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'''Jennie June''' (pseudonyms '''Ralph Werther''' and '''Earl Lind''', 1874 - ?) was a Victorian and Edwardian era writer and activist for the rights of people who didn't conform to gender and sexual norms. He was one of the earliest [[transgender]] individuals to publish an autobiography in the United States.<ref name="Yale">{{Cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/lesbiangay/Pages/Archive/PNB9.html|title=Lesbian and Gay Studies at Yale: Earl Lind 1874|date=n.d.|publisher=Yale University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604130335/http://www.yale.edu/lesbiangay/Pages/Archive/PNB9.html|archive-date=4 June 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.outhistory.org/wiki/Earl_Lind_(Ralph_Werther-Jennie_June):_The_Riddle_of_the_Underworld,_1921|title=Earl Lind (Ralph Werther-Jennie June): The Riddle of the Underworld, 1921|date=October 9, 2010|publisher=Out History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627194013/http://www.outhistory.org/wiki/Earl_Lind_(Ralph_Werther-Jennie_June):_The_Riddle_of_the_Underworld,_1921|archive-date=June 27, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=May 5, 2012}}</ref> June published his first autobiography, ''The Autobiography of an Androgyne'' in 1918, and his second ''The Female-Impersonators'' in 1922. June also wrote an unpublished third autobiography in 1921, which was discovered in 2010. June's goal in writing these books was to help create an accepting environment for young adults who don't conform to gender and sexual norms, because that was what he would have wanted for himself, and he wanted to prevent youth from committing suicide.<ref name="Meyerowitz 2010">Meyerowitz, J. "Thinking Sex With An Androgyne". ''GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies'' 17.1 (2010): 97–105. Web. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</ref> June also created an organization for the rights of androgynes, together with others like himself. June wrote under the pseudonyms of Earl Lind and Ralph Werther, which are sometimes incorrectly mistaken for birth names. June's birth name has been lost to history, and his legal name is not certain. Although June expressed a lifelong desire to be a woman, June consistently used he/him pronouns in reference to himself in his own writing. June wrote of feeling like a combination of male and female, and of his practice of alternating between these two gender expressions.<ref name="OutHistory Prologue">Jennie June. "Prologue: I. How I Came to Write This Book." ''The Riddle of the Underworld'' (partial manuscript). Out History. 1921. https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/earl-lind/manuscript/prologue</ref> | '''Jennie June''' (pseudonyms '''Ralph Werther''' and '''Earl Lind''', 1874 - ?) was a Victorian and Edwardian era writer and activist for the rights of people who didn't conform to gender and sexual norms. He was one of the earliest [[transgender]] individuals to publish an autobiography in the United States.<ref name="Yale">{{Cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/lesbiangay/Pages/Archive/PNB9.html|title=Lesbian and Gay Studies at Yale: Earl Lind 1874|date=n.d.|publisher=Yale University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604130335/http://www.yale.edu/lesbiangay/Pages/Archive/PNB9.html|archive-date=4 June 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.outhistory.org/wiki/Earl_Lind_(Ralph_Werther-Jennie_June):_The_Riddle_of_the_Underworld,_1921|title=Earl Lind (Ralph Werther-Jennie June): The Riddle of the Underworld, 1921|date=October 9, 2010|publisher=Out History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627194013/http://www.outhistory.org/wiki/Earl_Lind_(Ralph_Werther-Jennie_June):_The_Riddle_of_the_Underworld,_1921|archive-date=June 27, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=May 5, 2012}}</ref> June published his first autobiography, ''The Autobiography of an Androgyne'' in 1918, and his second ''The Female-Impersonators'' in 1922. June also wrote an unpublished third autobiography in 1921, which was discovered in 2010. June's goal in writing these books was to help create an accepting environment for young adults who don't conform to gender and sexual norms, because that was what he would have wanted for himself, and he wanted to prevent youth from committing suicide.<ref name="Meyerowitz 2010">Meyerowitz, J. "Thinking Sex With An Androgyne". ''GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies'' 17.1 (2010): 97–105. Web. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</ref> June also created an organization for the rights of androgynes, together with others like himself. June wrote under the pseudonyms of Earl Lind and Ralph Werther, which are sometimes incorrectly mistaken for birth names. June's birth name has been lost to history, and his legal name is not certain. Although June expressed a lifelong desire to be a woman, June consistently used he/him pronouns in reference to himself in his own writing. June wrote of feeling like a combination of male and female, and of his practice of alternating between these two gender expressions.<ref name="OutHistory Prologue">Jennie June. "Prologue: I. How I Came to Write This Book." ''The Riddle of the Underworld'' (partial manuscript). Out History. 1921. https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/earl-lind/manuscript/prologue [https://web.archive.org/web/20230621082139/https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/earl-lind/manuscript/prologue Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> | ||
==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
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June became very shy and introverted when his parents sent him off to a boys' school.<ref>Madison, Mila. "Jennie June and the Cercle Hermaphroditos". ''Transgender Universe''. N.p., March 5, 2016. Web. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</ref> The other students had been sent to boarding school because of being especially boisterous and needing strict discipline. June was not like them at all. June focused his attentions on his studies, and achieved the highest marks ever in his school on all tests. | June became very shy and introverted when his parents sent him off to a boys' school.<ref>Madison, Mila. "Jennie June and the Cercle Hermaphroditos". ''Transgender Universe''. N.p., March 5, 2016. Web. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</ref> The other students had been sent to boarding school because of being especially boisterous and needing strict discipline. June was not like them at all. June focused his attentions on his studies, and achieved the highest marks ever in his school on all tests. | ||
June graduated with honors from a university in uptown New York. That university may have been Columbia.<ref name="Gilded 3">Museum of the City of New York, "Transgender in Gilded New York." ''Hidden Voices.'' Page 3. https://cdn-blob-prd.azureedge.net/prd-pws/docs/default-source/default-document-library/learn-at-home-2020/grade-12-learn-at-home-social-studies-compiled.pdf?sfvrsn=812fa9bf_4</ref> | June graduated with honors from a university in uptown New York. That university may have been Columbia.<ref name="Gilded 3">Museum of the City of New York, "Transgender in Gilded New York." ''Hidden Voices.'' Page 3. https://cdn-blob-prd.azureedge.net/prd-pws/docs/default-source/default-document-library/learn-at-home-2020/grade-12-learn-at-home-social-studies-compiled.pdf?sfvrsn=812fa9bf_4 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230621082140/https://cdn-blob-prd.azureedge.net/prd-pws/docs/default-source/default-document-library/learn-at-home-2020/grade-12-learn-at-home-social-studies-compiled.pdf?sfvrsn=812fa9bf_4 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> | ||
Then, June went on to graduate study. Unfortunately, June's physician notified the university president that June was a sexual invert. As a result, June "was expelled from the university for being an androgyne," which caused him to suffer neurasthenia (depression), and he came close to suicide.<ref name="OutHistory 2" /><ref name="Gilded 3" /> Because of June's ordeal with being expelled for his difference, he wrote this plea in his third book, in capitals: | Then, June went on to graduate study. Unfortunately, June's physician notified the university president that June was a sexual invert. As a result, June "was expelled from the university for being an androgyne," which caused him to suffer neurasthenia (depression), and he came close to suicide.<ref name="OutHistory 2" /><ref name="Gilded 3" /> Because of June's ordeal with being expelled for his difference, he wrote this plea in his third book, in capitals: | ||
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== Career == | == Career == | ||
In his professional life, June presented as a man. He had a reputation for being an innocent who was startled and uncomfortable when men around him made sexual talk. As a result, most people did not suspect another aspect to his life. He was known for being very studious and hard-working.<ref name="OutHistory 2" /><ref name="Gilded 2">Museum of the City of New York, "Transgender in Gilded New York." ''Hidden Voices.'' Page 2. https://cdn-blob-prd.azureedge.net/prd-pws/docs/default-source/default-document-library/learn-at-home-2020/grade-12-learn-at-home-social-studies-compiled.pdf?sfvrsn=812fa9bf_4</ref> | In his professional life, June presented as a man. He had a reputation for being an innocent who was startled and uncomfortable when men around him made sexual talk. As a result, most people did not suspect another aspect to his life. He was known for being very studious and hard-working.<ref name="OutHistory 2" /><ref name="Gilded 2">Museum of the City of New York, "Transgender in Gilded New York." ''Hidden Voices.'' Page 2. https://cdn-blob-prd.azureedge.net/prd-pws/docs/default-source/default-document-library/learn-at-home-2020/grade-12-learn-at-home-social-studies-compiled.pdf?sfvrsn=812fa9bf_4 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230621082140/https://cdn-blob-prd.azureedge.net/prd-pws/docs/default-source/default-document-library/learn-at-home-2020/grade-12-learn-at-home-social-studies-compiled.pdf?sfvrsn=812fa9bf_4 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> | ||
June was a law clerk for Clark Bell, who was the editor of the publishing company of the Medico-Legal Journal. This is the same company that published June's autobiographies. June likely used this personal contact with Bell in order to get the books into print.<ref name="Gilded 4">Museum of the City of New York, "Transgender in Gilded New York." ''Hidden Voices.'' Page 4. https://cdn-blob-prd.azureedge.net/prd-pws/docs/default-source/default-document-library/learn-at-home-2020/grade-12-learn-at-home-social-studies-compiled.pdf?sfvrsn=812fa9bf_4</ref> | June was a law clerk for Clark Bell, who was the editor of the publishing company of the Medico-Legal Journal. This is the same company that published June's autobiographies. June likely used this personal contact with Bell in order to get the books into print.<ref name="Gilded 4">Museum of the City of New York, "Transgender in Gilded New York." ''Hidden Voices.'' Page 4. https://cdn-blob-prd.azureedge.net/prd-pws/docs/default-source/default-document-library/learn-at-home-2020/grade-12-learn-at-home-social-studies-compiled.pdf?sfvrsn=812fa9bf_4 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230621082140/https://cdn-blob-prd.azureedge.net/prd-pws/docs/default-source/default-document-library/learn-at-home-2020/grade-12-learn-at-home-social-studies-compiled.pdf?sfvrsn=812fa9bf_4 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> | ||
== Identity and transition == | == Identity and transition == | ||
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* bisexual, in the more old-fashioned sense of being somehow both male and female (June said he was never attracted to women at all) | * bisexual, in the more old-fashioned sense of being somehow both male and female (June said he was never attracted to women at all) | ||
* instinctive female impersonator, meaning that it was his nature to want to live as a woman | * instinctive female impersonator, meaning that it was his nature to want to live as a woman | ||
* fairie, a word widely used in the contemporary underworld for people who were assigned male at birth, and who had receptive sex with men<ref name="auto1 xxiv">Jennie June, ''Autobiography of an Androgyne.'' p. xxiv. https://books.google.com/books?id=KXxTbGocCvQC&lpg=PA68&ots=G_-s_fmwR8&dq=%22Robert%20S.%20Newton%22%20alienist&pg=PR24#v=onepage&q=%22Robert%20S.%20Newton%22%20alienist&f=false</ref> | * fairie, a word widely used in the contemporary underworld for people who were assigned male at birth, and who had receptive sex with men<ref name="auto1 xxiv">Jennie June, ''Autobiography of an Androgyne.'' p. xxiv. https://books.google.com/books?id=KXxTbGocCvQC&lpg=PA68&ots=G_-s_fmwR8&dq=%22Robert%20S.%20Newton%22%20alienist&pg=PR24#v=onepage&q=%22Robert%20S.%20Newton%22%20alienist&f=false [https://web.archive.org/web/20230603060629/https://books.google.com/books?id=KXxTbGocCvQC&lpg=PA68&ots=G_-s_fmwR8&dq=%22Robert%20S.%20Newton%22%20alienist&pg=PR24 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> | ||
Many of these names reflect the contemporary way of thought, which saw no difference between gender identity (what you are) and sexual orientation (who you want to be with). There was a popular misconception during that era that if a man was attracted to men, then it must be because he was somehow partly a woman, in brain or even body. Some contemporaries recognized this was not true for everyone, arguing that men who liked men could be just as manly.<ref>Edward Carpenter. "The Intermediate Sex." ''Love's Coming-of-Age.'' London: Swan Sonneschen & Co., 1906. Transcribed at Sacred Texts. Accessed July 3, 2020. https://www.sacred-texts.com/lgbt/lca/lca09.htm</ref> However, for June, it was a suitable description of how he felt. | Many of these names reflect the contemporary way of thought, which saw no difference between gender identity (what you are) and sexual orientation (who you want to be with). There was a popular misconception during that era that if a man was attracted to men, then it must be because he was somehow partly a woman, in brain or even body. Some contemporaries recognized this was not true for everyone, arguing that men who liked men could be just as manly.<ref>Edward Carpenter. "The Intermediate Sex." ''Love's Coming-of-Age.'' London: Swan Sonneschen & Co., 1906. Transcribed at Sacred Texts. Accessed July 3, 2020. https://www.sacred-texts.com/lgbt/lca/lca09.htm [https://web.archive.org/web/20230415224246/https://www.sacred-texts.com/lgbt/lca/lca09.htm Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> However, for June, it was a suitable description of how he felt. | ||
As young as the ages three to seven, June expected that he would only ever wear skirts after growing up, and asked playmates to call him Jennie.<ref name="OutHistory 2">Jennie June. "II. The Boy is Father to the Man." ''The Riddle of the Underworld'' (partial manuscript). Out History. 1921. https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/earl-lind/manuscript/two</ref> In that era, in order to make hand-me-down clothing easy for large families, all very young children wore dresses. When older, boys would be "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeching_(boys) breeched]," that is, switched to wearing masculine attire, with trousers. When June's parents breeched him at seven, he was so heartbroken that he wished he were dead. He occasionally borrowed a sister's clothing. He often prayed to be turned into a girl, and sometimes almost believed that his prayers were being answered. He began to have some breast growth in his middle teens, possibly gynecomastia, which is not rare in people who were assigned male at birth. He was disappointed that his genitals remained the same. At fourteen, he began to instead pray for one to two hours a day to no longer desire to be a girl, and to no longer desire males.<ref name="OutHistory 2" /> | As young as the ages three to seven, June expected that he would only ever wear skirts after growing up, and asked playmates to call him Jennie.<ref name="OutHistory 2">Jennie June. "II. The Boy is Father to the Man." ''The Riddle of the Underworld'' (partial manuscript). Out History. 1921. https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/earl-lind/manuscript/two [https://web.archive.org/web/20230621082138/https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/earl-lind/manuscript/two Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> In that era, in order to make hand-me-down clothing easy for large families, all very young children wore dresses. When older, boys would be "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeching_(boys) breeched]," that is, switched to wearing masculine attire, with trousers. When June's parents breeched him at seven, he was so heartbroken that he wished he were dead. He occasionally borrowed a sister's clothing. He often prayed to be turned into a girl, and sometimes almost believed that his prayers were being answered. He began to have some breast growth in his middle teens, possibly gynecomastia, which is not rare in people who were assigned male at birth. He was disappointed that his genitals remained the same. At fourteen, he began to instead pray for one to two hours a day to no longer desire to be a girl, and to no longer desire males.<ref name="OutHistory 2" /> | ||
At eighteen, June became so depressed about being an invert that he sought medical help to make him feel like a "normal male." The two New York medical professors he went to first, venereologist Dr. Prince A. Morrow<ref name="OutHistory 2" /><ref name="Hansen">Bert Hansen, "'Discovery' of homosexuals." ''Framing Disease: studies in cultural history.'' 1992. Page 119. [https://books.google.com/books?id=agi08bNtBwgC&lpg=PA119&ots=ioHwOGB3Zg&dq=venereologist%20Prince%20A.%20Morrow&pg=PA119#v=onepage&q=venereologist%20Prince%20A.%20Morrow&f=false]</ref> (1846 - 1913{{Citation needed}}) and then alienist Dr. Robert S. Newton<ref name="OutHistory 2" /><ref name="Hansen" /><ref>In re Alma Louise Larner. New York Supreme Court. February 21, 1902. P. 16. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ad84AqOJaAwC&lpg=PA16&ots=Vm0r-Dde4J&dq=%22Robert%20S.%20Newton%22%20alienist&pg=PA16#v=onepage&q=newton&f=false We are citing this legal document as proof that there was an alienist in New York around this time period named Dr. Robert S. Newton. This shows this name was not an invention of June's autobiography.</ref> both saw inversion as a defect, and attempted for months to cure him of it by every known method. (Alienist was an early Victorian word for a psychiatrist.) The treatments included drugs, hypnosis, aphrodesiacs in the hope of making June attracted to women, and electrical stimulation of the brain and spinal cord.<ref name="Auto1 p68">Jennie June. ''Autobiography of an Androgyne.'' P. 68. https://books.google.com/books?id=KXxTbGocCvQC&lpg=PA68&ots=G_-s_fmwR8&dq=%22Robert%20S.%20Newton%22%20alienist&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q=%22Robert%20S.%20Newton%22%20alienist&f=false</ref> These treatments had no effect: June remained an invert, depressed, and also a nervous wreck from the drugs.<ref name="OutHistory 2" /> Indeed, it is understood today that trying to make someone stop being LGBT (called [[conversion therapy]]) is not effective, and is even abusive. | At eighteen, June became so depressed about being an invert that he sought medical help to make him feel like a "normal male." The two New York medical professors he went to first, venereologist Dr. Prince A. Morrow<ref name="OutHistory 2" /><ref name="Hansen">Bert Hansen, "'Discovery' of homosexuals." ''Framing Disease: studies in cultural history.'' 1992. Page 119. [https://books.google.com/books?id=agi08bNtBwgC&lpg=PA119&ots=ioHwOGB3Zg&dq=venereologist%20Prince%20A.%20Morrow&pg=PA119#v=onepage&q=venereologist%20Prince%20A.%20Morrow&f=false] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220203210402/https://books.google.com/books?id=agi08bNtBwgC&lpg=PA119&ots=ioHwOGB3Zg&dq=venereologist%20Prince%20A.%20Morrow&pg=PA119 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> (1846 - 1913{{Citation needed}}) and then alienist Dr. Robert S. Newton<ref name="OutHistory 2" /><ref name="Hansen" /><ref>In re Alma Louise Larner. New York Supreme Court. February 21, 1902. P. 16. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ad84AqOJaAwC&lpg=PA16&ots=Vm0r-Dde4J&dq=%22Robert%20S.%20Newton%22%20alienist&pg=PA16#v=onepage&q=newton&f=false We are citing this legal document as proof that there was an alienist in New York around this time period named Dr. Robert S. Newton. This shows this name was not an invention of June's autobiography. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220203210404/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ad84AqOJaAwC&lpg=PA16&ots=Vm0r-Dde4J&dq=%22Robert%20S.%20Newton%22%20alienist&pg=PA16 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> both saw inversion as a defect, and attempted for months to cure him of it by every known method. (Alienist was an early Victorian word for a psychiatrist.) The treatments included drugs, hypnosis, aphrodesiacs in the hope of making June attracted to women, and electrical stimulation of the brain and spinal cord.<ref name="Auto1 p68">Jennie June. ''Autobiography of an Androgyne.'' P. 68. https://books.google.com/books?id=KXxTbGocCvQC&lpg=PA68&ots=G_-s_fmwR8&dq=%22Robert%20S.%20Newton%22%20alienist&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q=%22Robert%20S.%20Newton%22%20alienist&f=false [https://web.archive.org/web/20220203210355/https://books.google.com/books?id=KXxTbGocCvQC&lpg=PA68&ots=G_-s_fmwR8&dq=%22Robert%20S.%20Newton%22%20alienist&pg=PA68 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> These treatments had no effect: June remained an invert, depressed, and also a nervous wreck from the drugs.<ref name="OutHistory 2" /> Indeed, it is understood today that trying to make someone stop being LGBT (called [[conversion therapy]]) is not effective, and is even abusive. | ||
June's third doctor was an alienist who understood inversion better. (The transcription of the manuscript of ''The Riddle of the Underworld'' also calls him Dr. Robert S. Newton, giving this name to two different doctors, which is a transcription error.) The alienist taught June that being an androgyne was natural for him, and not a "depravity." This finally cured June's lifelong depression, because instead of trying to purge himself of his inversion out of the fear that it was a sin, he instead concluded that God had predestined him to be an invert.<ref name="OutHistory 2" /> | June's third doctor was an alienist who understood inversion better. (The transcription of the manuscript of ''The Riddle of the Underworld'' also calls him Dr. Robert S. Newton, giving this name to two different doctors, which is a transcription error.) The alienist taught June that being an androgyne was natural for him, and not a "depravity." This finally cured June's lifelong depression, because instead of trying to purge himself of his inversion out of the fear that it was a sin, he instead concluded that God had predestined him to be an invert.<ref name="OutHistory 2" /> | ||
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As a young adult, June found safe havens in places such as Paresis Hall in New York City to express his feminine identity. Paresis Hall, or Columbia Hall, was one of many establishments considered the center of homosexual nightlife where male prostitutes would do as female prostitutes did, soliciting men under an effeminate persona. Places like Paresis Hall provided a place where people like June could gather and feel more free to express themselves and socialize with similar people in a time when cross dressing was socially unacceptable and illegal.<ref>Gross, Tasha. "LGBTQ History: Cooper Square and Bowery". ''LGBTQ History: Cooper Square and Bowery''. N.p., December 4, 2014. Web. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</ref> | As a young adult, June found safe havens in places such as Paresis Hall in New York City to express his feminine identity. Paresis Hall, or Columbia Hall, was one of many establishments considered the center of homosexual nightlife where male prostitutes would do as female prostitutes did, soliciting men under an effeminate persona. Places like Paresis Hall provided a place where people like June could gather and feel more free to express themselves and socialize with similar people in a time when cross dressing was socially unacceptable and illegal.<ref>Gross, Tasha. "LGBTQ History: Cooper Square and Bowery". ''LGBTQ History: Cooper Square and Bowery''. N.p., December 4, 2014. Web. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</ref> | ||
June then formed the Cercle Hermaphroditos in 1895, along with other androgynes who frequented Paresis Hall. The purpose of the organization was to "to unite for defense against the world's bitter persecution," and to show that being an invert was natural.<ref>Katz, Jonathan Ned. "Transgender Memoir of 1921 Found". ''Humanities and Social Sciences Online''. N.p., 10 October 2010. Web. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</ref> This is one of the earliest known organizations in the US for LGBT rights.<ref name="OutHistory intro">Out History. "Introduction." ''Earl Lind (Raph Werther - Jennie June): The Riddle of the Underworld, 1921.'' October 11, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2020. https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/earl-lind/intro/intro</ref><ref>Susan Stryker, "Why the T in LGBT is here to stay." ''Salon.'' October 11, 2007. [http://www.salon.com/2007/10/11/transgender_2/ http://www.salon.com/2007/10/11/transgender_2/] </ref> | June then formed the Cercle Hermaphroditos in 1895, along with other androgynes who frequented Paresis Hall. The purpose of the organization was to "to unite for defense against the world's bitter persecution," and to show that being an invert was natural.<ref>Katz, Jonathan Ned. "Transgender Memoir of 1921 Found". ''Humanities and Social Sciences Online''. N.p., 10 October 2010. Web. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</ref> This is one of the earliest known organizations in the US for LGBT rights.<ref name="OutHistory intro">Out History. "Introduction." ''Earl Lind (Raph Werther - Jennie June): The Riddle of the Underworld, 1921.'' October 11, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2020. https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/earl-lind/intro/intro [https://web.archive.org/web/20230621082140/https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/earl-lind/intro/intro Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref><ref>Susan Stryker, "Why the T in LGBT is here to stay." ''Salon.'' October 11, 2007. [http://www.salon.com/2007/10/11/transgender_2/ http://www.salon.com/2007/10/11/transgender_2/] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230602230359/https://www.salon.com/2007/10/11/transgender_2/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> | ||
== Autobiographies == | == Autobiographies == | ||
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== ''The Riddle of the Underworld'' == | == ''The Riddle of the Underworld'' == | ||
In 2010, Dr. Randall Sell, a professor at Drexel University, was intrigued by the first two volumes of the trilogy. Dr. Sell made an almost twenty year search for the long-lost third volume of June's autobiography. He asked every scholar of gay history he could meet, but none knew where to find it. Dr. Sell finally discovered the manuscript in the archives of the National Library of Medicine.<ref name="OutHistory sell">Randall Sell. "Randall Sell: Encountering Earl Lind, Ralph Werther, Jennie June." ''Earl Lind (Raph Werther - Jennie June): The Riddle of the Underworld, 1921.'' Out History. October 11, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2020. https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/earl-lind/intro/intro</ref> | In 2010, Dr. Randall Sell, a professor at Drexel University, was intrigued by the first two volumes of the trilogy. Dr. Sell made an almost twenty year search for the long-lost third volume of June's autobiography. He asked every scholar of gay history he could meet, but none knew where to find it. Dr. Sell finally discovered the manuscript in the archives of the National Library of Medicine.<ref name="OutHistory sell">Randall Sell. "Randall Sell: Encountering Earl Lind, Ralph Werther, Jennie June." ''Earl Lind (Raph Werther - Jennie June): The Riddle of the Underworld, 1921.'' Out History. October 11, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2020. https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/earl-lind/intro/intro [https://web.archive.org/web/20230621082140/https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/earl-lind/intro/intro Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> | ||
Called ''The Riddle of the Underworld'', written in 1921, this third volume was to focus on the communities of inverts all over the world. It includes an encounter in which June was beaten by men whom June tried to pick up. June once again defends gender and sexual nonconformists, insisting that they were simply born of a different nature, but natural nonetheless.<ref>"Earl Lind (Ralph Werther-Jennie June): The Riddle of the Underworld, 1921". OutHistory.org. N.p., n.d. Web. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</ref> These newly discovered volumes provide an opportunity to look into more of June's deeply personal encounters and issues, and provide the possibility for other narratives to exist. | Called ''The Riddle of the Underworld'', written in 1921, this third volume was to focus on the communities of inverts all over the world. It includes an encounter in which June was beaten by men whom June tried to pick up. June once again defends gender and sexual nonconformists, insisting that they were simply born of a different nature, but natural nonetheless.<ref>"Earl Lind (Ralph Werther-Jennie June): The Riddle of the Underworld, 1921". OutHistory.org. N.p., n.d. Web. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</ref> These newly discovered volumes provide an opportunity to look into more of June's deeply personal encounters and issues, and provide the possibility for other narratives to exist. | ||