Metagender: Difference between revisions

For 600 years into the present day, Bugis Society recognizes four genders, plus a fifth gender, [[Gender-variant identities worldwide#Bissu|bissu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-02-27/indonesia-fifth-gender-might-soon-disappear/10846570|title=This Indonesian community has five genders — one of them is under threat of dying out|last=Ibrahim|first=Farid|date=2019-02-26|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-29}}</ref> Bissu, seen as a gender which combines and transcends other genders, has been labeled a "meta-gender" identity by anthropologists since 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insideindonesia.org/sulawesis-fifth-gender?highlight=WyJzaGFyeW4iLCJncmFoYW0iLCJncmFoYW0ncyIsInNoYXJ5biBncmFoYW0iXQ%3D%3D|title=Sulawesi's fifth gender|last=Graham|first=Sharyn|date=2001|website=Inside Indonesia|language=en-gb|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}} 66: Apr-Jun. Retrieved January 08, 2021.</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=Qoq5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102&dq=%22meta-gender%22+OR+%22meta-gendered%22+OR+%22metagenderism%22+OR+%22metagender%22+OR+%22metagendered%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7lpfamPTtAhWG7KQKHRfYAXEQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=%22meta-gender%22%20OR%20%22meta-gendered%22%20OR%20%22metagenderism%22%20OR%20%22metagender%22%20OR%20%20%22metagendered%22&f=false|title=The spectrum of sex: the science of male, female, and intersex|last=Viloria|first=Hida|last2=Law|first2=Alex|last3=Nieto|first3=María|last4=ProQuest (Firme)|date=2020|publisher=|year=|isbn=978-1-78775-265-8|location=London and Philadelphia|pages=102|language=English|oclc=1149536934|archive-url=False|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> "''Bissu'' embody elements of all genders within them, and thereby occupy a space outside or above any single gender identity. They are essentially beyond gender — ‘meta-gender’ or ‘gender-transcendent’ as they are sometimes described."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://learn.akkadium.com/beyond-binary-five-genders-of-the-bugis/|title=Beyond Binary: Five genders of the Bugis|last=Mark Anderson|date=2016-08-15|website=Akkadium College|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419055419/https://learn.akkadium.com/beyond-binary-five-genders-of-the-bugis/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> This usage of meta-gender was later adopted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia Bahasa Indonesia] (the official language of Indonesia) as a loanword for describing the bissu, serving as a category for genders that transcend gender roles and a description of transcending gendered power relations to reach higher powers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slashqueer.com/the-bugis-of-indonesia-english-dubbed-transcript|title=The Bugis of Indonesia ENGLISH DUBBED- Transcript|website=/Queer|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419055417/https://slashqueer.com/the-bugis-of-indonesia-english-dubbed-transcript|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>Williams, Georgie. "[https://castbox.fm/app/castbox/player/id2443104/id311755818?v=8.22.11 /Queer – The Bugis of Indonesia (No Dub)]" ''/queer'' (Podcast). Retrieved 30 December 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220127045715/https://castbox.fm/app/castbox/player/id2443104/id311755818?v=8.22.11 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.blamakassar.kemenag.go.id/berita/pertunjukan-terakhir-kisah-para-bissu-dalam-impitan-kapitalisme-dari-atas-dan-bawah|title=Pertunjukan Terakhir: Kisah para Bissu dalam Impitan Kapitalisme dari Atas dan Bawah|last=|first=|date=2020-10-21|website=www.blamakassar.kemenag.go.id|language=id|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-31}}</ref>

In addition to human spiritual identities, divine beings have been called "meta-gendered"—in the sense of transcending human gender categories—in religious scholarship and education of multiple religions. Examples include angels in Islam,<ref name=":10" /> the Christian God,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=KUdgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA55&dq=%22meta-gender%22+OR+%22meta-gendered%22+OR+%22metagenderism%22+OR+%22metagender%22+OR+%22metagendered%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwii4fLGj_TtAhXCuaQKHailDPkQ6AEwBnoECAUQAg#v=onepage&q=%22meta-gender%22%20OR%20%22meta-gendered%22%20OR%20%22metagenderism%22%20OR%20%22metagender%22%20OR%20%22metagendered%22&f=false|title=Reforming worship: English reformed principles and practice|last=|first=|date=2012|publisher=Wipf & Stock Publishers|year=|isbn=978-1-61097-320-5|location=Eugene, Or.|pages=|language=English|oclc=801440436|archive-url=False|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gender-curricula.com/en/curriculum/theologie-katholisch|title=Gender Curricula für Bachelor- und Masterstudiengänge: Curriculum Catholic Theology|website=www.gender-curricula.com|access-date=2020-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323152543/https://www.gender-curricula.com/en/curriculum/theologie-katholisch|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> and other spiritualities.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=JS1xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT115&dq=%22meta-gender%22+OR+%22meta-gendered%22+OR+%22metagenderism%22+OR+%22metagender%22+OR+%22metagendered%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjWzPWWj_TtAhWICOwKHZh8AWEQ6AEwA3oECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=%22meta-gender%22%20OR%20%20%22meta-gendered%22%20OR%20%22metagenderism%22%20OR%20%22metagender%22%20OR%20%22metagendered%22&f=false|title=Spirit speak: knowing and understanding spirit guides, ancestors, ghosts, angels, and the divine|last=Domínguez|first=Ivo|date=2008|publisher=New Page Books|year=|isbn=978-1-60163-002-5|location=Franklin Lakes, NJ|pages=|archive-url=False|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> One [[Pagan|neopagan]] deity, Paneros of the Tetrad++, was "birthed" specifically as a metagendered deity.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/mediawiki/oclc/946958644|title=All-soul, all-body, all-love, all-power a transmythology|last=Lupus|first=P. Sufenas Virius|date=2016|isbn=978-1-4750-2528-6|language=English|oclc=946958644|archive-url=False|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://psufenasviriuslupus.wordpress.com/pantheons/the-antinoan-pantheon/paneros-of-the-tetrad/|title=Paneros of the Tetrad++|date=2019-01-28|website=P. SUFENAS VIRIUS LUPUS|language=en|access-date=2020-12-29|archive-url=False|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

Metagender(ed) (sometimes meta-gender(ed) or metagenderism) has been used to describe "the academic engagement with or the theorizing of gender,"<ref>{{Cite book|title=Africa after gender?|publisher=Indiana University Press|date=2007|location=Bloomington, IN|isbn=978-0-253-34816-6|editor-first=Catherine M.|editor-last=Cole|editor-first2=Takyiwaa|editor-last2=Manuh|editor-first3=Stephan|editor-last3=Miescher|last=|first=|year=|pages=287, 289}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/mediawiki/oclc/1137077647|title=Queering knowledge: analytics, devices and investments after Marilyn Strathern|last=Boyce|first=Paul|last2=Gonzalez-Polledo|first2=E. J|last3=Posocco|first3=Silvia|date=2020|publisher=|year=|isbn=978-1-138-23098-9|location=|pages=Note 20|language=English|oclc=1137077647|archive-url=False|archive-date=17 July 2023}} Note 20.</ref> religious identities and spiritual states that transcend gender,<ref name=":7">Scherer, Burkhard. (2006). ‘Gender Transformed and Meta-gendered Enlightenment: Reading Buddhist Narratives as Paradigms of Inclusiveness’ ''Revista de Estudos da Religião'' – REVER 6(3), pp. 65-76.</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442664579|title=Writing Women Saints in Anglo-Saxon England|last=Szarmach|first=Paul|date=2019|isbn=978-1-4426-6457-9|oclc=1091659301|archive-url=False|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book|title=The third gender and Ælfric's Lives of saints|last=McDaniel|first=Rhonda L.|date=2018|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|isbn=978-1-58044-309-8|series=Richard Rawlinson Center series|location=Kalamazoo}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=al-Khawaldeh|first=Samira|date=2015-05-06|title=“The One Raised in Ornament?” Gendering Issues in the Qurʾan|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/haww/13/1/article-p1_1.xml|journal=Hawwa|volume=13|issue=1|pages=1–24|doi=10.1163/15692086-12341271|issn=1569-2078|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115235042/https://brill.com/view/journals/haww/13/1/article-p1_1.xml|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=5213031|title=Gender, sex, and sexualities: psychological perspectives|last=Dess|first=Nancy Kimberly|last2=Marecek|first2=Jeanne|last3=Bell|first3=Leslie C|date=2018|isbn=978-0-19-065855-7|language=English|oclc=1018308022|archive-url=False|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> systems of gender,<ref name=":18">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/mediawiki/oclc/953860344|title=Negotiating Boundaries? Identities, Sexualities, Diversities|last=Beckett|first=Clare|last2=Heathcote|first2=Owen|last3=Macey|first3=Marie|date=2009|isbn=978-1-4438-1092-0|language=English|oclc=953860344|archive-url=False|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/978-3-0353-0144-1/2|title=Queering Paradigms II|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3-0343-0295-1|year=2011|editor-last=Scherer|editor-first=Bee|editor-first2=Matthew|editor-last2=Ball|archive-url=False|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> sets of gender,<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Boyu|last2=Jin|first2=Hao|last3=Yang|first3=Zhiwen|last4=Qu|first4=Yingying|last5=Weng|first5=Heng|last6=Hao|first6=Tianyong|date=2019-04-09|title=An approach for transgender population information extraction and summarization from clinical trial text|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-019-0768-1|journal=BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making|volume=19|issue=2|pages=62|doi=10.1186/s12911-019-0768-1|issn=1472-6947|pmc=PMC6454593|pmid=30961595|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521084657/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-019-0768-1|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> being beyond or outside binary gender categories,<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=1987|title=Annales D'archéologie Égéenne de L'Université de Liège|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=f1fFPmPBAYcC|journal=Aegaeum|volume=30|pages=231|quote=We can see...what does help us to approach the door that opens onto Minoan realities is to study the meta-gender of the aniconic. We discern a cluster of symbols that were definitely greater than just female or male.|via=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518115259/https://books.google.de/books?id=f1fFPmPBAYcC|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118294291.ch24|title=A Companion to Gender Prehistory|last=Hitchcock|first=Louise|last2=Nikolaidou|first2=Marianna|date=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|isbn=978-1-118-29429-1|pages=502–525|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781118294291.ch24|year=|location=|quote=Applying the concept of a third gender is rare in Aegean scholarship... Cadogan observes that the genderless aspects of Minoan culture... are understudied. He believes that the term 'meta-gender' better conveys something above and beyond binary categories.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127062727/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118294291.ch24|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceproble0000vale/page/136/mode/2up?q=metagender|title=James Joyce and the problem of justice: negotiating sexual and colonial difference|last=Valente|first=Joseph|date=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=|isbn=978-0-521-47369-9|location=Cambridge [England] ; New York|pages=|archive-url=False|archive-date=17 July 2023}} "Since to be human is to be sexed, there can be no metagender position in discourse, no superintending perspective on the question of gender and its associated baggage."</ref><ref>Kazanjian, David (2011). "[https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/discourse/vol33/iss3/4/ Re-flexion: Genocide in Ruins]," ''Discourse: Journal for Theoretical Studies in Media and Culture'': 33(3), Article 4. "She is doubly excluded by Creon, then: a resident alien who must reside amongst the dead, a meta-gendered subject denied both the male polis and the female oikos." [https://web.archive.org/web/20220420013652/https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/discourse/vol33/iss3/4/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref><ref>Goodman, Z. J. (1997). [https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/20041/thesis_hum_1997_goodman_zilla_jane.pdf?sequence=1 Representations of the other in modern Hebrew literature](PhD). University of Cape Town. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230703210939/https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/20041/thesis_hum_1997_goodman_zilla_jane.pdf?sequence=1 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> applying regardless of gender or to all genders equally,<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9781351984041|title=Shakespeare and Feminist Criticism (1991): an Annotated Bibliography and Commentary|last=Kolin|first=Philip C|date=2017|isbn=978-1-351-98403-4|language=English|oclc=1052448663|archive-url=False|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=Edinburgh&isbn=9781137054425|title=Doing feminist research in political and social science|last=Ackerly|first=Brooke A|last2=True|first2=Jacqui|date=2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-05442-5|location=Basingstoke; New York|language=English|oclc=1203336058|archive-url=False|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hussein Ali|first=Zahra A.|date=2018-09-01|title=George Meredith,          John S. Mill, and          Liberalized Womanhood|url=https://www.utexaspressjournals.org/doi/10.7560/TSLL60303|journal=Texas Studies in Literature and Language|volume=60|issue=3|pages=316–345|doi=10.7560/TSLL60303|issn=0040-4691|quote=...a triadic logos that interrelates "[b]lood and brain and spirit, three," which if "parted," "[s]ome one sailing will be wrec