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Gender neutral language in Portuguese: Difference between revisions
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===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
In Portuguese, there are two standard personal pronouns for the third person singular and two for the third person plural. ''Ela'' is equivalent to the English "she" and ''ele'' is equivalent to the English "he," while ''elas'' and ''eles'' are both equivalent to the English plural "they." Portuguese-speaking non-binary people who don't feel comfortable with these have had to come up with neopronouns. | In Portuguese, there are two standard personal pronouns for the third person singular and two for the third person plural. ''Ela'' is equivalent to the English "she" and ''ele'' is equivalent to the English "he," while ''elas'' and ''eles'' are both equivalent to the English plural "they." Portuguese-speaking non-binary people who don't feel comfortable with these have had to come up with neopronouns, along with its contractions. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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!ae | !ae | ||
!e | !e | ||
!eo | ! colspan="2" |eo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/neolinguagem|title=Archived profile for neolinguagem on Instagram|website=Ghostarchive}}</ref> | ||
!o | ! colspan="3" |o | ||
!u | ! colspan="2" |u | ||
!oa | !oa | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|estae(s) | |estae(s) | ||
|este(s) | |este(s) | ||
|esteo(s) | | colspan="2" |esteo(s) | ||
|esto(s) | | colspan="3" |esto(s) | ||
|estu(s) | | colspan="2" |estu(s) | ||
|estoa(s) | |estoa(s) | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|essae(s) | |essae(s) | ||
|esse(s) | |esse(s) | ||
|esseo(s) | | colspan="2" |esseo(s) | ||
|esso(s) | | colspan="3" |esso(s) | ||
|essu(s) | | colspan="2" |essu(s) | ||
|essoa(s) | |essoa(s) | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|minhe(s) | |minhe(s) | ||
|minheo(s) | |minheo(s) | ||
| colspan="2" |meo(s) | |||
|minho(s) | |minho(s) | ||
| colspan="2" |meu(s) | |||
|minhu(s) | |minhu(s) | ||
|minhoa(s) | |minhoa(s) | ||
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|tue(s) | |tue(s) | ||
|tueo(s) | |tueo(s) | ||
| colspan="2" |teo(s) | |||
|tuo(s) | |tuo(s) | ||
| colspan="2" |teu(s) | |||
|tu(s) | |tu(s) | ||
|tuoa(s) | |tuoa(s) | ||
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|sue(s) | |sue(s) | ||
|sueo(s) | |sueo(s) | ||
| colspan="2" |seo(s) | |||
|suo(s) | |suo(s) | ||
| colspan="2" |seu(s) | |||
|su(s) | |su(s) | ||
|suoa(s) | |suoa(s) | ||
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===Word endings=== | ===Word endings=== | ||
In the Portuguese language, the ending of a word typically indicates gender. For this reason, the vast majority of words have two forms: the masculine and the feminine. Feminine words end in ''a'', while masculine words end in ''o''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|title=The Gender of Portuguese Words|website=Practice Portuguese|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719185109/https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> The word "friend," a noun, can translate to ''amiga'' or ''amigo''. The same rule applies to adjectives, however, so "tall" can translate to either ''alta'' or ''alto''. Moreover, adjectives and nouns are expected to agree in gender. Some non-binary people use more than one word ending and may not mind that non-concordant language is used when referring to them, like in the sentence ''ae meu amiga é bonito''. New word endings were created to | In the Portuguese language, the ending of a word typically indicates gender. For this reason, the vast majority of words have two forms: the masculine and the feminine. Feminine words end in ''a'', while masculine words end in ''o''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|title=The Gender of Portuguese Words|website=Practice Portuguese|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719185109/https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/the-gender-of-portuguese-words/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> The word "friend," a noun, can translate to ''amiga'' or ''amigo''. The same rule applies to adjectives, however, so "tall" can translate to either ''alta'' or ''alto''. Moreover, adjectives and nouns are expected to agree in gender. Some non-binary people use more than one word ending and may not mind that non-concordant language is used when referring to them, like in the sentence ''ae'' "''meu amiga é bonito''". New word endings were created to accommodate people who don't feel comfortable with either of the standard word endings. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Word endings ''a'' and ''o'' compared to neutral alternatives:<ref name="SetTester" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.pronouns.page/dicionario|title=Dicionário de linguagem neutra|website=Pronouns.page|language=pt|trans-title=Neutral language dictionary|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530212655/https://pt.pronouns.page/dicionario|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o_sexista|title=Linguagem não sexista|website=Wikipédia|language=pt|trans-title=Non-sexist language|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605221452/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o_sexista|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> | |+Word endings ''a'' and ''o'' compared to neutral alternatives:<ref name="SetTester" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.pronouns.page/dicionario|title=Dicionário de linguagem neutra|website=Pronouns.page|language=pt|trans-title=Neutral language dictionary|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530212655/https://pt.pronouns.page/dicionario|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o_sexista|title=Linguagem não sexista|website=Wikipédia|language=pt|trans-title=Non-sexist language|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605221452/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_n%C3%A3o_sexista|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> | ||
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|secretárioa | |secretárioa | ||
|} | |} | ||
Some words, such as heteronyms, are also inflected in the beginning, | Some words, such as heteronyms, are also inflected in the beginning, examples and proposals below.<ref>https://bloguealternative.wordpress.com/lista-de-neologismos/</ref><ref>https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/7546402/mod_resource/content/1/Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20para%20todas%2C%20todos%20e%20todes_UnB.pdf</ref><ref>https://repository.ufrpe.br/bitstream/123456789/3756/1/tcc_art_enildavaleriagomesmarinho.pdf</ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||