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    {{Content warning|genitals and surgery on intersex people}}
    {{Content warning|genitals and surgery on intersex people}}
    [[File:Tumtum_Pride-Flag.png|thumb|A pride [[flags|flag]] for people today who identify as tumtum, designed in 2016 by "Tikva" and "tumtum_and_androgynos," who described it this way: "the white and blue bars on both to represent a connection to Judaism. In particular, blue is considered a divine color, associated with the sky and G-d. Meanwhile white has a general symbolism of purity, as it does in many other cultures. The grey for tumtum is because I’ve found grey has an association with agender, which as I mentioned is probably the closest English equivalent to tumtum. Not to mention, grey can be seen as some obscure/not specific/hiding, similar to the idea of tumtum gender."<ref>https://www.deviantart.com/pride-flags/art/Tumtum-652431250</ref><ref>https://ask-pride-color-schemes.tumblr.com/post/154753324059/image-two-flags-both-are-spilt-into-three</ref>]]
    [[File:Tumtum_Pride-Flag.png|thumb|A pride [[flags|flag]] for people today who identify as tumtum, designed in 2016 by "Tikva" and "tumtum_and_androgynos," who described it this way: "the white and blue bars on both to represent a connection to Judaism. In particular, blue is considered a divine color, associated with the sky and G-d. Meanwhile white has a general symbolism of purity, as it does in many other cultures. The grey for tumtum is because I’ve found grey has an association with agender, which as I mentioned is probably the closest English equivalent to tumtum. Not to mention, grey can be seen as some obscure/not specific/hiding, similar to the idea of tumtum gender."<ref>https://www.deviantart.com/pride-flags/art/Tumtum-652431250 [https://web.archive.org/web/20200822081612/https://www.deviantart.com/pride-flags/art/Tumtum-652431250 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref><ref>https://ask-pride-color-schemes.tumblr.com/post/154753324059/image-two-flags-both-are-spilt-into-three [https://web.archive.org/web/20220127041415/https://ask-pride-color-schemes.tumblr.com/post/154753324059/image-two-flags-both-are-spilt-into-three Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>]]
    [[File:Frans Francken II (1581-1642) (studio of) - Abraham and Sarah Visited by Three Angels - 1401272 - National Trust.jpg|thumb|''Abraham and Sarah visited by Three Angels'', painted by an unknown artist between 1581 and 1642 CE. According to the Talmud, both Abraham and Sarah were born tumtum.<ref name="talmudology" />]]
    [[File:Frans Francken II (1581-1642) (studio of) - Abraham and Sarah Visited by Three Angels - 1401272 - National Trust.jpg|thumb|''Abraham and Sarah visited by Three Angels'', painted by an unknown artist between 1581 and 1642 CE. According to the Talmud, both Abraham and Sarah were born tumtum.<ref name="talmudology" />]]


    '''Tumtum''' (Hebrew: טומטום, "hidden", plural ''tumtumim'') is a term that appears in Jewish Rabbinic literature. It usually refers to a person whose [[sex]] is unknown because their genitalia are covered or "hidden" or otherwise unrecognizable.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/gender-identity-in-halakhic-discourse |title=Gender Identity In Halakhic Discourse |first=Charlotte Elisheva |last=Fonrobert |website=Jewish Women's Archive |access-date=April 25, 2020}}</ref> Although they are often grouped together, the tumtum has some halachic ramifications distinct from those of the ''[[androgynos]]'' (אנדרוגינוס), who has both male and female genitalia.<ref name="Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Hagigah, 4a">Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Hagigah, 4a.</ref> Although ''tumtum'' does not appear in the Scripture, it does in other literature.<ref name="encyclopedia">Avraham Steinberg. Fred Rosner, translator. "Ambiguous genitalia (tumtum)." ''Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics.'' Jerusalem, Israel: Feldheim Publishers, 2003. Page 50-53. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_Jewish_Medical_Ethics/aaklGZAID08C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22tumtum%22%20jewish&pg=PA51&printsec=frontcover&bsq=%22tumtum%22%20jewish</ref> Rabbi Elliot Kukla writes, "The  ''tumtum''  appears  17  times  in  the  Mishna;  23  times  in  the  Tosefta;  119  times  in  the  Babylonian Talmud; 22 times in the Jerusalem Talmud and hundreds of times in midrash, commentaries, and halacha."<ref name="kukla met" />
    '''Tumtum''' (Hebrew: טומטום, "hidden", plural ''tumtumim'') is a term that appears in Jewish Rabbinic literature. It usually refers to a person whose [[sex]] is unknown because their genitalia are covered or "hidden" or otherwise unrecognizable.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/gender-identity-in-halakhic-discourse |title=Gender Identity In Halakhic Discourse |first=Charlotte Elisheva |last=Fonrobert |website=Jewish Women's Archive |access-date=April 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325071135/https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/gender-identity-in-halakhic-discourse |archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref> Although they are often grouped together, the tumtum has some halachic ramifications distinct from those of the ''[[androgynos]]'' (אנדרוגינוס), who has both male and female genitalia.<ref name="Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Hagigah, 4a">Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Hagigah, 4a.</ref> Although ''tumtum'' does not appear in the Scripture, it does in other literature.<ref name="encyclopedia">Avraham Steinberg. Fred Rosner, translator. "Ambiguous genitalia (tumtum)." ''Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics.'' Jerusalem, Israel: Feldheim Publishers, 2003. Page 50-53. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_Jewish_Medical_Ethics/aaklGZAID08C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22tumtum%22%20jewish&pg=PA51&printsec=frontcover&bsq=%22tumtum%22%20jewish</ref> Rabbi Elliot Kukla writes, "The  ''tumtum''  appears  17  times  in  the  Mishna;  23  times  in  the  Tosefta;  119  times  in  the  Babylonian Talmud; 22 times in the Jerusalem Talmud and hundreds of times in midrash, commentaries, and halacha."<ref name="kukla met" />


    In the Talmud, Yevamot 64a, Rabbi Ammi says that the Biblical figures Abraham and Sarah were said to have been born ''tumtum'' and infertile, and then miraculously turned into a fertile husband and wife in their old age. Rabbi Ammi points to Isaiah 51:1-2, saying that the references to "the rock from where you were hewn, and to the hole of the pit from where you were dug" symbolize their genitals being uncovered and remade.<ref name="talmudology" />  
    In the Talmud, Yevamot 64a, Rabbi Ammi says that the Biblical figures Abraham and Sarah were said to have been born ''tumtum'' and infertile, and then miraculously turned into a fertile husband and wife in their old age. Rabbi Ammi points to Isaiah 51:1-2, saying that the references to "the rock from where you were hewn, and to the hole of the pit from where you were dug" symbolize their genitals being uncovered and remade.<ref name="talmudology" />  
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    == Etymology ==
    == Etymology ==


    The eleventh century dictionary, the ''Aruch'', says the word ''tumtum'' came from ''atum'' (אטום) "sealed."<ref name="talmudology">"Arachin 4b ~ The Tumtum, the Androgyne, and the Fluidity of Gender." ''Talmudology.'' June 20, 2019. https://www.talmudology.com/jeremybrownmdgmailcom/2019/6/17/arachin-4b-the-tumtum-the-androgyne-and-the-invention-of-gender?rq=tumtum</ref>
    The eleventh century dictionary, the ''Aruch'', says the word ''tumtum'' came from ''atum'' (אטום) "sealed."<ref name="talmudology">"Arachin 4b ~ The Tumtum, the Androgyne, and the Fluidity of Gender." ''Talmudology.'' June 20, 2019. https://www.talmudology.com/jeremybrownmdgmailcom/2019/6/17/arachin-4b-the-tumtum-the-androgyne-and-the-invention-of-gender?rq=tumtum [https://web.archive.org/web/20220922011903/https://www.talmudology.com/jeremybrownmdgmailcom/2019/6/17/arachin-4b-the-tumtum-the-androgyne-and-the-invention-of-gender?rq=tumtum Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>


    == Physical characteristics ==
    == Physical characteristics ==
    Line 19: Line 19:
    == Gender role ==
    == Gender role ==


    Scholars today differ in whether they see ''tumtum'' as a distinct gender. According to Rabbi Elliot Kukla, ''tumtum'' is one of [[gender variance in spirituality#The six genders in classical Judaism|six genders in classical Judaism]], along with [[male]], [[female]], ''[[androgynos]]'', ''[[ay'lonit]]'' (a person who was [[AFAB|assigned female at birth]], but is barren and perhaps masculinized), and ''[[saris]]'' (a [[eunuch]] by birth or through human intervention, or a person who was [[AMAB|assigned male at birth]] but later became feminized).<ref name="kukla forward">Rabbi Elliot Kukla, "For centuries, Jewish tradition has recognized trans people." ''Forward''. October 26, 2018. https://forward.com/opinion/412749/for-centuries-jewish-tradition-has-recognized-trans-people/</ref><ref name="medwed">Robbie Medwed. "More Than Just Male and Female: The Six Genders in Classical Judaism." ''Sojourn'' (blog). June 01, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150714011440/http://www.sojourngsd.org/blog/sixgenders</ref> This as an example of how the Western [[gender binary]] is not universal to all cultures, and is not scientifically based.<ref name="kukla forward" />  The gender binary only appears widespread from the perspective of the modern world due to Western colonialism, and the erasure of intersex and gender-variant people. Rabbi Kukla points out that the binary that is familiar to us today came from Victorian-era efforts to find supposedly scientific evidence of intrinsic superiority and inferiority in binaries of sexes, races, and classes, in order to defend systems of oppression against emancipation movements.<ref name="kukla met">Rabbi Elliot Kukla. "A Created Being of Its Own: Toward a Jewish Liberation Theology for Men, Women and Everyone Else." 2006. ''TransTorah.'' http://transtorah.org/PDFs/How_I_Met_the_Tumtum.pdf</ref> Other scholars say that ''tumtum'' is not defined as a separate gender, but rather a state of doubt: a ''tumtum'' must be either male or female, but we do not know which one.<ref name="chabad">{{cite web |url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/912371/jewish/Avodat-Kochavim-Chapter-Twelve.htm#v4 |title=Avodat Kochavim - Chapter Twelve |website=Chabad.org |access-date=April 25, 2020}}</ref>  
    Scholars today differ in whether they see ''tumtum'' as a distinct gender. According to Rabbi Elliot Kukla, ''tumtum'' is one of [[gender variance in spirituality#The six genders in classical Judaism|six genders in classical Judaism]], along with [[male]], [[female]], ''[[androgynos]]'', ''[[ay'lonit]]'' (a person who was [[AFAB|assigned female at birth]], but is barren and perhaps masculinized), and ''[[saris]]'' (a [[eunuch]] by birth or through human intervention, or a person who was [[AMAB|assigned male at birth]] but later became feminized).<ref name="kukla forward">Rabbi Elliot Kukla, "For centuries, Jewish tradition has recognized trans people." ''Forward''. October 26, 2018. https://forward.com/opinion/412749/for-centuries-jewish-tradition-has-recognized-trans-people/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20230319081220/https://forward.com/opinion/412749/for-centuries-jewish-tradition-has-recognized-trans-people/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref><ref name="medwed">Robbie Medwed. "More Than Just Male and Female: The Six Genders in Classical Judaism." ''Sojourn'' (blog). June 01, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150714011440/http://www.sojourngsd.org/blog/sixgenders</ref> This as an example of how the Western [[gender binary]] is not universal to all cultures, and is not scientifically based.<ref name="kukla forward" />  The gender binary only appears widespread from the perspective of the modern world due to Western colonialism, and the erasure of intersex and gender-variant people. Rabbi Kukla points out that the binary that is familiar to us today came from Victorian-era efforts to find supposedly scientific evidence of intrinsic superiority and inferiority in binaries of sexes, races, and classes, in order to defend systems of oppression against emancipation movements.<ref name="kukla met">Rabbi Elliot Kukla. "A Created Being of Its Own: Toward a Jewish Liberation Theology for Men, Women and Everyone Else." 2006. ''TransTorah.'' http://transtorah.org/PDFs/How_I_Met_the_Tumtum.pdf [https://web.archive.org/web/20230708145437/http://www.transtorah.org/PDFs/How_I_Met_the_Tumtum.pdf Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> Other scholars say that ''tumtum'' is not defined as a separate gender, but rather a state of doubt: a ''tumtum'' must be either male or female, but we do not know which one.<ref name="chabad">{{cite web |url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/912371/jewish/Avodat-Kochavim-Chapter-Twelve.htm#v4 |title=Avodat Kochavim - Chapter Twelve |website=Chabad.org |access-date=April 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921233310/https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/912371/jewish/Avodat-Kochavim-Chapter-Twelve.htm |archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref>  


    Although the definition of ''tumtum'' is based on physical characteristics, this is used as a basis for social roles, duties, and prohibitions. This can be considered effectively a [[gender role]]. The strictest gender-dependent obligations or prohibitions apply to ''tumtum'', because if the ''tumtum'' might really be a man or woman, laws for neither men nor women should be broken. Positive commandments from which women are exempted are considered binding on a ''tumtum''.<ref name="chabad" /> The Mishnah (Zavim, 2, 1) says that ''tumtum'' and ''androgynos'' have both men's and women's ''khumrot'', meaning that where the law is stricter towards men than women, they are treated as men, but where the law is stricter towards women, they are treated as women.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://learn.conservativeyeshiva.org/zavim-2-1-htm/ |title=Zavim, Chapter 2, Mishnah 1 |first=Dr. Joshua |last=Kulp |access-date=April 25, 2020}}</ref>  
    Although the definition of ''tumtum'' is based on physical characteristics, this is used as a basis for social roles, duties, and prohibitions. This can be considered effectively a [[gender role]]. The strictest gender-dependent obligations or prohibitions apply to ''tumtum'', because if the ''tumtum'' might really be a man or woman, laws for neither men nor women should be broken. Positive commandments from which women are exempted are considered binding on a ''tumtum''.<ref name="chabad" /> The Mishnah (Zavim, 2, 1) says that ''tumtum'' and ''androgynos'' have both men's and women's ''khumrot'', meaning that where the law is stricter towards men than women, they are treated as men, but where the law is stricter towards women, they are treated as women.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://learn.conservativeyeshiva.org/zavim-2-1-htm/ |title=Zavim, Chapter 2, Mishnah 1 |first=Dr. Joshua |last=Kulp |access-date=April 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163641/http://learn.conservativeyeshiva.org/zavim-2-1-htm/ |archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref>  


    == Identity ==
    == Identity ==

    Latest revision as of 15:58, 17 July 2023

    Caution icon - Noun Project 9556 white.svg
    Content warning
    This article mentions genitals and surgery on intersex people. If you are not comfortable with reading about this kind of topic, we suggest you take a step back.
    A pride flag for people today who identify as tumtum, designed in 2016 by "Tikva" and "tumtum_and_androgynos," who described it this way: "the white and blue bars on both to represent a connection to Judaism. In particular, blue is considered a divine color, associated with the sky and G-d. Meanwhile white has a general symbolism of purity, as it does in many other cultures. The grey for tumtum is because I’ve found grey has an association with agender, which as I mentioned is probably the closest English equivalent to tumtum. Not to mention, grey can be seen as some obscure/not specific/hiding, similar to the idea of tumtum gender."[1][2]
    Abraham and Sarah visited by Three Angels, painted by an unknown artist between 1581 and 1642 CE. According to the Talmud, both Abraham and Sarah were born tumtum.[3]

    Tumtum (Hebrew: טומטום, "hidden", plural tumtumim) is a term that appears in Jewish Rabbinic literature. It usually refers to a person whose sex is unknown because their genitalia are covered or "hidden" or otherwise unrecognizable.[4] Although they are often grouped together, the tumtum has some halachic ramifications distinct from those of the androgynos (אנדרוגינוס), who has both male and female genitalia.[5] Although tumtum does not appear in the Scripture, it does in other literature.[6] Rabbi Elliot Kukla writes, "The tumtum appears 17 times in the Mishna; 23 times in the Tosefta; 119 times in the Babylonian Talmud; 22 times in the Jerusalem Talmud and hundreds of times in midrash, commentaries, and halacha."[7]

    In the Talmud, Yevamot 64a, Rabbi Ammi says that the Biblical figures Abraham and Sarah were said to have been born tumtum and infertile, and then miraculously turned into a fertile husband and wife in their old age. Rabbi Ammi points to Isaiah 51:1-2, saying that the references to "the rock from where you were hewn, and to the hole of the pit from where you were dug" symbolize their genitals being uncovered and remade.[3]

    Etymology[edit | edit source]

    The eleventh century dictionary, the Aruch, says the word tumtum came from atum (אטום) "sealed."[3]

    Physical characteristics[edit | edit source]

    The classical description of the physical characteristic of tumtum says they have a flap of skin or a membrane hiding ordinary female or male genitals. One form of a tumtum has exposed testicles and an unexposed penis.[5][6] As long as the skin covers their genitals, they are considered doubtful men and women. As long as the skin is present, they are not able to be circumcised or have sex. Their status as tumtum can be changed by surgery, though they will still always have different rights and duties than those of other men and women. In the Talmud, one adult tumtum from the town of Bairi had surgery to cut away this skin, so he was able to be re-categorized as a man. He later fathered seven children. Rabbis differ in whether tumtum are legally obligated to have that surgery.[6]

    This description does not exactly match any intersex condition known today.[3] Today, tumtum can be interpreted as a category for other situations in which a person's sex organs are hidden or undeveloped.[8] The classical description of tumtum having surgery to reveal their true sex can also be interpreted as the transition of a transgender person.[7]

    Gender role[edit | edit source]

    Scholars today differ in whether they see tumtum as a distinct gender. According to Rabbi Elliot Kukla, tumtum is one of six genders in classical Judaism, along with male, female, androgynos, ay'lonit (a person who was assigned female at birth, but is barren and perhaps masculinized), and saris (a eunuch by birth or through human intervention, or a person who was assigned male at birth but later became feminized).[9][10] This as an example of how the Western gender binary is not universal to all cultures, and is not scientifically based.[9] The gender binary only appears widespread from the perspective of the modern world due to Western colonialism, and the erasure of intersex and gender-variant people. Rabbi Kukla points out that the binary that is familiar to us today came from Victorian-era efforts to find supposedly scientific evidence of intrinsic superiority and inferiority in binaries of sexes, races, and classes, in order to defend systems of oppression against emancipation movements.[7] Other scholars say that tumtum is not defined as a separate gender, but rather a state of doubt: a tumtum must be either male or female, but we do not know which one.[11]

    Although the definition of tumtum is based on physical characteristics, this is used as a basis for social roles, duties, and prohibitions. This can be considered effectively a gender role. The strictest gender-dependent obligations or prohibitions apply to tumtum, because if the tumtum might really be a man or woman, laws for neither men nor women should be broken. Positive commandments from which women are exempted are considered binding on a tumtum.[11] The Mishnah (Zavim, 2, 1) says that tumtum and androgynos have both men's and women's khumrot, meaning that where the law is stricter towards men than women, they are treated as men, but where the law is stricter towards women, they are treated as women.[12]

    Identity[edit | edit source]

    Some people today choose to call themselves tumtum as an identity. In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 5 of the respondents called themselves tumtum.[13]


    See also[edit | edit source]

    References[edit | edit source]

    1. https://www.deviantart.com/pride-flags/art/Tumtum-652431250 Archived on 17 July 2023
    2. https://ask-pride-color-schemes.tumblr.com/post/154753324059/image-two-flags-both-are-spilt-into-three Archived on 17 July 2023
    3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Arachin 4b ~ The Tumtum, the Androgyne, and the Fluidity of Gender." Talmudology. June 20, 2019. https://www.talmudology.com/jeremybrownmdgmailcom/2019/6/17/arachin-4b-the-tumtum-the-androgyne-and-the-invention-of-gender?rq=tumtum Archived on 17 July 2023
    4. Fonrobert, Charlotte Elisheva. "Gender Identity In Halakhic Discourse". Jewish Women's Archive. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
    5. 5.0 5.1 Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Hagigah, 4a.
    6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 Avraham Steinberg. Fred Rosner, translator. "Ambiguous genitalia (tumtum)." Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics. Jerusalem, Israel: Feldheim Publishers, 2003. Page 50-53. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_Jewish_Medical_Ethics/aaklGZAID08C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22tumtum%22%20jewish&pg=PA51&printsec=frontcover&bsq=%22tumtum%22%20jewish
    7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 Rabbi Elliot Kukla. "A Created Being of Its Own: Toward a Jewish Liberation Theology for Men, Women and Everyone Else." 2006. TransTorah. http://transtorah.org/PDFs/How_I_Met_the_Tumtum.pdf Archived on 17 July 2023
    8. Elliot N. Dorff. "Modern Conservative Judaism: Evolving Thought and Practice." Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 2018. https://books.google.com/books?id=vi9ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT237&dq=%22tumtum%22+jewish+nonbinary&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjU1fXhtp7sAhUQCKwKHa_nDSMQ6AEwAXoECAcQAg#v=onepage&q=%22tumtum%22%20jewish%20nonbinary&f=false
    9. 9.0 9.1 Rabbi Elliot Kukla, "For centuries, Jewish tradition has recognized trans people." Forward. October 26, 2018. https://forward.com/opinion/412749/for-centuries-jewish-tradition-has-recognized-trans-people/ Archived on 17 July 2023
    10. Robbie Medwed. "More Than Just Male and Female: The Six Genders in Classical Judaism." Sojourn (blog). June 01, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150714011440/http://www.sojourngsd.org/blog/sixgenders
    11. 11.0 11.1 "Avodat Kochavim - Chapter Twelve". Chabad.org. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
    12. Kulp, Dr. Joshua. "Zavim, Chapter 2, Mishnah 1". Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
    13. "Gender Census 2019 - The Worldwide tl;dr." Gender Census (blog). March 31, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2020. https://gendercensus.com/post/183843963445/gender-census-2019-the-worldwide-tldr Archive: https://web.archive.org/web/20200118084451/https://gendercensus.com/post/183843963445/gender-census-2019-the-worldwide-tldr

    Further reading[edit | edit source]