeds ''theirself''. Or: each child feeds ''theirselves''. Or: each child feeds ''themselves''. (See below for information on how this form's standard use varies by dialect.)

'''On Pronoun Island''': https://web.archive.org/web/20170802203934/http://pronoun.is/they
'''On Pronouny''': http://pronouny.xyz/pronouns/593c1223975dfa1000d4ec86

=== Reflexive form variants ===
There are several versions of the reflexive form of this pronoun: "themself," "theirself," "theirselves," and "themselves."

* '''Themself.''' The Oxford Dictionary says that "themself" has been used since the 14th century for a person of unknown sex.<ref>"Themself." Oxford Dictionaries. https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/themself [https://web.archive.org/web/20180902185910/https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/themself Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>
* '''Theirself, theirselves.''' Dictionary.com says that "theirself" has also been used for this since about 1300.<ref>"Theirself." ''Dictionary.com''. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/theirself [https://web.archive.org/web/20230521014407/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/theirself Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> The Free Dictionary adds that "theirself" and "theirselves" are more common in southern and midland US English.<ref>"Theirselves." ''The Free Dictionary''. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/theirself [https://web.archive.org/web/20230124105825/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/theirself Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>
Because both "themself" and "theirself" are for talking about a single person, they're both considered non-standard or informal usage, despite the hundreds of years of common usage. The plural form of "themselves" is supposed to be more formal, but can sound strange when used for a single person, because they are not several "selves," but one "self". This is another part of the plural/singular "they" problem.

People differ about which version of the reflexive form they prefer. If someone asks to be called by "they" pronouns, it might be a good idea to ask which form of the reflexive form they prefer.

== Singular they in use in fiction for nonbinary characters ==
* In a short sci-fi story by Benjanun Sriduangkaew, "[http://clarkesworldmagazine.com/sriduangkaew_12_13/ Silent Bridge, Pale Cascade]" (2013), one of the characters is described as a "[[neutrois]]," and called by "they" pronouns.<ref>Alex Dally MacFarlane, "Post-Binary Gender in SF: ExcitoTech and Non-Binary Pronouns." June 3, 2014. ''Tor''. http://www.tor.com/blogs/2014/06/post-binary-gender-in-sf-excitotech-and-non-binary-pronouns [https://web.archive.org/web/20230521042751/http://www.tor.com/blogs/2014/06/post-binary-gender-in-sf-excitotech-and-non-binary-pronouns Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref><ref>Benjanun Sriduangkaew, "Silent Bridge, Pale Cascade." Clarkesworld Magazine. 2013. http://clarkesworldmagazine.com/sriduangkaew_12_13/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20230519102505/http://clarkesworldmagazine.com/sriduangkaew_12_13/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>
* In Kameron Hurley's fantasy novel, Empire Ascendant, all people in a consent culture get to choose which of the five gender roles they identify with. Hurley calls characters who are "ungendered" by singular they pronouns.<ref>Kameron Hurley, "Beyond He-Man and She-Ra: Writing nonbinary characters." https://intellectusspeculativus.wordpress.com/2014/09/03/guest-post-beyond-he-man-she-ra-writing-non-binary-characters-by-kameron-hurley/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20230326002527/https://intellectusspeculativus.wordpress.com/2014/09/03/guest-post-beyond-he-man-she-ra-writing-non-binary-characters-by-kameron-hurley/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>
* In K. A. Cook's anthology Crooked Words, the character Chris asks to be called by "they" pronouns. Chris is in the short stories "Blue Paint, Chocolate and Other Similes" and "Everything In A Name."<ref>K. A. Cook, ''Crooked Words''. Unpaged.</ref>
*In Becky Chambers' novel A Psalm for the Wild-Built, the monk protagonist, Sibling Dex, is referred to with they/them pronouns. <ref>Linda Codega, "An Elegy for the Rest of Us: A Psalm for the Wild-Built by Becky Chambers" https://www.tor.com/2021/07/13/book-reviews-a-psalm-for-the-wild-built-becky-chambers/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20230521042757/https://www.tor.com/2021/07/13/book-reviews-a-psalm-for-the-wild-built-becky-chambers/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>

== Singular they in use for real nonbinary people ==
* Some notable nonbinary people who ask to be called by "singular they" pronouns include writer [[Ivan E. Coyote]], actor [[Jiz Lee]], singer-songwriter [[Rae Spoon]], rapper [[Notable nonbinary people#Raeen Roes|Raeen Roes]], and singer [[Sam Smith]].
* Deborah Rogers mentions having a trans male student who asked to be called by "they" pronouns.<ref> Deborah Rogers, "'They' has arrived at the pronoun party." December 4, 2014. ''Times Higher Education''. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/comment/opinion/they-has-arrived-at-the-pronoun-party/2017278.article#.VIHr5bJE0lk.facebook [https://web.archive.org/web/20230523005905/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/comment/opinion/they-has-arrived-at-the-pronoun-party/2017278.article Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>
* "Singular they" has been the most popular pronoun in the Gender Census, at 74% acceptance in 2015,<ref>cassolotl, "Nonbinary Stats 2015 (worldwide) - the results." February 20, 2015. http://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/111585517125 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230519033700/https://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/111585517125 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> rising to 77% in 2016,<ref>cassolotl (Nonbinary Stats), "NB/GQ Survey 2016 - the worldwide results." March 2016. http://gendercensus.tumblr.com/post/141311159050/nbgq-survey-2016-the-worldwide-results [https://web.archive.org/web/20230525010811/https://gendercensus.tumblr.com/post/141311159050/nbgq-survey-2016-the-worldwide-results Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> and rising again to 80% in 2017.<ref>Gender Census, "NB/GQ Survey 2017 - the worldwide results." May 2017. http://gendercensus.tumblr.com/post/160656902130/nbgq-survey-2017-the-worldwide-results [https://web.archive.org/web/20220810134843/https://gendercensus.tumblr.com/post/160656902130/nbgq-survey-2017-the-worldwide-results Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> In 2018, the pronoun fell down to 77.4%.<ref name="census2018">Gender Census 2019 - The Full Report (Worldwide)https://gendercensus.com/post/183832246805/gender-census-2019-the-full-report-worldwide [https://web.archive.org/web/20230505214027/https://www.gendercensus.com/post/183832246805/gender-census-2019-the-full-report-worldwide Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Pronouns]]
* [[English neutral pronouns]]
* [[Gender neutral language in English]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.crossmyt.com/hc/linghebr/austheir.html Singular 'Their' in Jane Austen and Elsewhere]
* [http://motivatedgrammar.wordpress.com/2009/09/10/singular-they-and-the-many-reasons-why-its-correct/ Motivated Grammar: Singular they and the many reasons why it's correct]
* [http://www.pronouns.failedslacker.com/?subjective=they&object=them&possDet=their&possPro=theirs&reflexive=themself&name=Ash&person=wanderer&plural=on Examples of use in Pronoun Dressing Room]. You can try different variations on the pronouns, such as the variant reflexive forms, and see how they can work in sentences excerpted from classic fiction.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Gender neutral language]]