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History of nonbinary gender/en: Difference between revisions
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* Based on Ulrich's work in the 1870s, which were the foundation of Western notions of LGBT people for the next several decades, clinical beliefs around the time of the 1890s "conflat[ed] sex, sexual orientation, and gender expression," thinking of (to use modern words for them) gay, lesbian, transgender, and gender non-conforming people as all having some kind of intersex condition. Such people were said to have "sexual inversion," and were called "inverts."<ref>"What's the history behind the intersex rights movement?" ''Intersex Society of North America.'' http://www.isna.org/faq/history </ref>. Another name used for the same category through the 1890s and 1910s was "the intermediate sex," or the "intermediates," which was not physically intersex, and was understood to be often (though not always) gender nonconforming.<ref>Edward Carpenter. "The intermediate sex." ''Love's Coming-of-Age.'' 1906. Accessed via the archive in ''Sacred Texts'' at http://www.sacred-texts.com/lgbt/lca/lca09.htm</ref> | * Based on Ulrich's work in the 1870s, which were the foundation of Western notions of LGBT people for the next several decades, clinical beliefs around the time of the 1890s "conflat[ed] sex, sexual orientation, and gender expression," thinking of (to use modern words for them) gay, lesbian, transgender, and gender non-conforming people as all having some kind of intersex condition. Such people were said to have "sexual inversion," and were called "inverts."<ref>"What's the history behind the intersex rights movement?" ''Intersex Society of North America.'' http://www.isna.org/faq/history </ref>. Another name used for the same category through the 1890s and 1910s was "the intermediate sex," or the "intermediates," which was not physically intersex, and was understood to be often (though not always) gender nonconforming.<ref>Edward Carpenter. "The intermediate sex." ''Love's Coming-of-Age.'' 1906. Accessed via the archive in ''Sacred Texts'' at http://www.sacred-texts.com/lgbt/lca/lca09.htm</ref> | ||
* During the 1890s, Paresis Hall in New York City was a place with an active nightlife of LGBT people. In 1895, the autobiographer [[Jennie June]] formed an organization called the Cercle Hermaphroditos, along with other [[androgyne]]s like June's self who frequented Paresis Hall. The purpose of the group was to "to unite for defense against the world's bitter persecution," and to show that it was natural to be an invert (an LGBT person).<ref>Katz, Jonathan Ned. "Transgender Memoir of 1921 Found". ''Humanities and Social Sciences Online''. N.p., 10 October 2010. Web. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</ref> This is one of the earliest known organizations in the US for LGBT rights.<ref>Gross, Tasha. "LGBTQ History: Cooper Square and Bowery". ''LGBTQ History: Cooper Square and Bowery''. N.p., December 4, 2014. Web. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</ref> <ref name="OutHistory intro">Out History. "Introduction." ''Earl Lind (Raph Werther - Jennie June): The Riddle of the Underworld, 1921.'' October 11, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2020. https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/earl-lind/intro/intro</ref><ref name="Stryker2007">{{Cite web |title=Why the T in LGBT is here to stay |last=Stryker |first=Susan |work=Salon |date=11 October 2007 |access-date=4 July 2020 |url= https://www.salon.com/control/2007/10/11/transgender_2/}}</ref> | * During the 1890s, Paresis Hall in New York City was a place with an active nightlife of LGBT people. In 1895, the autobiographer [[Jennie June]] formed an organization called the Cercle Hermaphroditos, along with other [[androgyne]]s like June's self who frequented Paresis Hall. The purpose of the group was to "to unite for defense against the world's bitter persecution," and to show that it was natural to be an invert (an LGBT person).<ref>Katz, Jonathan Ned. "Transgender Memoir of 1921 Found". ''Humanities and Social Sciences Online''. N.p., 10 October 2010. Web. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</ref> This is one of the earliest known organizations in the US for LGBT rights.<ref>Gross, Tasha. "LGBTQ History: Cooper Square and Bowery". ''LGBTQ History: Cooper Square and Bowery''. N.p., December 4, 2014. Web. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</ref> <ref name="OutHistory intro">Out History. "Introduction." ''Earl Lind (Raph Werther - Jennie June): The Riddle of the Underworld, 1921.'' October 11, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20230621082140/https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/earl-lind/intro/intro</ref><ref name="Stryker2007">{{Cite web |title=Why the T in LGBT is here to stay |last=Stryker |first=Susan |work=Salon |date=11 October 2007 |access-date=4 July 2020 |url= https://www.salon.com/control/2007/10/11/transgender_2/}}</ref> | ||
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* During the 1910s, German sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld created the word "transvestite," which at the time meant many more kinds of transgender and even transsexual people. Hirschfeld opened the first clinic to regularly serve them.<ref>Trans Health editors, “Timeline of gender identity research.” 2002-04-23. http://www.trans-health.com/2002/timeline-of-gender-identity-research </ref> Hirschfeld's Institute of Sex Research had a library of literature about LGBT people, collected from all over Europe, that couldn't be found anywhere else. This started to bring about a revolution in how society understood and accepted LGBT people, and allowing [[children]] to be [[gender nonconformity|gender nonconforming]]. Then, in 1933, the Nazis destroyed it all. This set back LGBT rights for another 40 or so years. The progress wasn't matched again until at least 1990. | * During the 1910s, German sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld created the word "transvestite," which at the time meant many more kinds of transgender and even transsexual people. Hirschfeld opened the first clinic to regularly serve them.<ref>Trans Health editors, “Timeline of gender identity research.” 2002-04-23. http://www.trans-health.com/2002/timeline-of-gender-identity-research </ref> Hirschfeld's Institute of Sex Research had a library of literature about LGBT people, collected from all over Europe, that couldn't be found anywhere else. This started to bring about a revolution in how society understood and accepted LGBT people, and allowing [[children]] to be [[gender nonconformity|gender nonconforming]]. Then, in 1933, the Nazis destroyed it all. This set back LGBT rights for another 40 or so years. The progress wasn't matched again until at least 1990. | ||
* [[Jennie June]] (aforementioned in the 1890s) wrote a trilogy of autobiographies focusing on inversion: ''The Autobiography of an Androgyne'' (published 1918), ''The Female-Impersonators'' (published 1922), and ''The Riddle of the Underworld'' (written 1921, lost, and rediscovered in 2010).<ref name="OutHistory sell">Randall Sell. "Randall Sell: Encountering Earl Lind, Ralph Werther, Jennie June." ''Earl Lind (Raph Werther - Jennie June): The Riddle of the Underworld, 1921.'' Out History. October 11, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2020. https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/earl-lind/intro/intro</ref> June's goal in writing these books was to help create an accepting environment for young adults who do not adhere to gender and sexual norms, to prevent youth from committing suicide.<ref name="Meyerowitz 2010">Meyerowitz, J. "Thinking Sex With An Androgyne". ''GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies'' 17.1 (2010): 97–105. Web. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</ref> | * [[Jennie June]] (aforementioned in the 1890s) wrote a trilogy of autobiographies focusing on inversion: ''The Autobiography of an Androgyne'' (published 1918), ''The Female-Impersonators'' (published 1922), and ''The Riddle of the Underworld'' (written 1921, lost, and rediscovered in 2010).<ref name="OutHistory sell">Randall Sell. "Randall Sell: Encountering Earl Lind, Ralph Werther, Jennie June." ''Earl Lind (Raph Werther - Jennie June): The Riddle of the Underworld, 1921.'' Out History. October 11, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20230621082140/https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/earl-lind/intro/intro</ref> June's goal in writing these books was to help create an accepting environment for young adults who do not adhere to gender and sexual norms, to prevent youth from committing suicide.<ref name="Meyerowitz 2010">Meyerowitz, J. "Thinking Sex With An Androgyne". ''GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies'' 17.1 (2010): 97–105. Web. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</ref> | ||
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===1940s=== | ===1940s=== | ||
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* In 1994, [[Kate Bornstein]], who currently identifies as nonbinary,<ref>https://www.slantmagazine.com/house/article/pretty-damn-bowie-kate-bornstein-on-their-broadway-debut-in-straight-white-men</ref> published the book ''Gender Outlaw: On Men, Women, and the Rest of Us,'' about her experience as a transgender person identifying outside of the gender binary. | * In 1994, [[Kate Bornstein]], who currently identifies as nonbinary,<ref>https://www.slantmagazine.com/house/article/pretty-damn-bowie-kate-bornstein-on-their-broadway-debut-in-straight-white-men</ref> published the book ''Gender Outlaw: On Men, Women, and the Rest of Us,'' about her experience as a transgender person identifying outside of the gender binary. | ||
* In 1995, a [[neutrois]] person named [[H. A. Burnham]] created the word "neutrois," a name for a nonbinary gender identity.<ref>Axey, Qwill, Rave, and Luscious Daniel, eds. “FAQ.” Neutrois Outpost. Last updated 2000-11-23. Retrieved 2001-03-07. [ | * In 1995, a [[neutrois]] person named [[H. A. Burnham]] created the word "neutrois," a name for a nonbinary gender identity.<ref>Axey, Qwill, Rave, and Luscious Daniel, eds. “FAQ.” Neutrois Outpost. Last updated 2000-11-23. Retrieved 2001-03-07. [https://web.archive.org/web/20010307115554/http://www.neutrois.com/faq.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20010307115554/http://www.neutrois.com/faq.htm]</ref> | ||
* In 1998, an article from a transgender community on the Internet, ''[[Sphere]]'', used the words "queergendered" and "polygendered" interchangeably as umbrella terms for everyone whose gender was outside the gender binary, specifying that these included people who were "[[bigender|bi-gendered]], [[agender|non-gendered]], or [[third gender|third-gendered]]," explaining that some faced difficulty in seeking a gender-ambiguous physical transition.<ref>Danica Nuccitelli. "Polygender FAQ." ''Sphere.'' May 26, 1998. http://gender-sphere.0catch.com/polygenderfaq.htm</ref> | * In 1998, an article from a transgender community on the Internet, ''[[Sphere]]'', used the words "queergendered" and "polygendered" interchangeably as umbrella terms for everyone whose gender was outside the gender binary, specifying that these included people who were "[[bigender|bi-gendered]], [[agender|non-gendered]], or [[third gender|third-gendered]]," explaining that some faced difficulty in seeking a gender-ambiguous physical transition.<ref>Danica Nuccitelli. "Polygender FAQ." ''Sphere.'' May 26, 1998. http://gender-sphere.0catch.com/polygenderfaq.htm</ref> | ||
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====2017==== | ====2017==== | ||
*In the USA, California passed the [[2017 Gender Recognition Act]] "to ensure that intersex, transgender, and nonbinary people have state-issued identification documents that provide full legal [[Recognition (USA)|recognition]] of their accurate gender identity."<ref name="Bermudez">{{Cite web |title=California’s Gender Recognition Act and Impact on Employers - Klinedinst |last=Bermudez |first=Nadia P. |work=Klinedinst Attorneys |date=November 8, 2017 |access-date=May 14, 2020 |url= https://klinedinstlaw.com/employment-law/california-gender-recognition-act-impact-employers}}</ref><ref name="SB179">{{Cite web |title=Fact Sheet: California's Gender Recognition Act (SB 179) |author=Transgender Law Center |work= |date=2018 |access-date=May 14, 2020 |url= https://transgenderlawcenter.org/resources/id/ca-sb179}}</ref> | *In the USA, California passed the [[2017 Gender Recognition Act]] "to ensure that intersex, transgender, and nonbinary people have state-issued identification documents that provide full legal [[Recognition (USA)|recognition]] of their accurate gender identity."<ref name="Bermudez">{{Cite web |title=California’s Gender Recognition Act and Impact on Employers - Klinedinst |last=Bermudez |first=Nadia P. |work=Klinedinst Attorneys |date=November 8, 2017 |access-date=May 14, 2020 |url= https://klinedinstlaw.com/employment-law/california-gender-recognition-act-impact-employers}}</ref><ref name="SB179">{{Cite web |title=Fact Sheet: California's Gender Recognition Act (SB 179) |author=Transgender Law Center |work= |date=2018 |access-date=May 14, 2020 |url=https://transgenderlawcenter.org/resources/id/ca-sb179 |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406000749/https://transgenderlawcenter.org/resources/id/ca-sb179 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
*In June 2017, USA's District of Colombia began to offer nonbinary driver's licenses and identification cards.<ref name="Stein">{{Cite web |title=Meet the first person in the country to officially receive a gender-neutral driver's license |last=Stein |first=Perry |work=Washington Post |date=30 June 2017 |access-date=14 April 2020 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/meet-the-first-person-in-the-country-to-officially-receive-a-gender-neutral-drivers-license/2017/06/30/bcb78afc-5d9a-11e7-9fc6-c7ef4bc58d13_story.html}}</ref> Activist [[Shige Sakurai]] was the first to receive one of these "X"-marked licenses.<ref name="Norwood">{{Cite web |title=How Governments Are Transitioning Their Gender Policies to Nonbinary |last=Norwood |first=Candice |work=governing.com |date=June 2019 |access-date=29 May 2020 |url= https://www.governing.com/topics/health-human-services/gov-nonbinary-lgbtq-legislation-regulations.html}}</ref> Soon after, the state of Oregon also began to issue gender-neutral IDs.<ref name="Stein"/> | *In June 2017, USA's District of Colombia began to offer nonbinary driver's licenses and identification cards.<ref name="Stein">{{Cite web |title=Meet the first person in the country to officially receive a gender-neutral driver's license |last=Stein |first=Perry |work=Washington Post |date=30 June 2017 |access-date=14 April 2020 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/meet-the-first-person-in-the-country-to-officially-receive-a-gender-neutral-drivers-license/2017/06/30/bcb78afc-5d9a-11e7-9fc6-c7ef4bc58d13_story.html}}</ref> Activist [[Shige Sakurai]] was the first to receive one of these "X"-marked licenses.<ref name="Norwood">{{Cite web |title=How Governments Are Transitioning Their Gender Policies to Nonbinary |last=Norwood |first=Candice |work=governing.com |date=June 2019 |access-date=29 May 2020 |url= https://www.governing.com/topics/health-human-services/gov-nonbinary-lgbtq-legislation-regulations.html}}</ref> Soon after, the state of Oregon also began to issue gender-neutral IDs.<ref name="Stein"/> | ||
* The country of Malta began to offer "X" gender markers on passports and other documents.<ref name="into_Malt">{{Cite web |title=Malta Becomes Latest Country to Allow Non-Binary Option on Passports |author= |work=INTO |date=6 September 2017 |access-date=1 June 2020 |url= https://www.intomore.com/impact/malta-becomes-latest-country-to-allow-nonbinary-option-on-passports}}</ref> | * The country of Malta began to offer "X" gender markers on passports and other documents.<ref name="into_Malt">{{Cite web |title=Malta Becomes Latest Country to Allow Non-Binary Option on Passports |author= |work=INTO |date=6 September 2017 |access-date=1 June 2020 |url= https://www.intomore.com/impact/malta-becomes-latest-country-to-allow-nonbinary-option-on-passports}}</ref> | ||