Gender neutral language in Portuguese: Difference between revisions
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|+How the sentence "good night, everyone!" is traditionally said and what each category of language suggests as an alternative: | |+How the sentence "good night, everyone!" is traditionally said and what each category of language suggests as an alternative:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.speakingbrazilian.com/post/neutral|title=Gender-Neutral Language in Brazilian Portuguese|last=Langhammer|first=Virginia|date=2021-11-02|website=Speaking Brazilian|language=en|access-date=2022-02-17}}</ref> | ||
!Common language | !Common language | ||
!Gender neutral language | !Gender neutral language | ||
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|Boa noite a todes! | |Boa noite a todes! | ||
|Boa noite a todos e todas! | |Boa noite a todos e todas! | ||
|- | |||
| colspan="3" |Boa noite a todas as pessoas! | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="3" |Boa noite a todo mundo! | |||
|} | |} | ||
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There are many other alternatives, though '''''ê''''' is, by far, the most used one. As for indefinite articles, these depend on the word ending that was chosen. | There are many other alternatives, though '''''ê''''' is, by far, the most used one. As for indefinite articles, these depend on the word ending that was chosen. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Articles affected by word ending:<ref name="SetTester" /> | |+Articles affected by word ending:<ref name="SetTester" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://enlacezapatista.ezln.org.mx/2015/05/15/o-muro-e-a-fenda-primeiro-apontamento-sobre-o-metodo-zapatista-supgaleano/|title=O Muro e a Fenda Primeiro Apontamento sobre o Método Zapatista. SupGaleano|date=2015-05-16|website=Enlace Zapatista|language=es|trans-title=The Wall and the Rift First Note on the Zapatista Method|access-date=2022-02-21}}</ref> | ||
!Word ending | !Word ending | ||
!a | !a | ||
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!eo | !eo | ||
!o | !o | ||
!oa | |||
|- | |- | ||
|''um'' + word ending | |''um'' + word ending | ||
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|umeo(s) | |umeo(s) | ||
|umo(s) | |umo(s) | ||
|umoa(s) | |||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+''Ela'' and ''ele'' compared to some Portuguese neopronouns:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://identidades.wikia.org/pt-br/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o-bin%C3%A1ria_ou_neutra|title=Linguagem não-binária ou neutra|last=Lobo|first=Cari|last2=Gaigaia|first2=V.|website=wikia|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Non-binary or neutral language|others=Revised by Kumiho Lim|access-date=20 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronome_neutro_de_terceira_pessoa#Portugu%C3%AAs|title=Pronome neutro de terceira pessoa|website=Wikipedia|access-date=21 June 2021|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Neutral third person pronoun}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orientando.org/listas/tipos-de-linguagem/|title=Elementos de conjuntos de linguagem|website=orientando|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Elements of sets of language|access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref> | |+''Ela'' and ''ele'' compared to some Portuguese neopronouns:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://identidades.wikia.org/pt-br/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o-bin%C3%A1ria_ou_neutra|title=Linguagem não-binária ou neutra|last=Lobo|first=Cari|last2=Gaigaia|first2=V.|website=wikia|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Non-binary or neutral language|others=Revised by Kumiho Lim|access-date=20 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronome_neutro_de_terceira_pessoa#Portugu%C3%AAs|title=Pronome neutro de terceira pessoa|website=Wikipedia|access-date=21 June 2021|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Neutral third person pronoun}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orientando.org/listas/tipos-de-linguagem/|title=Elementos de conjuntos de linguagem|website=orientando|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Elements of sets of language|access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_Portuguese|title=Gender neutrality in Portuguese|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2022-02-20}}</ref> | ||
!ela/e(s) | !ela/e(s) | ||
!ael(s) | !ael(s) | ||
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!ile(s) | !ile(s) | ||
!ilu(s) | !ilu(s) | ||
!êla(s) | |||
!ilo(s) | |||
!ila(s) | |||
!elo(s) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|dela/e(s) | |dela/e(s) | ||
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|dile(s) | |dile(s) | ||
|dilu(s) | |dilu(s) | ||
|dêla(s) | |||
|dilo(s) | |||
|dila(s) | |||
|delo(s) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|nela/e(s) | |nela/e(s) | ||
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|nile(s) | |nile(s) | ||
|nilu(s) | |nilu(s) | ||
|nêla(s) | |||
|nilo(s) | |||
|nila(s) | |||
|nelo(s) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|aquela/e(s) | |aquela/e(s) | ||
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|aquile(s) | |aquile(s) | ||
|aquilu(s) | |aquilu(s) | ||
|aquêla(s) | |||
|aquilo(s) | |||
|aquila(s) | |||
|aquelo(s) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|daquela/e(s) | |daquela/e(s) | ||
| daquael(s) | | daquael(s) | ||
|daquel(s) | |daquel(s) | ||
|daquel@(s) | |daquel@(s) | ||
|daquelu(s) | |daquelu(s) | ||
|daquelx(s) | |daquelx(s) | ||
|daquile(s) | |daquile(s) | ||
| daquilu(s) | |daquilu(s) | ||
|daquêla(s) | |||
|daquilo(s) | |||
|daquila(s) | |||
|daquelo(s) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|naquela/e(s) | |naquela/e(s) | ||
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|naquile(s) | |naquile(s) | ||
|naquilu(s) | |naquilu(s) | ||
|naquêla(s) | |||
|naquilo(s) | |||
|naquila(s) | |||
|naquelo(s) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|àquela/e(s) | |àquela/e(s) | ||
|àquael(s) | |àquael(s) | ||
| àquel(s) | |àquel(s) | ||
| àquel@(s) | | àquel@(s) | ||
|àquelu(s) | |àquelu(s) | ||
|àquelx(s) | |àquelx(s) | ||
|àquile(s) | |àquile(s) | ||
|àquilu(s) | |àquilu(s) | ||
|àquêla(s) | |||
|àquilo(s) | |||
|àquila(s) | |||
|àquelo(s) | |||
|- | |||
|praquela/e(s) | |||
|praquael(s) | |||
|praquel(s) | |||
|praquel@(s) | |||
|praquelu(s) | |||
|praquelx(s) | |||
|praquile(s) | |||
|praquilus(s) | |||
|praquêla(s) | |||
|praquilos(s) | |||
|praquilas(s) | |||
|praquelo(s) | |||
|} | |} | ||
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Some pronouns can depend on the word ending chosen by the user. While each pronoun, typically, has a word ending tied to it, using concordant language is not mandatory. Someone may use the word ending ''eo'' while using the pronoun ''ile'', for example. | Some pronouns can depend on the word ending chosen by the user. While each pronoun, typically, has a word ending tied to it, using concordant language is not mandatory. Someone may use the word ending ''eo'' while using the pronoun ''ile'', for example. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Pronouns that can be affected by word ending:<ref name="SetTester" /> | |+Pronouns that can be affected by word ending:<ref name="SetTester" /><ref name=":0" /> | ||
!Word ending | !Word ending | ||
!a | !a | ||
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!eo | !eo | ||
!o | !o | ||
!u | |||
!oa | |||
|- | |- | ||
|''est'' + word ending | |''est'' + word ending | ||
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|esteo(s) | |esteo(s) | ||
|esto(s) | |esto(s) | ||
|estu(s) | |||
|estoa(s) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|''ess'' + word ending | |''ess'' + word ending | ||
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|esseo(s) | |esseo(s) | ||
|esso(s) | |esso(s) | ||
|essu(s) | |||
|essoa(s) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|''mi'' or ''minh'' + word ending | |''mi'' or ''minh'' + word ending | ||
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|minheo(s) | |minheo(s) | ||
|minho(s) | |minho(s) | ||
|minhu(s) | |||
|minhoa(s) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|''tu'' + word ending | |''tu'' + word ending | ||
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|tueo(s) | |tueo(s) | ||
|tuo(s) | |tuo(s) | ||
|tu(s) | |||
|tuoa(s) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|''su'' or ''su'' + word ending | |''su'' or ''su'' + word ending | ||
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|sueo(s) | |sueo(s) | ||
|suo(s) | |suo(s) | ||
|su(s) | |||
|suoa(s) | |||
|} | |} | ||
The pronouns ''esta'' and ''essa'' can follow one of two paths when being converted to neutral forms. '''''Est/ess'' + word ending''' or '''letters of personal pronoun before consonant + ''st/ss'' + letters of personal pronoun after consonant'''. The latter only works if the personal pronoun has a consonant in the middle, so it'd work for ''ilu'' but not for '' | The pronouns ''esta'' and ''essa'' can follow one of two paths when being converted to neutral forms. '''''Est/ess'' + word ending''' or '''letters of personal pronoun before consonant + ''st/ss'' + letters of personal pronoun after consonant'''. The latter only works if the personal pronoun has a consonant in the middle, so it'd work for ''ilu'' and ''ile'' (''issu/istu'' and ''isse/iste'') but not for ael (''aess/aest''), for example. | ||
===Word endings === | ===Word endings=== | ||
In the Portuguese language, the ending of a word typically indicates gender. For this reason, the vast majority of words have two forms: the masculine and the feminine. Feminine words end in ''a'', while masculine words end in ''o''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|title=The Gender of Portuguese Words|website=Practice Portuguese|access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref> The word "friend," a noun, can translate to ''amiga'' or ''amigo''. The same rule applies to adjectives, however, so "tall" can translate to either ''alta'' or ''alto''. Moreover, adjectives and nouns are expected to agree in gender. Some non-binary people use more than one word ending and may not mind that non-concordant language is used when referring to them, like in the sentence ''ae meu amiga é bonito''. New word endings were created to accomodate people who don't feel comfortable with either of the standard word endings. | In the Portuguese language, the ending of a word typically indicates gender. For this reason, the vast majority of words have two forms: the masculine and the feminine. Feminine words end in ''a'', while masculine words end in ''o''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|title=The Gender of Portuguese Words|website=Practice Portuguese|access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref> The word "friend," a noun, can translate to ''amiga'' or ''amigo''. The same rule applies to adjectives, however, so "tall" can translate to either ''alta'' or ''alto''. Moreover, adjectives and nouns are expected to agree in gender. Some non-binary people use more than one word ending and may not mind that non-concordant language is used when referring to them, like in the sentence ''ae meu amiga é bonito''. New word endings were created to accomodate people who don't feel comfortable with either of the standard word endings. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Word endings ''a'' and ''o'' compared to neutral alternatives:<ref name="SetTester" /> | |+Word endings ''a'' and ''o'' compared to neutral alternatives:<ref name="SetTester" /><ref name=":0" /> | ||
!a/o | !a/o | ||
!ae | !ae | ||
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!u | !u | ||
!y | !y | ||
!oa | |||
|- | |- | ||
|menina/o | |menina/o | ||
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|meninu | |meninu | ||
|meniny | |meniny | ||
|meninoa | |||
|} | |} | ||
==See also== | ==See also == | ||
*[[Glossary of Brazilian Portuguese gender and sex terminology]] | *[[Glossary of Brazilian Portuguese gender and sex terminology]] | ||
*[[Glossary of European Portuguese gender and sex terminology]] | *[[Glossary of European Portuguese gender and sex terminology]] | ||