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Gender-variant identities worldwide: Difference between revisions
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* '''Era:''' | * '''Era:''' | ||
* '''Description of sex/gender:''' "''Aranu'tiq'' were considered male on one side, and female on the other, taking on roles assigned to both genders."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://research.library.mun.ca/13252/1/thesis.pdf|title=Examining Precontact Inuit Gender Complexity and Its Discursive Potential for LGBTQ2S+ and Decolonization Movements|date=2014|last=Walley|first=Meghan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508173625/https://research.library.mun.ca/13252/1/thesis.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> | * '''Description of sex/gender:''' "''Aranu'tiq'' were considered male on one side, and female on the other, taking on roles assigned to both genders."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://research.library.mun.ca/13252/1/thesis.pdf|title=Examining Precontact Inuit Gender Complexity and Its Discursive Potential for LGBTQ2S+ and Decolonization Movements|date=2014|last=Walley|first=Meghan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508173625/https://research.library.mun.ca/13252/1/thesis.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> | ||
* '''Role in society:''' A 1953 report states "They performed the work of both sexes and were, indeed, considered more skilled than ordinary persons as well as lucky like twins, but they could not marry and have children, nor could they become shamans."<ref>{{cite book|last=Birket-Smith|first=Kaj|year=1953|title=The Chugach Eskimo}} Quoted in {{cite book|title=Pacific Homosexualities|page=209-210|year=2002|chapter=Profession-Defined Homosexuality (I): Transformed Shamans|last=Murray |first=Stephen O.|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pacific_Homosexualities/qafeQTWIWmcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Aranu%27tiq|archive-url= | * '''Role in society:''' A 1953 report states "They performed the work of both sexes and were, indeed, considered more skilled than ordinary persons as well as lucky like twins, but they could not marry and have children, nor could they become shamans."<ref>{{cite book|last=Birket-Smith|first=Kaj|year=1953|title=The Chugach Eskimo}} Quoted in {{cite book|title=Pacific Homosexualities|page=209-210|year=2002|chapter=Profession-Defined Homosexuality (I): Transformed Shamans|last=Murray|first=Stephen O.|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pacific_Homosexualities/qafeQTWIWmcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Aranu%27tiq|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719133202/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pacific_Homosexualities/qafeQTWIWmcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Aranu%27tiq|archive-date=19 July 2023|access-date=6 December 2020|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> | ||
=== Biza'ah === <!--T:147--> | === Biza'ah === <!--T:147--> | ||
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In classical Arabic writings, people called Mukhannathun were queer people who were assigned male at birth. They were analogous to transgender women, or to very feminine gay men, depending on the individual. In Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 41, Number 4910, Mohammed said to exile a mukhannath, and said not to kill them.<ref>USC-MSA compendium of Muslim Text: Partial Translation of Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 41:General Behavior (Kitab Al-Adab), Number 4910 http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/abudawud/041.sat.html#041.4910 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230130050923/https://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/abudawud/041.sat.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> At one point during the Umayyad dynasty, a caliph ordered that all mukhannathun should be castrated. In response to this, a group of mukhannathun are recorded as having this conversation about it: "This is simply a circumcision which we must undergo again." "Or rather the Greater Circumcision!" "With castration I have become a mukhannath in truth!" "Or rather we have become women in truth!" "We have been spared the trouble of carrying around a spout for urine." "What would we do with an unused weapon anyway?"<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rowson|first=Everett K. |date=October 1991| url=http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/The_effeminates_of_early_medina.pdf| title=The Effeminates of Early Medina|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society 111 (4)|page= 671–693|doi=10.2307/603399 |jstor= 603399}}</ref> | In classical Arabic writings, people called Mukhannathun were queer people who were assigned male at birth. They were analogous to transgender women, or to very feminine gay men, depending on the individual. In Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 41, Number 4910, Mohammed said to exile a mukhannath, and said not to kill them.<ref>USC-MSA compendium of Muslim Text: Partial Translation of Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 41:General Behavior (Kitab Al-Adab), Number 4910 http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/abudawud/041.sat.html#041.4910 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230130050923/https://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/abudawud/041.sat.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> At one point during the Umayyad dynasty, a caliph ordered that all mukhannathun should be castrated. In response to this, a group of mukhannathun are recorded as having this conversation about it: "This is simply a circumcision which we must undergo again." "Or rather the Greater Circumcision!" "With castration I have become a mukhannath in truth!" "Or rather we have become women in truth!" "We have been spared the trouble of carrying around a spout for urine." "What would we do with an unused weapon anyway?"<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rowson|first=Everett K.|date=October 1991|url=http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/The_effeminates_of_early_medina.pdf|title=The Effeminates of Early Medina|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society 111 (4)|page=671–693|doi=10.2307/603399|jstor=603399|access-date=2017-07-29|archive-date=2008-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001195534/http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/The_effeminates_of_early_medina.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
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* '''Culture:''' India/South Asia | * '''Culture:''' India/South Asia | ||
* '''Era:''' mid-1990s to present<ref name="Stief2016">{{cite journal|last1=Stief|first1=Matthew|title=The Sexual Orientation and Gender Presentation of ''Hijra'', ''Kothi'', and ''Panthi'' in Mumbai, India|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=46|issue=1|year=2016|pages=73–85|issn=0004-0002|doi=10.1007/s10508-016-0886-0}}</ref> | * '''Era:''' mid-1990s to present<ref name="Stief2016">{{cite journal|last1=Stief|first1=Matthew|title=The Sexual Orientation and Gender Presentation of ''Hijra'', ''Kothi'', and ''Panthi'' in Mumbai, India|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=46|issue=1|year=2016|pages=73–85|issn=0004-0002|doi=10.1007/s10508-016-0886-0}}</ref> | ||
* '''Description of sex/gender:''' AMAB and feminine.<ref name="Chakrapani">{{cite journal |title=Structural violence against Kothi-identified men who have sex with men in Chennai, India: a qualitative investigation|volume=19|issue=4|year=2007|pages=346–364|doi=10.1521/aeap.2007.19.4.346 |journal=AIDS Education and Prevention |last1=Chakrapani|first1=Venkatesan|last2=Newman|first2=Peter A.|last3=Shunmugam |first3=Murali|last4=McLuckie|first4=Alan |last5=Melwin |first5=Fredrick |url=http://www.msmasia.org/tl_files/resources/Structural_Violence_MSM_Chakrapani_AEP_Aug07_WithLinks.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727101255/http://www.msmasia.org/tl_files/resources/Structural_Violence_MSM_Chakrapani_AEP_Aug07_WithLinks.pdf#}}</ref> Some kothis take [[hormone therapy|feminizing hormone therapy]] or undergo [[surgery|feminizing surgery]].<ref name="Stief2016" /> One kothi in a research interview said "I am a woman. Only God has given me a body of a man."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dey|first=Soumi|title=Being A 'Kothi': An Ethnographic Interrogation with A Male Transgender in Kolkata, India|year=2013|journal= IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science|volume=11|issue=6 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4814580/Being_A_Kothi_An_Ethnographic_Interrogation_with_A_Male_Transgender_in_Kolkata_India|archive-url= | * '''Description of sex/gender:''' AMAB and feminine.<ref name="Chakrapani">{{cite journal |title=Structural violence against Kothi-identified men who have sex with men in Chennai, India: a qualitative investigation|volume=19|issue=4|year=2007|pages=346–364|doi=10.1521/aeap.2007.19.4.346 |journal=AIDS Education and Prevention |last1=Chakrapani|first1=Venkatesan|last2=Newman|first2=Peter A.|last3=Shunmugam |first3=Murali|last4=McLuckie|first4=Alan |last5=Melwin |first5=Fredrick |url=http://www.msmasia.org/tl_files/resources/Structural_Violence_MSM_Chakrapani_AEP_Aug07_WithLinks.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727101255/http://www.msmasia.org/tl_files/resources/Structural_Violence_MSM_Chakrapani_AEP_Aug07_WithLinks.pdf#}}</ref> Some kothis take [[hormone therapy|feminizing hormone therapy]] or undergo [[surgery|feminizing surgery]].<ref name="Stief2016" /> One kothi in a research interview said "I am a woman. Only God has given me a body of a man."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dey|first=Soumi|title=Being A 'Kothi': An Ethnographic Interrogation with A Male Transgender in Kolkata, India|year=2013|journal=IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science|volume=11|issue=6|url=https://www.academia.edu/4814580/Being_A_Kothi_An_Ethnographic_Interrogation_with_A_Male_Transgender_in_Kolkata_India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719133145/https://www.academia.edu/4814580/Being_A_Kothi_An_Ethnographic_Interrogation_with_A_Male_Transgender_in_Kolkata_India|archive-date=19 July 2023|access-date=24 February 2021|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> | ||
* '''Role in society:''' "Kothis are generally of lower socioeconomic status and some kothis engage in sex work for survival."<ref name="Chakrapani" /> Kothis are attracted to men, and term the men they have sex with "panthi". In the general public, the words "kothi" and "panthi" mean similarly to the American English "[[sissy]]" and "[[butch]]"; "panthi" can also refer to men in general.<ref name="Stief2016" /> | * '''Role in society:''' "Kothis are generally of lower socioeconomic status and some kothis engage in sex work for survival."<ref name="Chakrapani" /> Kothis are attracted to men, and term the men they have sex with "panthi". In the general public, the words "kothi" and "panthi" mean similarly to the American English "[[sissy]]" and "[[butch]]"; "panthi" can also refer to men in general.<ref name="Stief2016" /> | ||
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* '''Name of identity:''' Mutarajjulat, "women who wish to resemble men."<ref name="bowen">Gary Bowen. "A Dictionary of Words for Masculine Women." ''FTM International.'' May 15, 1995. Retrieved November 5, 1996. | * '''Name of identity:''' Mutarajjulat, "women who wish to resemble men."<ref name="bowen">Gary Bowen. "A Dictionary of Words for Masculine Women." ''FTM International.'' May 15, 1995. Retrieved November 5, 1996. https://web.archive.org/web/19961105010926/http://www.ftm-intl.org/Wrtngs/ftm-words.gary.html</ref> | ||
* '''Culture:''' Islam<ref name="mutarajjulat cook">David Cook. "Women fighting in jihad?" ''Female Terrorism and Militancy: Agency , Utility, and Organization.'' Cindy D. Ness, ed. New York: Routledge, 2008. Pp. 38-39.</ref> | * '''Culture:''' Islam<ref name="mutarajjulat cook">David Cook. "Women fighting in jihad?" ''Female Terrorism and Militancy: Agency , Utility, and Organization.'' Cindy D. Ness, ed. New York: Routledge, 2008. Pp. 38-39.</ref> | ||
* '''Era:''' ninth through eleventh centuries<ref name="mutarajjulat cook" /> | * '''Era:''' ninth through eleventh centuries<ref name="mutarajjulat cook" /> | ||