Metagender

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    Metagender is a term that has been coined multiple times with varying definitions, including multiple nonbinary gender identities, spiritual and cultural identities, a combined gender identity and romantic and sexual orientation, a gender modality, a synonym for gender modality, a description for gender-nonconforming behavior, and a super-set for all gender possibilities. Different definitions have been used for LGBT+ self-identifiers, in feminist/queer theory and activism, and in academic settings.

    Usage through history

    Metagender existed as a technical term prior to its use by LGBT individuals, dating back at least to the 1980s, initially concerned with being outside or transcending binary gender, whether of imagery, perspectives, data, or people.[1][2][3] Its use as a technical term with various definitions has persisted into the 2020s.

    LGBT definitions

    1990s

    Metagender's early usage by queer communities was recorded in queer and feminist publications, where its definition included post-gender concepts, gender variance, gender-bending, and being neither a man nor a woman.

    In a 1994 letter to the San Francisco Bay Times, an intersex womyn used metagender as an umbrella descriptor for gender-variant and intersex.[4]

    In a 1998 BITCH magazine essay titled "Metagender and the Slow Decline of the Either/Or," Lisa Voldeng and Laura Kloppenberg coined "metagenderism" to "encapsulat[e] all existing, evolving, and unborn gender models: It is the unlimited superset of all possible (non)genders and gender (non)identities, of individual and cultural existence free from binaristic cat­egorization and definition." This definition was coined in contrast with the contemporary "transgenderism" as defined by trans woman and cultural theorist Sandy Stone. Whereas transgender was a category to "include everyone not covered by our culture's narrow terms man and woman," metagenderism entailed "a comprehensive reenvisioning of gender," to serve as "container for all gender identities, encompassing the two-gender system to transgender and beyond."[5]

    In a 1999 interview printed in the magazine Femme Fatales, musician/poet/filmmaker Phoebe Legere said "I am metagender, metasexual, not a man or a woman."[6]

    2000s

    The term was coined again by 1997 by Rook Hine,[7][8] an identity Hine characterized as being a "conscientious objector" in "the war of the sexes."[9] This concept of metagender was further developed by Phillip Andrew Bernhardt-House. E defined the term in a 2003 anthology as a spiritual identity that was a "'wholly other' third/fourth/eighty-seventh"[9] gender category that was not derived from any combination of woman, man, feminine, masculine, neuter, or androgyne. E described being "a metagender" as similar to being a third gender with a spiritual component while being in a culture that lacked this concept.[9] Metagender developed into a discrete identity as a spiritual functionary inside neopaganism, combining social gender and sexuality (latter being similar to pansexual), which it has remained since 2008 as described by P. Sufenas Virius Lupus.[8]

    In a 2004 zine, Katie Cercone listed metagender as a term for "gender-bending."[10]

    In a 2006 book on transgender journeys, metagender was defined as "individuals who do not identify as either male or female."[11]

    2010s

    In 2012, metagender was defined in HaifischGeweint's Gender 101 as "a gender identity describing a person whose subjective experience of gender is not adequately described by any existing terminology (i.e., I never “met a” gender like you before)."[12]

    In 2014, Metagender was proposed for four different meanings on Tumblr.

    1. In February, "meta-gender" was suggested by Tumblr user unquietpirate as the label for one's relationship to one's assigned gender at birth, similar to gender modality, to contrast with "experiential gender." Unquietpirate listed cisgender, transgender, and genderqueer as examples of meta-gender, last also being an "experiential gender."[13]
    2. In June, metagender was suggested by Tumblr user collectivetey as an alternative word for pangender.[14]
    3. In July, metagender was coined by Tumblr users autisticlapis-blog, agenderchrismclean, and lordmoriarty. The definition was: "to identify around or beyond a gender. Where your gender identity is almost that gender, but not quite, and also extends beyond that. Imagine that — is you, and | is the gender identity (and identifying fully with a gender is —|), then metagender is — | —". For example, meta-boy, meta-girl, meta-nonbinary, and so on.[15] The "—" is also written as "—-".[16]
    4. In November, metagender was coined by Tumblr user arquus-malvaceae as "a tangential or tenuous connection to the concept of gender.  Existing in that sort of floaty space where there is no gender, but still connecting with another label.  Identifying with as opposed to identifying as. Can be narrowed down and specified as one sees fit.  Eg, Metawoman, Metaman, Metaqueer, etc."[17]

    At Pantheacon 2015, a neopagan convention, at least two persons spoke about their metagender identity at a roundtable discussion on gender diversity[18] as derived from the spiritual definition by P. Sufenas Virius Lupus.[8] After the convention, Priestx Jaina Bee wrote:

    « Metagender opens up uninhibited freedom to be myself; a one-size-fits-me label that is no particular gender but neither is it agender. It is a slippery, slithery gender that evades every attempt to define it; a trickster gender. (Every person in this conformist culture who does not identify with their assigned gender is forced in some way to become a trickster, even if they would not be otherwise. Metagender is trickster to the core.) Ask nine metagender people what metagender means and you'll get twelve answers.[18] »
    — Jaina Bee, March 15, 2015

    Author Maxfield Sparrow, who has spoken about coming out as metagender in 1992,[19][20] wrote about being metagender on various channels across the 2010s.[21][22][23][24] In Sparrow's 2017 blog essay "What is Metagender," Sparrow described the difficulty of defining the identity, describing its similarity to gendervague.[25] Sparrow expanded on their metagender identity in a 2018 anthology, writing that metagender "expresses feeling outside the entire paradigm of gender."[26]

    In interviews for a 2018 thesis, an anonymous interviewee described metagender as an identity "beyond gender."[27]

    2020-present

    A pride flag for the "neither cis nor trans" definition of metagender. The flag consists of seven horizontal stripes which are black, green, yellow, white, yellow, green, and black.

    In July 2020, metagender was coined again by Evey Winters, Tenacity and others as a gender modality for persons who are not cisgender and do not identify as transgender,[28][29] similar to isogender and absgender.[30] Of the new term, one nonbinary person said:

    « Not all nonbinary people identify as trans, for various reasons. Because of this, a new term has also been coined to cover nonbinary people: metagender. I do acknowledge that I am technically transgender, but I also feel like the label doesn’t quite fit me. There’s still a lot of binary expectations with being transgender and I don’t see that experience as my own. At the same time, I wholly believe that nonbinary people should be accepted by the transgender community. »
    — B.Alvinia, "Somewhere In Between"[31]

    Gender Census and other data

    In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, one respondent called themselves metagender.[32] In the 2020 Worldwide Gender Census, four respondents called themselves metagender.[33] As of December 28, 2020, the "Metagender and Questioning" facebook group, founded after the gender modality coining, had 506 members, with an unknown number of members being metagender themselves.[29]

    Bugis society of Indonesia

    For 600 years into the present day, Bugis Society recognizes four genders, plus a fifth gender, bissu.[34] Bissu, seen as a gender which combines and transcends other genders, has been labeled a "meta-gender" identity by anthropologists since 2001.[35][36] "Bissu embody elements of all genders within them, and thereby occupy a space outside or above any single gender identity. They are essentially beyond gender — ‘meta-gender’ or ‘gender-transcendent’ as they are sometimes described."[37] This usage of meta-gender was later adopted in Bahasa Indonesia (the official language of Indonesia) as a loanword for describing the bissu, serving as a category for genders that transcend gender roles and a description of transcending gendered power relations to reach higher powers.[38][39][40]

    Theology, anthropology, and spirituality

    Metagender is used to describe gender variance in spirituality, anthropology, and religion. Multiple religious or spiritual concepts and identities have been called metagender. In anthropology, spiritual third gender identities have been labeled metagender. In theology of multiple religions, spiritual identities—some divine and others obtainable by religious adherents—have been labeled meta-gender.

    Meta-gender as a transcendent ideal appears in scholarship of Daoism,[41] Buddhism,[42] Christianity,[43][44] and other religious and spiritual traditions.

    In anthropology, metagender has been applied to modern societies such as the Bugis as well as pre-history. In Aegean scholarship of the genderless aspects of Minoan culture, applying meta-gender as a third gender concept "better conveys something above and beyond binary categories" than "genderless."[45]

    Christianity

    Metagender was used to describe the transcendent gender of virgin saints in scholarly reconstructions by 2003.[46] Theorized in the writings of the Latin Doctors in the fourth and fifth centuries, the metagendered virum perfectum, belonging to the Body of Christ, encompassed and transcended masculine and feminine genders to become an angelic, otherworldly metagender.[44] Through virginity and devotion to scripture, any sex could transcend earthly pleasures to become the heavenly metagender.[44] Some Christians in the present day also use metagender to describe this state of transcending human gender to achieve a Godlike gender.[47]

    Gender-variant figures in spirituality and religion

    In addition to human spiritual identities, divine beings have been called "meta-gendered"—in the sense of transcending human gender categories—in religious scholarship and education of multiple religions. Examples include angels in Islam,[48] the Christian God,[49][50][44] and other spiritualities.[51] One neopagan deity, Paneros of the Tetrad++, was "birthed" specifically as a metagendered deity.[52][53]

    Academic and technical usage

    Metagender(ed) (sometimes meta-gender(ed) or metagenderism) has been used to describe "the academic engagement with or the theorizing of gender,"[54][55] religious identities and spiritual states that transcend gender,[42][43][44][48][56] systems of gender,[57][58] sets of gender,[59] being beyond or outside binary gender categories,[1][45][60][61][62] applying regardless of gender or to all genders equally,[63][64][65][66][67][68] gender studies about gender studies,[69] and otherwise being about gender.[70][55]

    Examples:

    « These dynamics are meta-gendered, in that they impact men and women and those who don’t identify in the binary, without particular discrimination, putting all of us at risk for weirdly pervasive and unexamined suffering.[65] »
    — Craig & Devon Hase, 2020
    « All the mapped gender types with valid annotations are split into a list of meta gender types, i.e., ‘Biological Male’, ‘Biological Female’, ‘Transgender Male’ and ‘Transgender Female.’[59] »
    — An approach for transgender population information extraction and summarization from clinical trial text, 2019


    « I use the term metagender to indicate that all of the above work together. In order to conform successfully to the patriarchal requirements of the metagender binary the four genders must be congruent…all their gender building blocks incontestably in one metagender box…Some people do, however, reject the patriarchal binary and experiment with alternative metagenders.”[57] »
    — Negotiating Boundaries? Identities, Sexualities, Diversities, 2009

    Miscellaneous

    In 2010, "MetaGender" was used as an informal community-specific term to refer to the metafilter website's open text field for gender.[71] In 2017, pronouns were added as an open field, and in 2020 the gender field was deleted, citing the jokey nature of old answers that had aged badly.[72]

    MÉTA GENDER is the name of a French Butoh-Queer performance deconstructing gender, body, music, and performance, first performed in the 2010s.[73]

    Metagender's relationship with Transgender

    Metagender's relationship with transgender has taken multiple forms over the decades. Both terms have gained less expansive definitions and more specific connotations, with some definitions overlapping and some contrasting to the point of mutual exclusion. Metagender's use in academia and as a technical term has diverged from LGBT uses, sometimes concerned with abstractions of gender independent of gender identity and thus gender modalities, including transgender.

    Metagender has:

    • Contained transgender
    • Been contained by transgender
    • Overlapped with transgender
    • Been mutually exclusive with transgender
    • Been tangentially related to transgender
    • Been unrelated to transgender

    Transgender once included gender non-conforming people who would now be considered cisgender,[4][74] with metagender being alternatively a description for gender behavior and sexes outside binarism and heteronormativity[4] or a super-set containing all means of conceptualizing gender or lack thereof, including transgender definitions.[5] Complaints about transgender's inclusiveness that specifically contrasted with an expansive definition of metagender emerged as early as 1994.[4] Metagender was described as a more expansive approach to gender outside strict cis binaries than transgender without being mutually exclusive, used to highlight the limitations of a dichotomy to contain all gender experiences.[5]

    Metagender developed several niche definitions that some metagender people put under an expansive transgressively-gendered transgender umbrella[7] that included gender non-conforming people.[75] Despite the work of Leslie Feinberg in the 1990s to coin transgender as a wide and inclusive umbrella term covering all forms of transgressive gender, transgender became more associated with transsexualism, gender dysphoria, and binary gender, while cisgender gender non-conforming people were no longer defined as transgender. Transmedicalists resisted the inclusion of nonbinary people as transgender or under a broader trans umbrella. Some terms were coined by people outside the gender binary out of frustration with the transgender umbrella. (See "Is Genderqueer Transgender?") As with others of genderqueer or nonbinary gender, some people of metagender gender identity described themselves as technically transgender without identifying as transgender themselves or vice versa.[25] Others saw their gender identity as complementary to transgender definitions.[8]

    Metagender's re-coining as a gender modality that by definition is for people who are neither cis nor trans (or are not cisgender but do not consider themselves trans) is a stricter contrast to other definitions of transgender and metagender, but as with early definitions of metagender highlights the weakness of a dichotomy to contain all experiences of (non)gender.[28][5]

    Some metagender people consider themselves to fall under the transgender umbrella and some do not. While the trans umbrella is broadly seen to include all non-cisgender individuals, the advice of public health, gender diverse advocates, and gender diverse people themselves is to always use the descriptive term(s) preferred by the individual.[74][76][77][78][79][80]

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Annales D'archéologie Égéenne de L'Université de Liège". Aegaeum. 30: 231. 1987. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. We can see...what does help us to approach the door that opens onto Minoan realities is to study the meta-gender of the aniconic. We discern a cluster of symbols that were definitely greater than just female or male.
    2. ↑ Bal, Mieke (1992). [False Murder and difference: gender, genre, and scholarship on Sisera's death] Check |archive-url= value (help). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 111–112. ISBN 978-0-585-02512-4. OCLC 42854270. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Just as with disciplinary codes, notably the theological and liteary codes, the meta-gender code adopted by the interpreter in search of difference ought to be distinguished, first, from the personal gender code he or she has also adopted, most implicitly, by virtue of membership in a particular sexual group, and second, from the gender code he or she assumes the other has adopted...I will confront the possible contribution of a meta-gender code to the personal gender code, which, as we will see in the sample interpretations, remains implicit.
    3. ↑ Costello, Bonnie (1989). "Domestic Mysticism". Partisan Review. 56 (4): 671. ISSN 0031-2525. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023 – via Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center. One challenge for contemporary women poets is to decide just how far they wish 'womanhood' to define the terms of their awareness. It is a good sign, I think, that 'the soul' has returned with a fresh, contemporary aura, not genderless, but metagendered. The metaphysical impulse arising in, altered and constrained by biology, runs through many of our best women-poets.
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Jones, Billie Jean. Hernandez, Holly M. (1994). GenderFlex. 4(23). p 13. Retrieved at https://www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net/files/gx41mh96x "There was an interesting letter in the S.F. Bay Times (August 25, 1994) from a person born intersexed who identified as a feminist member of the womyn's community. This person was highly critical of ' ... this newly expanded, all-inclusive "transgendered" category' and resented being lumped into said category. This person does not openly identify as a TS '...increasingly because of the new tendency to lump all metagender situations together to include men who play at drag.' Railing against the '... insulting-to-womyn draggy/tv posturing', the writer also omitted any mention of FTMs."
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Kloppenberg, Laura. Voldeng, Lisa. (1998). "Metagender & the Slow Decline of the Either/Or." BITCH, 3(1), p 33-34.
    6. ↑ "Mighty Aphrodite". Femme Fatales. 8 (4): 40-41. September 10, 1999. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023.
    7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Bernhardt-House, Phillip. "Metagender". Archived from the original on 26 July 2004.
    8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Lupus, P. Sufenas Virius (14 December 2016). "Metagender". P. SUFENAS VIRIUS LUPUS. Wordpress. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
    9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Bernhardt-House, Phillip (2003). "So, which one is the opposite sex?: the sometimes spiritual journey of a metagender". Finding the Real Me: True Tales of Sex and Gender Diversity (Tracie O'Keefe & Katrina Fox, Ed.). Jossey-Bass. p. 76-88.
    10. ↑ Cercone, Katie. (2004). Ms. Direction #6. p. 4. Retrieved at https://archive.qzap.org/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/300
    11. ↑ Kane-Demaios, J. Ari; Bullough, Vern L., eds. (2006). [False Crossing sexual boundaries: transgender journeys, uncharted paths] Check |archive-url= value (help). Amherst, N.Y: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-388-3. OCLC 61309341. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023.
    12. ↑ "#Gender101". HaifischGeweint. Wordpress. 22 April 2012. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
    13. ↑ queeranarchism (16 February 2014). "Yeah, but can you explain the cis gender thing?". Queer Anarchism. Tumblr. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
    14. ↑ collectivetey (23 June 2014). "Pangender Without the 'Pan'". Collective Teleonomy. Tumblr. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
    15. ↑ autisticlapis-blog (6 July 2014). "so apparently someone (tru/scum?) joked about metagender but it's actually..." get in the fucking robot 2k15. Tumblr. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
    16. ↑ imoga-pride (1 December 2018). "Metagender Flag". gendies ‘n’ more. Tumblr. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
    17. ↑ arquus-malvaceae (21 November 2014). "Metagender: A tangential or tenuous connection to..." Cupcakes. Tumblr. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
    18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Bee, Jaina (15 March 2015). "Living the Spectra with Jaina Bee". Divine Spiraling Rainbow Tribe: Exploring and Honoring Sacred Mxgender Mysteries. Blogspot. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
    19. ↑ Sparrow, Maxfield (27 September 2019). "r/FTMOver30 - Comment by u/MaxfieldSparrow on "Tell me about your "non-binary transition"?"". reddit. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
    20. ↑ Sparrow, Maxfield (12 December 2020). "Maxfield Sparrow on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 24 December 2020. It's great that people decided there should be a word for those who aren't cis and aren't trans but I wish they had not chosen the word [metagender] I've been using since 1992 and defined me out of my own identity and then told me I don't matter because I'm old and my identity is only history
    21. ↑ Sparrow, Maxfield (22 August 2016). "Unstrange Mind (comment)". Facebook. Retrieved 28 December 2020. I am female but not a woman because I'm also male (and not a man). I'm an epicene. I'm metagender. I'm transmasculine.
    22. ↑ Sparrow, Maxfield (14 February 2019). "Comment on 'Happy Quirkyalone Day 2019! Here are some hand-drawn cards from readers'". Sasha Cagen, Quirkyalone + To-Do List Author + Coach. Retrieved 28 December 2020. I’m performing the poem “Reclaiming Cunt” as an affirmation and validation of my gender and how I express it, as a metagender person with a masculine body presentation.
    23. ↑ Sparrow, Maxfield. [@UnstrangeMind] (13 March 2018). "Thank you. I think words are changing a lot these days. Non-binary didn't exist when I first started identifying as metagender. And I went 26 years not realizing I was Trans until I felt the need to transition. I'm glad the Trans umbrella is opening up now & more inclusive" – via Twitter.
    24. ↑ Sparrow, Maxfield. [unstrangemind] (17 July 2017). "What is Gendervague?". Transtistic. Retrieved 28 December 2020. I referred to myself as metagender for many years
    25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Sparrow, Maxfield. [unstrangemind] (11 July 2017). "What is Metagender?". Transtistic. Wordpress. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
    26. ↑ Sparrow, Maxfield (2018). Brown, Michael Eric (ed.). Challenging genders: non-binary experiences of those assigned female at birth. Miami, AZ: Boundless Endeavors, Inc. ISBN 978-0-9968309-6-6. I didn't begin identifying as metagender until my 30s. Metagender means that I don't feel like a woman and I don't feel like a man. I don't feel like a gender at all. But I don't feel 'genderless,' either. Metagender is a word that expresses feeling outside the entire paradigm of gender...I am metagender because I don't grasp gender at all.
    27. ↑ Jacobson, Ariele (2018). To Lessen Repression and Depression: The Relationship Between Sexual Repression and Mental Health Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Individuals (M.A. thesis, PDF). Saint Paul University. p. 21, 93. Archived on 17 July 2023
    28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Metagender - Sounds Like Trans Edu". web.archive.org. 2020-10-31. Archived from the original on 2020-10-30. Retrieved 2021-01-09.
    29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Facebook Groups: Metagender and Questioning 🖤💚💛🤍💛💚🖤". Facebook. Archived from the original on 2020-12-28. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
    30. ↑ gender-resource (29 July 2020). "Absgender: A genderedness that is between, beyond or removed from the Cisgender/Transgender dichotomy; a gender that is neither Cisgender nor Transgender". Gender Resource. Tumblr. Archived from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
    31. ↑ B.Alvinia (2020-12-12). "Somewhere In Between". b.AM Muses. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 2021-01-01.
    32. ↑ "Gender Census 2019: Worldwide Summary". Gender Census. 2020-11-11. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 2020-12-24.
    33. ↑ "Gender Census 2020: Worldwide Summary". Gender Census. 2020-11-11. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 2020-12-24. "metagender: 2; metagender!: 1; meta-girl: 1"
    34. ↑ Ibrahim, Farid (2019-02-26). "This Indonesian community has five genders — one of them is under threat of dying out". www.abc.net.au. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
    35. ↑ Graham, Sharyn (2001). "Sulawesi's fifth gender". Inside Indonesia. Archived from the original on 2021-11-28. 66: Apr-Jun. Retrieved January 08, 2021.
    36. ↑ Viloria, Hida; Law, Alex; Nieto, María; ProQuest (Firme) (2020). The spectrum of sex: the science of male, female, and intersex. London and Philadelphia. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-78775-265-8. OCLC 1149536934. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2020.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
    37. ↑ Mark Anderson (2016-08-15). "Beyond Binary: Five genders of the Bugis". Akkadium College. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
    38. ↑ "The Bugis of Indonesia ENGLISH DUBBED- Transcript". /Queer. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
    39. ↑ Williams, Georgie. "/Queer – The Bugis of Indonesia (No Dub)" /queer (Podcast). Retrieved 30 December 2020. Archived on 17 July 2023
    40. ↑ "Pertunjukan Terakhir: Kisah para Bissu dalam Impitan Kapitalisme dari Atas dan Bawah". www.blamakassar.kemenag.go.id (in Indonesian). 2020-10-21. Archived from the original on 2020-11-30. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
    41. ↑ Komjathy, Louis (2015-03-24). "Gendering Chinese Religion: Subject, Identity, and Body, edited by Jinhua Jia, Xiaofei Kang, and Ping Yao, 2014". Nan Nü. 17 (2): 360–364. doi:10.1163/15685268-00172p17. ISSN 1387-6805. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Raz be-lieves that androgyny or meta-gender is the ideal in his materials.
    42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Scherer, Burkhard. (2006). ‘Gender Transformed and Meta-gendered Enlightenment: Reading Buddhist Narratives as Paradigms of Inclusiveness’ Revista de Estudos da Religião – REVER 6(3), pp. 65-76.
    43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Szarmach, Paul (2019). Writing Women Saints in Anglo-Saxon England. ISBN 978-1-4426-6457-9. OCLC 1091659301. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2020.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
    44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 McDaniel, Rhonda L. (2018). The third gender and Ælfric's Lives of saints. Richard Rawlinson Center series. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. ISBN 978-1-58044-309-8.
    45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Hitchcock, Louise; Nikolaidou, Marianna (2012). A Companion to Gender Prehistory. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 502–525. doi:10.1002/9781118294291.ch24. ISBN 978-1-118-29429-1. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Applying the concept of a third gender is rare in Aegean scholarship... Cadogan observes that the genderless aspects of Minoan culture... are understudied. He believes that the term 'meta-gender' better conveys something above and beyond binary categories.
    46. ↑ McDaniel, Rhonda L. (2003). Male and Female He Created Them: Ælfric’s Lives of Saints and Patristic Theories of Gender (Ph.D). Western Michigan University. 1252. Archived on 17 July 2023
    47. ↑ Orl, Laina; o (2018-03-16). "A Course in Love". Laina Orlando. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 2021-01-01.
    48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 al-Khawaldeh, Samira (2015-05-06). ""The One Raised in Ornament?" Gendering Issues in the Qurʾan". Hawwa. 13 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1163/15692086-12341271. ISSN 1569-2078. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023.
    49. ↑ Reforming worship: English reformed principles and practice. Eugene, Or.: Wipf & Stock Publishers. 2012. ISBN 978-1-61097-320-5. OCLC 801440436. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2020.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
    50. ↑ "Gender Curricula für Bachelor- und Masterstudiengänge: Curriculum Catholic Theology". www.gender-curricula.com. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
    51. ↑ Domínguez, Ivo (2008). Spirit speak: knowing and understanding spirit guides, ancestors, ghosts, angels, and the divine. Franklin Lakes, NJ: New Page Books. ISBN 978-1-60163-002-5. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2020.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
    52. ↑ Lupus, P. Sufenas Virius (2016). All-soul, all-body, all-love, all-power a transmythology. ISBN 978-1-4750-2528-6. OCLC 946958644. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2020.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
    53. ↑ "Paneros of the Tetrad++". P. SUFENAS VIRIUS LUPUS. 2019-01-28. Archived from the original on 2023-07-20. Retrieved 2020-12-29.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
    54. ↑ Cole, Catherine M.; Manuh, Takyiwaa; Miescher, Stephan, eds. (2007). Africa after gender?. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 287, 289. ISBN 978-0-253-34816-6.
    55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Boyce, Paul; Gonzalez-Polledo, E. J; Posocco, Silvia (2020). Queering knowledge: analytics, devices and investments after Marilyn Strathern. pp. Note 20. ISBN 978-1-138-23098-9. OCLC 1137077647. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2020.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Note 20.
    56. ↑ Dess, Nancy Kimberly; Marecek, Jeanne; Bell, Leslie C (2018). [False Gender, sex, and sexualities: psychological perspectives] Check |archive-url= value (help). ISBN 978-0-19-065855-7. OCLC 1018308022. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023.
    57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Beckett, Clare; Heathcote, Owen; Macey, Marie (2009). Negotiating Boundaries? Identities, Sexualities, Diversities. ISBN 978-1-4438-1092-0. OCLC 953860344. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2020.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
    58. ↑ Scherer, Bee; Ball, Matthew, eds. (2011). Queering Paradigms II. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-0343-0295-1. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2020.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
    59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Chen, Boyu; Jin, Hao; Yang, Zhiwen; Qu, Yingying; Weng, Heng; Hao, Tianyong (2019-04-09). "An approach for transgender population information extraction and summarization from clinical trial text". BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making. 19 (2): 62. doi:10.1186/s12911-019-0768-1. ISSN 1472-6947. PMC 6454593. PMID 30961595. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023.CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
    60. ↑ Valente, Joseph (1995). [False James Joyce and the problem of justice: negotiating sexual and colonial difference] Check |archive-url= value (help). Cambridge [England] ; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47369-9. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. "Since to be human is to be sexed, there can be no metagender position in discourse, no superintending perspective on the question of gender and its associated baggage."
    61. ↑ Kazanjian, David (2011). "Re-flexion: Genocide in Ruins," Discourse: Journal for Theoretical Studies in Media and Culture: 33(3), Article 4. "She is doubly excluded by Creon, then: a resident alien who must reside amongst the dead, a meta-gendered subject denied both the male polis and the female oikos." Archived on 17 July 2023
    62. ↑ Goodman, Z. J. (1997). Representations of the other in modern Hebrew literature(PhD). University of Cape Town. Archived on 17 July 2023
    63. ↑ Kolin, Philip C (2017). Shakespeare and Feminist Criticism (1991): an Annotated Bibliography and Commentary. ISBN 978-1-351-98403-4. OCLC 1052448663. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2020.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
    64. ↑ Ackerly, Brooke A; True, Jacqui (2010). Doing feminist research in political and social science. Basingstoke; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-05442-5. OCLC 1203336058. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2020.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
    65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Hase, Craig; Hase, Devon (2020). How not to be a hot mess: a semi-Buddhist guide for surviving modern life. ISBN 978-0-8348-4269-4. OCLC 1151626639. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2020.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Retrieved at https://archive.org/details/how-not-to-be-a-hot-mess/page/n51/mode/2up?q=%22meta-gendered%22
    66. ↑ Hussein Ali, Zahra A. (2018-09-01). "George Meredith, John S. Mill, and Liberalized Womanhood". Texas Studies in Literature and Language. 60 (3): 316–345. doi:10.7560/TSLL60303. ISSN 0040-4691. Archived from the original on 2023-07-20. Retrieved 2021-01-02. ...a triadic logos that interrelates "[b]lood and brain and spirit, three," which if "parted," "[s]ome one sailing will be wrecked!" ("Woods" 352, 355, 356). (8) This logos is meta-gender, and it can accommodate a broad spectrum of socioeconomic positions, from the liberal to the conservative.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
    67. ↑ Morozova, Iryna I. (2016). "A woman in the victorian female discourse" (PDF). Наукові записки Національного університету Острозька академія. Серія: Філологічна. 61: 218-220. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2023. The Victorian woman’s discourse is dominated by the situational and contextual factors; on the other hand, the factor of gender is of relative importance. This testifies preeminence of the metagender (common to the society / mankind on the whole) in the stereotypic communication of the Victorian woman.
    68. ↑ Ilina, Ekaterina V.; Polyakova, Tatyana A. (31 May 2021). "Language Androcentrism in British Textbooks in the 80s of the XXth century". ARPHA Proceedings. 4: 424–431. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. This point of classification of signs of androcentrism is achieved due to the fact that the pronoun he is used as a metagender, so it can replace the representatives of any gender, although, from the context, it follows that this neutral pronoun refers to a man only.
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