Metagender: Difference between revisions
Mostly changed the spiritual 2000s metagender paragraph, updated the dates according to another website and made the paragraph more "encyclopedic" and less quote-filled per Wikipedia style suggestions.
imported>GutenMorganism (→2020-present: minor grammar ||. →As a Label for Spiritual Identity in Theology and Anthropology: added meta-gender's usage by Indonesians and the Burgis) |
imported>GutenMorganism (Mostly changed the spiritual 2000s metagender paragraph, updated the dates according to another website and made the paragraph more "encyclopedic" and less quote-filled per Wikipedia style suggestions.) |
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====2000s ==== | ====2000s ==== | ||
The term was coined again | The term was coined again in 1997 by Rook Thomas Hine,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liminalityland.com/metagender.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040726170300/http://www.liminalityland.com/metagender.htm|archive-date=26 July 2004|title=Metagender|last=Bernhardt-House|first=Phillip|date=|access-date=|website=|dead-url=}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> an identity Hine characterized as being a "conscientious objector" in "in the war of the sexes."<ref name=":6">{{cite book|last=Bernhardt-House|first=Phillip|chapter=So, which one is the opposite sex?: the sometimes spiritual journey of a metagender|editors=O'Keefe, Tracie & Fox, Katrina |publisher=Jossey-Bass|title=Finding the Real Me: True Tales of Sex and Gender Diversity|year=2003|page=76|url=https://archive.org/details/findingrealmetru00trac/page/76/mode/2up}}</ref> This concept of metagender was further developed by Phillip Andrew Bernhardt-House. E defined the term in a 2003 anthology as a spiritual identity that was a "wholly other' third/fourth/eighty-seventh"<ref name=":6" /> gender category that was not derived from any combination of [[woman]], [[man]], [[feminine]], [[masculine]], [[neuter]], or [[androgyne]]. E describing being "a metagender" as similar to being a [[third gender]] with a spiritual component while being in a culture that lacked this concept.<ref name=":6" /> Metagender developed into a spiritual functionary inside neopaganism as a combined social gender and sexuality (latter being similar to [[pansexual]]), which it has remained since 2008 as described by P. Sufenas Virius Lupus,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://psufenasviriuslupus.wordpress.com/home/metagender/|title=Metagender|date=2016-12-14|website=P. SUFENAS VIRIUS LUPUS|language=en|access-date=2020-12-24}}</ref> with at least two persons known to use metagender in this sense in neopagan communities by 2015.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122015818/http://paradoxmysteryandawe.blogspot.com/2015/05/what-is-metagender.html|title=Blessed Bee: What is Metagender?|last=Bee|first=Jaina|date=2015-05-10|website=Blessed Bee|access-date=2020-12-29}}</ref> | ||
In a 2004 zine, Katie Cercone listed metagender as a term for "gender-bending."<ref>Cercone, Katie. (2004). ''Ms. Direction #6''. p. 4. Retrieved at https://archive.qzap.org/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/300</ref> | In a 2004 zine, Katie Cercone listed metagender as a term for "gender-bending."<ref>Cercone, Katie. (2004). ''Ms. Direction #6''. p. 4. Retrieved at https://archive.qzap.org/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/300</ref> | ||
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====As a Label for Spiritual Identity in Theology and Anthropology==== | ====As a Label for Spiritual Identity in Theology and Anthropology==== | ||
More relevant to nonbinary history is the academic naming of religious or spiritual concepts and identities as metagender. In anthropology, spiritual [[third gender]] identities have been labeled metagender. In theology of multiple religions, spiritual | More relevant to nonbinary history is the academic naming of religious or spiritual concepts and identities as metagender. In anthropology, spiritual [[third gender]] identities have been labeled metagender. In theology of multiple religions, spiritual identities—some divine and others obtainable by religious adherents—have been labeled meta-gender. | ||
For 600 years into the present day, Bugis Society recognizes four genders, plus a fifth gender, [[Gender-variant identities worldwide#Bissu|bissu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-02-27/indonesia-fifth-gender-might-soon-disappear/10846570|title=This Indonesian community has five genders — one of them is under threat of dying out|last=Ibrahim|first=Farid|date=2019-02-26|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2020-12-29}}</ref> Bissu, seen as a gender which combines and transcends other genders, has been labeled a "meta-gender" identity by anthropologists since 2001.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=Qoq5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102&dq=%22meta-gender%22+OR+%22meta-gendered%22+OR+%22metagenderism%22+OR+%22metagender%22+OR+%22metagendered%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7lpfamPTtAhWG7KQKHRfYAXEQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=%22meta-gender%22%20OR%20%22meta-gendered%22%20OR%20%22metagenderism%22%20OR%20%22metagender%22%20OR%20%20%22metagendered%22&f=false|title=The spectrum of sex: the science of male, female, and intersex|last=Viloria|first=Hida|last2=Law|first2=Alex|last3=Nieto|first3=María|last4=ProQuest (Firme)|date=2020|publisher=|year=|isbn=978-1-78775-265-8|location=London and Philadelphia|pages=102|language=English|oclc=1149536934}}</ref> "''Bissu'' embody elements of all genders within them, and thereby occupy a space outside or above any single gender identity. They are essentially beyond gender — ‘meta-gender’ or ‘gender-transcendent’ as they are sometimes described."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://learn.akkadium.com/beyond-binary-five-genders-of-the-bugis/|title=Beyond Binary: Five genders of the Bugis|last=Mark Anderson|date=2016-08-15|website=Akkadium College|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-28}}</ref> This usage of meta-gender was later adopted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia Bahasa Indonesia] (the official language of Indonesia) as a loanword for describing the bissu, serving as a category word for genders that transcend gender roles and gendered power relations to reach higher powers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slashqueer.com/the-bugis-of-indonesia-english-dubbed-transcript|title=The Bugis of Indonesia ENGLISH DUBBED- Transcript|website=/Queer|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref><ref>Williams, Georgie. "[https://castbox.fm/app/castbox/player/id2443104/id311755818?v=8.22.11 /Queer – The Bugis of Indonesia (No Dub)]" ''/queer'' (Podcast). Retrieved 30 December 2020.</ref> | For 600 years into the present day, Bugis Society recognizes four genders, plus a fifth gender, [[Gender-variant identities worldwide#Bissu|bissu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-02-27/indonesia-fifth-gender-might-soon-disappear/10846570|title=This Indonesian community has five genders — one of them is under threat of dying out|last=Ibrahim|first=Farid|date=2019-02-26|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2020-12-29}}</ref> Bissu, seen as a gender which combines and transcends other genders, has been labeled a "meta-gender" identity by anthropologists since 2001.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=Qoq5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102&dq=%22meta-gender%22+OR+%22meta-gendered%22+OR+%22metagenderism%22+OR+%22metagender%22+OR+%22metagendered%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7lpfamPTtAhWG7KQKHRfYAXEQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=%22meta-gender%22%20OR%20%22meta-gendered%22%20OR%20%22metagenderism%22%20OR%20%22metagender%22%20OR%20%20%22metagendered%22&f=false|title=The spectrum of sex: the science of male, female, and intersex|last=Viloria|first=Hida|last2=Law|first2=Alex|last3=Nieto|first3=María|last4=ProQuest (Firme)|date=2020|publisher=|year=|isbn=978-1-78775-265-8|location=London and Philadelphia|pages=102|language=English|oclc=1149536934}}</ref> "''Bissu'' embody elements of all genders within them, and thereby occupy a space outside or above any single gender identity. They are essentially beyond gender — ‘meta-gender’ or ‘gender-transcendent’ as they are sometimes described."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://learn.akkadium.com/beyond-binary-five-genders-of-the-bugis/|title=Beyond Binary: Five genders of the Bugis|last=Mark Anderson|date=2016-08-15|website=Akkadium College|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-28}}</ref> This usage of meta-gender was later adopted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia Bahasa Indonesia] (the official language of Indonesia) as a loanword for describing the bissu, serving as a category word for genders that transcend gender roles and gendered power relations to reach higher powers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slashqueer.com/the-bugis-of-indonesia-english-dubbed-transcript|title=The Bugis of Indonesia ENGLISH DUBBED- Transcript|website=/Queer|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref><ref>Williams, Georgie. "[https://castbox.fm/app/castbox/player/id2443104/id311755818?v=8.22.11 /Queer – The Bugis of Indonesia (No Dub)]" ''/queer'' (Podcast). Retrieved 30 December 2020.</ref> |