Gender neutral language in Portuguese: Difference between revisions
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In Portuguese, there are two types of articles: '''definite articles''' - ''a'', ''o'', ''as'', ''os'' (equivalent to the English "the") - and '''indefinite articles''' - ''uma'', ''um'', ''umas'', ''uns'' (equivalent to the English "a" and "an") - all of which are gendered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/determiners-definite-and-indefinite-articles/|title=Definite and Indefinite Articles|website=Practice Portuguese|access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref> | In Portuguese, there are two types of articles: '''definite articles''' - ''a'', ''o'', ''as'', ''os'' (equivalent to the English "the") - and '''indefinite articles''' - ''uma'', ''um'', ''umas'', ''uns'' (equivalent to the English "a" and "an") - all of which are gendered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.practiceportuguese.com/learning-notes/determiners-definite-and-indefinite-articles/|title=Definite and Indefinite Articles|website=Practice Portuguese|access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+The articles ''a'' and ''o'' compared to neutral alternatives: | |+The definite articles ''a'' and ''o'' compared to neutral alternatives: | ||
!a/o | !a/o | ||
!ae | !ae | ||
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|ê estudante | |ê estudante | ||
|} | |} | ||
There are many other alternatives, though '''''ê''''' is, by far, the most used one. | There are many other alternatives, though '''''ê''''' is, by far, the most used one. As for indefinite articles, these depend on the word ending that was chosen. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+Articles affected by word ending: | |||
!Word ending | |||
!a | |||
!ae | |||
!e | |||
!eo | |||
!o | |||
|- | |||
|''um'' + word ending | |||
|uma(s) | |||
|umae(s) | |||
|ume(s) | |||
|umeo(s) | |||
|umo(s) | |||
|} | |||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
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!a | !a | ||
!ae | !ae | ||
!e | !e | ||
!eo | !eo | ||
!o | |||
|- | |- | ||
|''est'' + word ending | |''est'' + word ending | ||
|esta(s) | |esta(s) | ||
|estae(s) | |estae(s) | ||
|este(s) | |este(s) | ||
|esteo(s) | |esteo(s) | ||
|esto(s) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|''ess'' + word ending | |''ess'' + word ending | ||
|essa(s) | |essa(s) | ||
|essae(s) | |essae(s) | ||
|esse(s) | |esse(s) | ||
|esseo(s) | |esseo(s) | ||
|esso(s) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|''mi'' or ''minh'' + word ending | |''mi'' or ''minh'' + word ending | ||
|minha(s) | |minha(s) | ||
|minhae(s) | |minhae(s) | ||
|minhe(s) | |minhe(s) | ||
|minheo(s) | |minheo(s) | ||
|minho(s) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|''tu'' + word ending | |''tu'' + word ending | ||
|tua(s) | |tua(s) | ||
|tuae(s) | |tuae(s) | ||
|tue(s) | |tue(s) | ||
|tueo(s) | |tueo(s) | ||
|tuo(s) | |||
|} | |} | ||
Note that the pronouns ''esta'' and ''essa'' can follow one of two paths when being converted to neutral forms. '''''Est/ess'' + word ending''' or '''letters of personal pronoun before consonant + ''st/ss'' + letters of personal pronoun after consonant'''. The latter only works if the personal pronoun has a consonant in the middle, so it'd work for ''ilu'' but not for ''ael'', for example. | Note that the pronouns ''esta'' and ''essa'' can follow one of two paths when being converted to neutral forms. '''''Est/ess'' + word ending''' or '''letters of personal pronoun before consonant + ''st/ss'' + letters of personal pronoun after consonant'''. The latter only works if the personal pronoun has a consonant in the middle, so it'd work for ''ilu'' but not for ''ael'', for example. | ||