Masculinity: Difference between revisions
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'''Masculinity''' (also called manhood or manliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles commonly associated with boys and men. Any gender can exhibit masculine traits and behavior.<ref name="Taylor">{{Cite web |title=Masculinity Doesn't Belong to Any Gender and Other Reasons Why Policing Sexuality Does Not Work |last=Taylor |first=Sonya Renee |work=The Body Is Not An Apology |date=17 November 2018 |access-date=31 May 2020 |url= https://thebodyisnotanapology.com/magazine/masculinity-doesnt-belong-to-any-gender-and-other-reasons-why-policing-sexuality-does-not-work/}}</ref> Those exhibiting both masculine and [[feminine]] characteristics can be considered [[androgynous]]. | '''Masculinity''' (also called manhood or manliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles commonly associated with boys and men. Any gender can exhibit masculine traits and behavior.<ref name="Taylor">{{Cite web |title=Masculinity Doesn't Belong to Any Gender and Other Reasons Why Policing Sexuality Does Not Work |last=Taylor |first=Sonya Renee |work=The Body Is Not An Apology |date=17 November 2018 |access-date=31 May 2020 |url= https://thebodyisnotanapology.com/magazine/masculinity-doesnt-belong-to-any-gender-and-other-reasons-why-policing-sexuality-does-not-work/}}</ref> Those exhibiting both masculine and [[feminine]] characteristics can be considered [[androgynous]]. | ||
Women can also express masculine traits and behaviors.<ref name="Keith">{{cite book |last1=Keith |first1=Thomas |title=Masculinities in contemporary American culture: an intersectional approach to the complexities and challenges of male identity |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=9781317595342 |pages=4–5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_niDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Halberstam |first1=Judith |editor-last1=Halberstam |editor-first1=Judith |title=Female Masculinity |date=1998 |publisher=Duke University Press |location=Durham, North Carolina |isbn=9780822322436 |page=[https://archive.org/details/femalemasculinit00judi/page/ xi] |chapter=Preface |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYAi9OEYRekC&pg=PR11 |url=https://archive.org/details/femalemasculinit00judi/page/ }}</ref> In Western culture, female masculinity has been codified into identities such as "[[tomboy]]" and "[[butch]]". Although female masculinity is often associated with [[lesbian]]ism, expressing masculinity is not necessarily related to a person's [[Orientation|sexuality]]. In [[feminist]] philosophy, female masculinity is often characterized as a type of gender performance which challenges traditional masculinity and patriarchy.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Gardiner | first = Judith Kegan | title = Female masculinities: a review essay | journal = Men and Masculinities | volume = 11 | issue = 5 | pages = 622–633 | doi = 10.1177/1097184X08328448 | date = December 2009 | ref = harv | url = https://zenodo.org/record/896773 }}</ref> | Women can also express masculine traits and behaviors.<ref name="Keith">{{cite book |last1=Keith |first1=Thomas |title=Masculinities in contemporary American culture: an intersectional approach to the complexities and challenges of male identity |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=9781317595342 |pages=4–5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_niDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |authorlink=Jack Halberstam |last1=Halberstam |first1=Judith |editor-last1=Halberstam |editor-first1=Judith |title=Female Masculinity |date=1998 |publisher=Duke University Press |location=Durham, North Carolina |isbn=9780822322436 |page=[https://archive.org/details/femalemasculinit00judi/page/ xi] |chapter=Preface |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYAi9OEYRekC&pg=PR11 |url=https://archive.org/details/femalemasculinit00judi/page/ }}</ref> In Western culture, female masculinity has been codified into identities such as "[[tomboy]]" and "[[butch]]". Although female masculinity is often associated with [[lesbian]]ism, expressing masculinity is not necessarily related to a person's [[Orientation|sexuality]]. In [[feminist]] philosophy, female masculinity is often characterized as a type of gender performance which challenges traditional masculinity and patriarchy.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Gardiner | first = Judith Kegan | title = Female masculinities: a review essay | journal = Men and Masculinities | volume = 11 | issue = 5 | pages = 622–633 | doi = 10.1177/1097184X08328448 | date = December 2009 | ref = harv | url = https://zenodo.org/record/896773 }}</ref> | ||
The phrase "toxic masculinity" refers to certain masculine cultural norms that are associated with harm to society, such as the social pressures placed upon men to be violent, competitive, independent, and unfeeling. | The phrase "toxic masculinity" refers to certain masculine cultural norms that are associated with harm to society, such as the social pressures placed upon men to be violent, competitive, independent, and unfeeling. | ||