Hijra: Difference between revisions
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==Legal Recognition== | ==Legal Recognition== | ||
In some countries today, Hijra are legally recognized as a gender other than female or male. | In some countries today, Hijra are legally recognized as a gender other than female or male. | ||
* India, November 2009 <ref> | * India, November 2009<ref name="Harmeet">{{Cite web |title=India's third gender gets own identity in voter rolls |author=Harmeet Shah Singh |work=CNN |date=12 November 2009 |access-date=4 December 2020 |url= https://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/11/12/india.gender.voting/index.html}}</ref> Owing to the Hijra, India allows passports to use the gender marker "T", meaning transgender or third gender,<ref name="Kellaway">{{Cite web |title=Trans Indian's Predicament at Border Shows the U.S. Lags Behind |last=Kellaway |first=Mitch |work=The Advocate |date=9 May 2015 |access-date=4 December 2020 |url= https://www.advocate.com/politics/transgender/2015/05/09/trans-indian-womans-predicament-border-shows-us-lags-behind}}</ref> as well as "E" ([[eunuch]]).<ref name="Hopper">{{Cite web |title=Genderless passports 'under review' in Canada |last=Hopper |first=Tristin |work=National Post |date=9 May 2012 |access-date=4 December 2020 |url= https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/genderless-passports-under-review-in-canada}}</ref> However, this distinction doesn't grant them all civil rights (for example, in order to vote, one needs to identify as either male or female). | ||
* Pakistan, December 2009 <ref> | * Pakistan, December 2009 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politicsdaily.com/2009/12/25/pakistan-recognizes-third-gender/|title=Pakistan Recognizes Third Gender|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227044909/http://www.politicsdaily.com/2009/12/25/pakistan-recognizes-third-gender/ |first=Ria|last= Misra|work= Politics Daily|date=25 December 2009|archive-date=27 February 2010}}</ref> | ||
* Bangladesh, November 2013 <ref> | * Bangladesh, November 2013 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2013/nov/11/hijras-now-separate-gender |title=Hijras now a separate gender|first= Mohosinul|last=Karim|work=Dhaka Tribune|date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://archive.vn/AJ2NW|archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> In 2011, Bangladesh started to allow passports to show a gender called "other", owing to the Hijra.<ref name="Macarow">{{Cite web |title=These Eleven Countries are Way Ahead of the US on Trans Issues |last=Macarow |first=Aron |work=ATTN: |date=9 February 2015 |access-date=1 October 2020 |url= https://archive.attn.com/stories/868/transgender-passport-status}}</ref><ref name="Hopper" /> | ||
==Notable hijras== | ==Notable hijras== | ||
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==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[Gender-variant identities worldwide]] | *[[Gender-variant identities worldwide]] | ||
*[[Gender-variant identities worldwide# | *[[Gender-variant identities worldwide#Gallae|Gallae]] | ||
*[[Eunuch]] | *[[Eunuch]] | ||
*[[Two-Spirit]] | *[[Two-Spirit]] | ||
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[[Category:Gender-variant identities worldwide]] | [[Category:Gender-variant identities worldwide]] | ||
[[Category:Bangladesh]] | |||
[[Category:India]] | |||
[[Category:Pakistan]] | |||
Revision as of 16:46, 4 December 2020
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In south Asian countries including India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, the Hijra are people who were assigned male at birth and who have a feminine gender expression. This is a very ancient tradition of a nonbinary gender role (often called "third gender"). The Hijra in India alone may number as many as 2,000,000.[1]
Legal Recognition
In some countries today, Hijra are legally recognized as a gender other than female or male.
- India, November 2009[2] Owing to the Hijra, India allows passports to use the gender marker "T", meaning transgender or third gender,[3] as well as "E" (eunuch).[4] However, this distinction doesn't grant them all civil rights (for example, in order to vote, one needs to identify as either male or female).
- Pakistan, December 2009 [5]
- Bangladesh, November 2013 [6] In 2011, Bangladesh started to allow passports to show a gender called "other", owing to the Hijra.[7][4]
Notable hijras
Please expand this section.
In fiction
- River of the Gods and Cyberabad Days by Ian McDonald. A novel set in futuristic India in year 2050, with interesting subplots about hijra.
See also
- Gender-variant identities worldwide
- Gallae
- Eunuch
- Two-Spirit
- Glossary of Hindi gender and sex terminology
- Recognition
References
- ↑ Reddy, Gayatri, With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India, 310 pp., University of Chicago Press, 2005 ISBN 0-226-70755-5 (see p. 8)
- ↑ Harmeet Shah Singh (12 November 2009). "India's third gender gets own identity in voter rolls". CNN. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ↑ Kellaway, Mitch (9 May 2015). "Trans Indian's Predicament at Border Shows the U.S. Lags Behind". The Advocate. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hopper, Tristin (9 May 2012). "Genderless passports 'under review' in Canada". National Post. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ↑ Misra, Ria (25 December 2009). "Pakistan Recognizes Third Gender". Politics Daily. Archived from the original on 27 February 2010.
- ↑ Karim, Mohosinul (11 November 2013). "Hijras now a separate gender". Dhaka Tribune. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013.
- ↑ Macarow, Aron (9 February 2015). "These Eleven Countries are Way Ahead of the US on Trans Issues". ATTN:. Retrieved 1 October 2020.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)