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Gender neutral language in French: Difference between revisions
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!Indefinite article | !Indefinite article | ||
|un <small>[<u>œ̃</u>]</small> | |un <small>[<u>œ̃</u>]/[ɛ̃]</small> | ||
|une <small>[y<u>n</u>]</small> | |une <small>[y<u>n</u>]</small> | ||
|eune <small>[<u>œn</u>]</small> | |eune <small>[<u>œn</u>]</small> | ||
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|''lae'' <small>[lae]</small>, lea <small>[ləa]</small> | |''lae'' <small>[lae]</small>, lea <small>[ləa]</small> | ||
|''lo'', li, lu, lia | |''lo'', li, lu, lia | ||
|}Although 'an' is quite common, particularly in the [ɑ̃] pronunciation, where it shares a core feature with 'un': both consist solely of a nasal vowel. 'eune' [<u>œ</u>n] combines the vocal roundedness of 'un' [<u>œ̃</u>] with the terminal nasal consonant [n] of 'une'. In metropolitan French, where 'un' is typically pronounced as [ɛ̃], 'eune' shares a phonetic characteristic exclusively with 'une' through the final [n] and with 'un' through their similar degree of aperture. A drawback of 'an' pronounced as [ɑ̃], however, is its nasality, a factor known for making vowels challenging to distinguish and learn, even for native French speakers.<ref>Etienne Sicard, Anne Menin-Sicard, Gabriel Rousteau. Oppositions de voyelles orales et nasales : identification des formants selon le genre. INSA Toulouse. 2022. ffhal-03826558v2f.</ref> Consequently, [ɑ̃] might be perceived as a mispronunciation of 'un' or simply not distinct enough from 'un' to be recognized as a separate morpheme. | |}Although 'an' is quite common, particularly in the [ɑ̃] pronunciation, where it shares a core feature with 'un': both consist solely of a nasal vowel. 'eune' [<u>œ</u>n] combines the vocal roundedness and degree of aperture of 'un' [<u>œ̃</u>] with the terminal nasal consonant [n] of 'une'. In metropolitan French, where 'un' is typically pronounced as [ɛ̃], 'eune' shares a phonetic characteristic exclusively with 'une' through the final [n] and with 'un' through their similar degree of aperture. A drawback of 'an' pronounced as [ɑ̃], however, is its nasality, a factor known for making vowels challenging to distinguish and learn, even for native French speakers.<ref>Etienne Sicard, Anne Menin-Sicard, Gabriel Rousteau. Oppositions de voyelles orales et nasales : identification des formants selon le genre. INSA Toulouse. 2022. ffhal-03826558v2f.</ref> Consequently, [ɑ̃] might be perceived as a mispronunciation of 'un' or simply not distinct enough from 'un' to be recognized as a separate morpheme. | ||
==== Possessive adjectives ==== | ==== Possessive adjectives ==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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|sa | |sa | ||
|''saon'' <small>[saõ]</small> | |''saon'' <small>[saõ]</small> | ||
|san <small>[sɑ̃]/[san]</small>, sine <small>[sin]</small> | |''san'' <small>[sɑ̃]/[san]</small>, sine <small>[sin]</small> | ||
|} | |} | ||
The possessive adjectives 'mon', 'ton', and 'son', which are generally masculine, are also used as feminine possessive adjectives when combined with a feminine noun that begins (phonetically) with a vowel: 'mon amie', 'ton employée', 'son hôtesse', etc. Therefore, there is no need to use a possessive neologism in words starting with vowels, as the masculine and feminine gender are syncretized in this context. | The possessive adjectives 'mon', 'ton', and 'son', which are generally masculine, are also used as feminine possessive adjectives when combined with a feminine noun that begins (phonetically) with a vowel: 'mon amie', 'ton employée', 'son hôtesse', etc. Therefore, there is no need to use a possessive neologism in words starting with vowels, as the masculine and feminine gender are syncretized in this context. | ||
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!aucun·e | !aucun·e | ||
|aucun <small>[ok<u>œ̃</u>]</small> | |aucun <small>[ok<u>œ̃</u>]/[ok<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small> | ||
|aucune <small>[oky<u>n</u>]</small> | |aucune <small>[oky<u>n</u>]</small> | ||
|aucunn <small>[ok<u>œ̃n</u>]</small>, aucueune <small>[ok<u>œn</u>]</small> | |aucunn <small>[ok<u>œ̃n</u>]/[ok<u>ɛ̃n</u>]</small>, aucueune <small>[ok<u>œn</u>]</small> | ||
|aucan <small>[okɑ̃]/[okan]</small> | |aucan <small>[okɑ̃]/[okan]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!chacun·e | !chacun·e | ||
|chacun <small>[ʃak<u>œ̃</u>]</small> | |chacun <small>[ʃak<u>œ̃</u>/[ʃak<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small> | ||
|chacune <small>[ʃaky<u>n</u>]</small> | |chacune <small>[ʃaky<u>n</u>]</small> | ||
|chacunn <small>[ʃak<u>œ̃n</u>]</small>, chacueune <small>[ʃak<u>œn</u>]</small> | |chacunn <small>[ʃak<u>œ̃n</u>]/[ʃak<u>ɛ̃n</u>]</small>, chacueune <small>[ʃak<u>œn</u>]</small> | ||
|chacan <small>[ʃakɑ̃]/[ʃakan]</small> | |chacan <small>[ʃakɑ̃]/[ʃakan]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
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!quelqu'un·e | !quelqu'un·e | ||
|quelqu'un <small>[kɛlk<u>œ̃</u>]</small> | |quelqu'un <small>[kɛlk<u>œ̃</u>]/[kɛlk<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small> | ||
|quelqu'une <small>[kɛlky<u>n</u>]</small> | |quelqu'une <small>[kɛlky<u>n</u>]</small> | ||
|quelqu'unn <small>[kɛlk<u>œ̃n</u>]</small>, quelqu'eune <small>[kɛlk<u>œn</u>]</small> | |quelqu'unn <small>[kɛlk<u>œ̃n</u>]/[kɛlk<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small>, quelqu'eune <small>[kɛlk<u>œn</u>]</small> | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
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!-un/-une<sup>1</sup> | !-un/-une<sup>1</sup> | ||
|brun <small>[bʁ<u>œ̃</u>]</small> | |brun <small>[bʁ<u>œ̃</u>]/[bʁ<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small> | ||
|brune <small>[bʁy<u>n</u>]</small> | |brune <small>[bʁy<u>n</u>]</small> | ||
|brunn <small>[bʁ<u>œ̃n</u>]</small> | |brunn <small>[bʁ<u>œ̃n</u>]/[bʁ<u>ɛ̃n</u>]</small> | ||
|braine, ''bran'' | |braine, ''bran'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!-un/-une<sup>2</sup> | !-un/-une<sup>2</sup> | ||
|opportun <small>[ɔpɔʁt<u>œ̃</u>]</small> | |opportun <small>[ɔpɔʁt<u>œ̃</u>]/[ɔpɔʁt<u>ɛ̃</u>]</small> | ||
|opportune <small>[ɔpɔʁty<u>n</u>]</small> | |opportune <small>[ɔpɔʁty<u>n</u>]</small> | ||
|opportunn <small>[ɔpɔʁt<u>œ̃n</u>]</small> | |opportunn <small>[ɔpɔʁt<u>œ̃n</u>]/[ɔpɔʁt<u>ɛ̃n</u>]</small> | ||
|opportaine | |opportaine | ||
|- | |- | ||