Metagender: Difference between revisions

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    {{Disclaimer|This article quotes outdated terminology for "transgender" and "metagender," including "transgendered" and "transgenderism," as used by transgender scholars and other gender-variant people at the time.}}
    '''Metagender''' is a term that has been coined multiple times with varying definitions, including as multiple [[nonbinary]] [[Gender identity|gender identities]], a [[Romantic and sexual orientation|sexual orientation]], spiritual identities, a [[Gender Modality|gender modality]], a description for [[Gender nonconformity|gender-nonconforming behavior]], and a super-set for all gender possibilities. Different definitions have been used for LGBTQ+ self-identifiers, in feminist/queer theory and activism, and in academic settings, including as an academic and self-identified term for multiple [[Third gender|third-gender]] religious and spiritual identities.  
    '''Metagender''' is a term that has been coined multiple times with varying definitions, including as multiple [[nonbinary]] [[Gender identity|gender identities]], a [[Romantic and sexual orientation|sexual orientation]], spiritual identities, a [[Gender Modality|gender modality]], a description for [[Gender nonconformity|gender-nonconforming behavior]], and a super-set for all gender possibilities. Different definitions have been used for LGBTQ+ self-identifiers, in feminist/queer theory and activism, and in academic settings, including as an academic and self-identified term for multiple [[Third gender|third-gender]] religious and spiritual identities.  


    ==History and Usage==
    ==History and Usage==


    === LBGTQIA2+ Definitions ===
    === LBGTQIA2+ Definitions===
    Metagender was first recorded in queer and feminist publications, where its definition included post-gender concepts, gender variance, gender-bending, and being neither a man nor a woman.
    Metagender was first recorded in queer and feminist publications, where its definition included post-gender concepts, gender variance, gender-bending, and being neither a man nor a woman.


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    In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, one respondent called themselves metagender.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gendercensus.com/results/2019-worldwide-summary/|title=Gender Census 2019: Worldwide Summary|date=2020-11-11|website=Gender Census|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-12-24}}</ref> In the 2020 Worldwide Gender Census, four respondents called themselves metagender.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gendercensus.com/results/2020-worldwide-summary/|title=Gender Census 2020: Worldwide Summary|date=2020-11-11|website=Gender Census|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-12-24}} "metagender: 2; metagender!: 1; meta-girl: 1"</ref>
    In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, one respondent called themselves metagender.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gendercensus.com/results/2019-worldwide-summary/|title=Gender Census 2019: Worldwide Summary|date=2020-11-11|website=Gender Census|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-12-24}}</ref> In the 2020 Worldwide Gender Census, four respondents called themselves metagender.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gendercensus.com/results/2020-worldwide-summary/|title=Gender Census 2020: Worldwide Summary|date=2020-11-11|website=Gender Census|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-12-24}} "metagender: 2; metagender!: 1; meta-girl: 1"</ref>


    === In Academia, Anthropology, and Gender Analysis ===
    ===In Academia, Anthropology, and Gender Analysis===
    Metagender(ed) (sometimes meta-gender(ed) or metagenderism) has been used to describe "the academic engagement with or the theorizing of gender,"<ref>{{Cite book|title=Africa after gender?|publisher=Indiana University Press|date=2007|location=Bloomington, IN|isbn=978-0-253-34816-6|editor-first=Catherine M.|editor-last=Cole|editor-first2=Takyiwaa|editor-last2=Manuh|editor-first3=Stephan|editor-last3=Miescher|last=|first=|year=|pages=287, 289}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/mediawiki/oclc/1137077647|title=Queering knowledge: analytics, devices and investments after Marilyn Strathern|last=Boyce|first=Paul|last2=Gonzalez-Polledo|first2=E. J|last3=Posocco|first3=Silvia|date=2020|publisher=|year=|isbn=978-1-138-23098-9|location=|pages=Note 20|language=English|oclc=1137077647}} Note 20.</ref> religious identities that transcend gender,<ref>Scherer, Burkhard. (2006). ‘Gender Transformed and Meta-gendered Enlightenment: Reading Buddhist Narratives as Paradigms of Inclusiveness’ ''Revista de Estudos da Religião'' – REVER 6(3), pp. 65-76.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442664579|title=Writing Women Saints in Anglo-Saxon England|last=Szarmach|first=Paul|date=2019|isbn=978-1-4426-6457-9|oclc=1091659301}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The third gender and Ælfric's Lives of saints|last=McDaniel|first=Rhonda L.|date=2018|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|isbn=978-1-58044-309-8|series=Richard Rawlinson Center series|location=Kalamazoo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=al-Khawaldeh|first=Samira|date=2015-05-06|title=“The One Raised in Ornament?” Gendering Issues in the Qurʾan|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/haww/13/1/article-p1_1.xml|journal=Hawwa|volume=13|issue=1|pages=1–24|doi=10.1163/15692086-12341271|issn=1569-2078}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=5213031|title=Gender, sex, and sexualities: psychological perspectives|last=Dess|first=Nancy Kimberly|last2=Marecek|first2=Jeanne|last3=Bell|first3=Leslie C|date=2018|isbn=978-0-19-065855-7|language=English|oclc=1018308022}}</ref> systems of gender,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/mediawiki/oclc/953860344|title=Negotiating Boundaries? Identities, Sexualities, Diversities|last=Beckett|first=Clare|last2=Heathcote|first2=Owen|last3=Macey|first3=Marie|date=2009|isbn=978-1-4438-1092-0|language=English|oclc=953860344}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/978-3-0353-0144-1/2|title=Queering Paradigms II|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3-0343-0295-1}}</ref> applying regardless of gender or to all genders equally,<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9781351984041|title=Shakespeare and Feminist Criticism (1991): an Annotated Bibliography and Commentary|last=Kolin|first=Philip C|date=2017|isbn=978-1-351-98403-4|language=English|oclc=1052448663}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=Edinburgh&isbn=9781137054425|title=Doing feminist research in political and social science|last=Ackerly|first=Brooke A|last2=True|first2=Jacqui|date=2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-05442-5|location=Basingstoke; New York|language=English|oclc=1203336058}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> and otherwise being about gender.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Devlin-Glass|first=Frances|date=1998|title='Teasing the audience with the play': feminism and Shakespeare at the Melbourne Theatre Company, 1984-93|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2870817|journal=Australasian Drama Studies|volume=|issue=33|pages=21-39|doi=|issn=0810-4123|via=https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=200000904;res=IELAPA}}</ref><ref name=":0" />   
    Metagender(ed) (sometimes meta-gender(ed) or metagenderism) has been used to describe "the academic engagement with or the theorizing of gender,"<ref>{{Cite book|title=Africa after gender?|publisher=Indiana University Press|date=2007|location=Bloomington, IN|isbn=978-0-253-34816-6|editor-first=Catherine M.|editor-last=Cole|editor-first2=Takyiwaa|editor-last2=Manuh|editor-first3=Stephan|editor-last3=Miescher|last=|first=|year=|pages=287, 289}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/mediawiki/oclc/1137077647|title=Queering knowledge: analytics, devices and investments after Marilyn Strathern|last=Boyce|first=Paul|last2=Gonzalez-Polledo|first2=E. J|last3=Posocco|first3=Silvia|date=2020|publisher=|year=|isbn=978-1-138-23098-9|location=|pages=Note 20|language=English|oclc=1137077647}} Note 20.</ref> religious identities that transcend gender,<ref>Scherer, Burkhard. (2006). ‘Gender Transformed and Meta-gendered Enlightenment: Reading Buddhist Narratives as Paradigms of Inclusiveness’ ''Revista de Estudos da Religião'' – REVER 6(3), pp. 65-76.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442664579|title=Writing Women Saints in Anglo-Saxon England|last=Szarmach|first=Paul|date=2019|isbn=978-1-4426-6457-9|oclc=1091659301}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The third gender and Ælfric's Lives of saints|last=McDaniel|first=Rhonda L.|date=2018|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|isbn=978-1-58044-309-8|series=Richard Rawlinson Center series|location=Kalamazoo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=al-Khawaldeh|first=Samira|date=2015-05-06|title=“The One Raised in Ornament?” Gendering Issues in the Qurʾan|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/haww/13/1/article-p1_1.xml|journal=Hawwa|volume=13|issue=1|pages=1–24|doi=10.1163/15692086-12341271|issn=1569-2078}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=5213031|title=Gender, sex, and sexualities: psychological perspectives|last=Dess|first=Nancy Kimberly|last2=Marecek|first2=Jeanne|last3=Bell|first3=Leslie C|date=2018|isbn=978-0-19-065855-7|language=English|oclc=1018308022}}</ref> systems of gender,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/mediawiki/oclc/953860344|title=Negotiating Boundaries? Identities, Sexualities, Diversities|last=Beckett|first=Clare|last2=Heathcote|first2=Owen|last3=Macey|first3=Marie|date=2009|isbn=978-1-4438-1092-0|language=English|oclc=953860344}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/978-3-0353-0144-1/2|title=Queering Paradigms II|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3-0343-0295-1}}</ref> applying regardless of gender or to all genders equally,<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9781351984041|title=Shakespeare and Feminist Criticism (1991): an Annotated Bibliography and Commentary|last=Kolin|first=Philip C|date=2017|isbn=978-1-351-98403-4|language=English|oclc=1052448663}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=Edinburgh&isbn=9781137054425|title=Doing feminist research in political and social science|last=Ackerly|first=Brooke A|last2=True|first2=Jacqui|date=2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-05442-5|location=Basingstoke; New York|language=English|oclc=1203336058}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> and otherwise being about gender.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Devlin-Glass|first=Frances|date=1998|title='Teasing the audience with the play': feminism and Shakespeare at the Melbourne Theatre Company, 1984-93|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2870817|journal=Australasian Drama Studies|volume=|issue=33|pages=21-39|doi=|issn=0810-4123|via=https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=200000904;res=IELAPA}}</ref><ref name=":0" />   


    Revision as of 01:30, 28 December 2020

    Exclamation mark white icon.svg
    Disclaimer
    This article quotes outdated terminology for "transgender" and "metagender," including "transgendered" and "transgenderism," as used by transgender scholars and other gender-variant people at the time.


    Metagender is a term that has been coined multiple times with varying definitions, including as multiple nonbinary gender identities, a sexual orientation, spiritual identities, a gender modality, a description for gender-nonconforming behavior, and a super-set for all gender possibilities. Different definitions have been used for LGBTQ+ self-identifiers, in feminist/queer theory and activism, and in academic settings, including as an academic and self-identified term for multiple third-gender religious and spiritual identities.

    History and Usage

    LBGTQIA2+ Definitions

    Metagender was first recorded in queer and feminist publications, where its definition included post-gender concepts, gender variance, gender-bending, and being neither a man nor a woman.

    In a 1994 letter to the San Francisco Bay Times, an intersex womyn used metagender as an umbrella descriptor for gender-variant and intersex.[1]

    In a 1998 BITCH essay titled "Metagender and the Slow Decline of the Either/Or," Lisa Voldeng and Laura Kloppenberg coined "metagenderism" to "encapsulat[e] all existing, evolving, and unborn gender models: It is the unlimited superset of all possible (non)genders and gender (non)identities, of individual and cultural existence free from binaristic cat­egorization and definition." This definition was in contrast with the contemporary "transgenderism" as defined by trans woman and cultural theorist Sandy Stone. Where transgender was a category to "include everyone not covered by our culture's narrow terms man and woman," metagenderism entailed "a comprehensive reenvisioning of gender," to serve as "container for all gender identities, encompassing the two-gender system to transgender and beyond."[2]

    In a 1999 interview, musician/poet/filmmaker Phoebe Legere said that she was "metagender, metasexual, not a man or a woman."[3]

    In 2004, another zine listed metagender as a term for "gender-bending."[4]

    The term was coined again in the 2000s by Rook Thomas Hine.[5] This coining's definition is given as "someone who identifies as neither male nor female, neither woman nor man, neither neuter nor feminine nor masculine. [...] A metagender is less of a 'both/and' combination, 'all of the above' or androgyne, and more of a 'wholly other' third/fourth/eighty-seventh category, or 'none of the above'."[6] The metagender identity was further developed as "a social gender that comes into play in a spiritual and religious context" inside a neopagan context.[7]

    Maxfield Sparrow, who came out as metagender in 1992,[8][9] wrote in 2018 that metagender "expresses feeling outside the entire paradigm of gender."[10]

    In June 2014 "metagender" was suggested as an alternative word for pangender.[11]

    "Metagender" was independently coined again in 2014 by Tumblr users keyblademastercecilpalmer, agenderchrismclean, and lordmoriarty by submission to the MOGAI-Archive blog, and the definition was: "To identify around or beyond a gender. Where your gender identity is almost that gender, but not quite, and also extends beyond that. Imagine that —- is you, and | is the gender identity (and identifying fully with a gender is —-|), then metagender is —- | —-" For example, meta-boy, meta-girl, meta-nonbinary, and so on.[12]

    In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, one respondent called themselves metagender.[13] In the 2020 Worldwide Gender Census, four respondents called themselves metagender.[14]

    In Academia, Anthropology, and Gender Analysis

    Metagender(ed) (sometimes meta-gender(ed) or metagenderism) has been used to describe "the academic engagement with or the theorizing of gender,"[15][16] religious identities that transcend gender,[17][18][19][20][21] systems of gender,[22][23] applying regardless of gender or to all genders equally,[24][25][26] and otherwise being about gender.[27][16]

    Examples:

    "These dynamics are meta-gendered, in that they impact men and women and those who don’t identify in the binary, without particular discrimination, putting all of us at risk for weirdly pervasive and unexamined suffering."[26]

    Burgis Society recognizes four genders, plus a fifth gender, bissu, which is seen to combine and transcend the four others. "Bissu embody elements of all genders within them, and thereby occupy a space outside or above any single gender identity. They are essentially beyond gender — ‘meta-gender’ or ‘gender-transcendent’ as they are sometimes described."[28]

    References

    1. ↑ Jones, Billie Jean. Hernandez, Michael M. (1994). GenderFlex. 4(23). p 13. Retrieved at https://www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net/files/gx41mh96x
    2. ↑ Kloppenberg, Laura. Voldeng, Lisa. (1998). "Metagender & the Slow Decline of the Either/Or." BITCH, 3(1), p 33-34.
    3. ↑ "Mighty Aphrodite". Femme Fatales. 8 (4): 40-41. September 10, 1999.
    4. ↑ Cercone, Katie. (2004). Ms. Direction #6. p. 4. Retrieved at https://archive.qzap.org/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/300
    5. ↑ Bernhardt-House, Phillip. "Metagender". Archived from the original on 5 August 2004.
    6. ↑ Bernhardt-House, Phillip (2003). "So, which one is the opposite sex?: the sometimes spiritual journey of a metagender". Finding the Real Me: True Tales of Sex and Gender Diversity. Jossey-Bass. p. 76. Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (help)
    7. ↑ "Metagender". P. SUFENAS VIRIUS LUPUS. 2016-12-14. Retrieved 2020-12-24.
    8. ↑ Sparrow, Maxfield (2019-09-27). "r/FTMOver30 - Comment by u/MaxfieldSparrow on "Tell me about your "non-binary transition"?"". reddit. Retrieved 2020-12-24. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
    9. ↑ Sparrow, Maxfield (2020-12-12). "Maxfield Sparrow on Twitter". twitter. Retrieved 2020-12-24. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
    10. ↑ Sparrow, Maxfield (2018). Brown, Michael Eric (ed.). Challenging genders: non-binary experiences of those assigned female at birth. Miami, AZ: Boundless Endeavors, Inc. ISBN 978-0-9968309-6-6.
    11. ↑ "Pangender Without the 'Pan'". 23 June 2014.
    12. ↑ http://mogai-archive.tumblr.com/post/91734862699/metagender [Dead link]
    13. ↑ "Gender Census 2019: Worldwide Summary". Gender Census. 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-12-24.
    14. ↑ "Gender Census 2020: Worldwide Summary". Gender Census. 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-12-24. "metagender: 2; metagender!: 1; meta-girl: 1"
    15. ↑ Cole, Catherine M.; Manuh, Takyiwaa; Miescher, Stephan, eds. (2007). Africa after gender?. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 287, 289. ISBN 978-0-253-34816-6.
    16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Boyce, Paul; Gonzalez-Polledo, E. J; Posocco, Silvia (2020). Queering knowledge: analytics, devices and investments after Marilyn Strathern. pp. Note 20. ISBN 978-1-138-23098-9. OCLC 1137077647. Note 20.
    17. ↑ Scherer, Burkhard. (2006). ‘Gender Transformed and Meta-gendered Enlightenment: Reading Buddhist Narratives as Paradigms of Inclusiveness’ Revista de Estudos da Religião – REVER 6(3), pp. 65-76.
    18. ↑ Szarmach, Paul (2019). Writing Women Saints in Anglo-Saxon England. ISBN 978-1-4426-6457-9. OCLC 1091659301.
    19. ↑ McDaniel, Rhonda L. (2018). The third gender and Ælfric's Lives of saints. Richard Rawlinson Center series. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. ISBN 978-1-58044-309-8.
    20. ↑ al-Khawaldeh, Samira (2015-05-06). ""The One Raised in Ornament?" Gendering Issues in the Qurʾan". Hawwa. 13 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1163/15692086-12341271. ISSN 1569-2078.
    21. ↑ Dess, Nancy Kimberly; Marecek, Jeanne; Bell, Leslie C (2018). Gender, sex, and sexualities: psychological perspectives. ISBN 978-0-19-065855-7. OCLC 1018308022.
    22. ↑ Beckett, Clare; Heathcote, Owen; Macey, Marie (2009). Negotiating Boundaries? Identities, Sexualities, Diversities. ISBN 978-1-4438-1092-0. OCLC 953860344.
    23. ↑ Queering Paradigms II. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-0343-0295-1.
    24. ↑ Kolin, Philip C (2017). Shakespeare and Feminist Criticism (1991): an Annotated Bibliography and Commentary. ISBN 978-1-351-98403-4. OCLC 1052448663.
    25. ↑ Ackerly, Brooke A; True, Jacqui (2010). Doing feminist research in political and social science. Basingstoke; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-05442-5. OCLC 1203336058.
    26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Hase, Craig; Hase, Devon (2020). How not to be a hot mess: a semi-Buddhist guide for surviving modern life. ISBN 978-0-8348-4269-4. OCLC 1151626639.
    27. ↑ Devlin-Glass, Frances (1998). "'Teasing the audience with the play': feminism and Shakespeare at the Melbourne Theatre Company, 1984-93". Australasian Drama Studies (33): 21–39. ISSN 0810-4123 – via https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=200000904;res=IELAPA.
    28. ↑ Mark Anderson (2016-08-15). "Beyond Binary: Five genders of the Bugis". Akkadium College. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
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