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Gender neutral language in German: Difference between revisions

Gender neutral language in German (edit)

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{{see also|Glossary of German gender and sex terminology}}
{{see also|Pronouns#German neutral pronouns|German neutral pronouns}}
{{see also|Pronouns#German neutral pronouns|German neutral pronouns}}
{{Template:Gender neutral language}}
{{Template:Gender neutral language}}
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* meiniks bestiks Freundiks
* meiniks bestiks Freundiks
'''-ir, -on <ref>https://nibi.space/nichtbin%C3%A4re_w%C3%B6rter</ref> and -chen Forms.'''
 
* Chirurgon
 
* Doktoron
'''Shortened words, -ir and -on <ref>https://nibi.space/nichtbin%C3%A4re_w%C3%B6rter</ref> forms.'''
 
Shorten and/or add -ir or -on to make nouns gender-neutral. -ir works as a gender-neutral ending as it is a combination of -in and -er. -on can be used as an alternative to -ir when a word ends on the letter r.
 
<u>Shortened</u>
* Gema (Gemahlin/Gemahl)
* Prin/Kronprin
<u>Shortened/-ir/-on</u>
* Begleitir
* Chirurgir
* Cousir/Cousinir
* Doktir/Doktoron
* Freundir
* Freundir
* Partchen
* Gattir (Gattin/Gatte)
* Heiratir
* Könir
* Lehrir/Lehreron
* Partnir
* Partnir
* Witwon
* Professir/Professoron
* Schägir/Schwageron
* Trauzeugir
* Verlobtir
* Witwir
 


'''Shortened Words and Nonsense Forms <ref>http://nomthecatsaid.tumblr.com/post/124574373381/kennst-du-eine-gute-seite-auf-der-man-sich-%C3%BCber [https://web.archive.org/web/20211114230553/https://nomthecatsaid.tumblr.com/post/124574373381/kennst-du-eine-gute-seite-auf-der-man-sich-%C3%BCber Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>'''
'''Shortened words and nonsense forms <ref>http://nomthecatsaid.tumblr.com/post/124574373381/kennst-du-eine-gute-seite-auf-der-man-sich-%C3%BCber [https://web.archive.org/web/20211114230553/https://nomthecatsaid.tumblr.com/post/124574373381/kennst-du-eine-gute-seite-auf-der-man-sich-%C3%BCber Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>'''


Fairly well known -i words:
Fairly well known -i words:
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* Ich will Fotografierflausch werden.
* Ich will Fotografierflausch werden.
*
'''"-person" and "-mensch"'''


=== Pronouns ===
=== Pronouns ===
Line 66: Line 86:


====== xier ======
====== xier ======
In the second episode (1:02) of the series ''City of Ghosts'', i. e. ''Stadt der Geister'' in German, Thomas states that their pronoun is 'xier'. The blogger Frau Papa Nina tells in an interview from the podcast ''Das gewünschteste Wunschkind'' — hosted by Danielle Graf and Katja Seide — that they use the pronoun 'xier' for themselves.<ref>Frau Papa Nina in conversation (2019): Transsexualität und Diversität. In: Graf, Danielle/Seide, Katja (hosts): ''Das gewünschteste Wunschkind. Der Podcast''. Online at: https://plus.rtl.de/podcast/das-gewuenschteste-wunschkind-3r427sdoc4dw2/transsexualitaet-und-diversitaet-cbin4vimtsr1p (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref> Several books,<ref name=":4" /> series<ref name=":3">Heger, Illi Anna (2022): ''Xier Pronomen in Texten, Serien, Filmen und Video Games''. Online at: https://www.annaheger.de/pronomentexte/ (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref> and video games use 'xier' pronouns. For an exhaustive list, see ''Xier Pronomen in Texten, Serien, Filmen und Video Games'' from Illi Anna Heger.<ref name=":3" />
In the second episode (1:02) of the series ''City of Ghosts'', i. e. ''Stadt der Geister'' in German, Thomas states that their pronoun is 'xier'. The blogger Frau Papa Nina tells in an interview from the podcast ''Das gewünschteste Wunschkind,'' hosted by Danielle Graf and Katja Seide, t
 
that they use the pronoun 'xier' for themselves.<ref>Frau Papa Nina in conversation (2019): Transsexualität und Diversität. In: Graf, Danielle/Seide, Katja (hosts): ''Das gewünschteste Wunschkind. Der Podcast''. Online at: https://plus.rtl.de/podcast/das-gewuenschteste-wunschkind-3r427sdoc4dw2/transsexualitaet-und-diversitaet-cbin4vimtsr1p (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref> Several books,<ref name=":4" /> series<ref name=":3">Heger, Illi Anna (2022): ''Xier Pronomen in Texten, Serien, Filmen und Video Games''. Online at: https://www.annaheger.de/pronomentexte/ (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref> and video games use 'xier' pronouns. For an exhaustive list, see ''Xier Pronomen in Texten, Serien, Filmen und Video Games'' from Illi Anna Heger.<ref name=":3" />


====== hen ======
====== hen ======
In the German version from ''Kivi & Monsterhund'' from Jesper Lundqvist and Bettina Johansson, the protagonist Kivi, who is referred to with the Swedish gender neutral pronoun 'hen', is referred to with the same pronoun in the German translation from Jochen Barthel.<ref>Lundqvist, Jesper/Johansson, Bettina (2019): ''Kivi & Monsterhund''. Berlin: Maria Benson Verlag.</ref> 'hen' also seems to be used by some bloggers<ref>Annat75pyz (2023): ''Benutzt du das Pronomen "hen"?''. Online at: https://www.gutefrage.net/sprache-literatur-raetsel/deutsche-sprache/grammatik-rechtschreibung/frage/nenutzt-du-das-pronomen-hen (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>, instagrammers, and to be currently perceived as popular.<ref>Erhardt, Melissa (2022): Dey, Xier, Hen: Was es mit genderneutralen (Neo-)Pronomen auf sich hat. In: ''radio FM4''. Online at: https://fm4.orf.at/stories/3025024/ (retrieved 09.02,2024).</ref><ref name=":1" />
In the German version from ''Kivi & Monsterhund'' from Jesper Lundqvist and Bettina Johansson, the protagonist, Kivi, who is referred to with the Swedish gender neutral pronoun 'hen', is referred to with the same pronoun in the German translation from Jochen Barthel.<ref>Lundqvist, Jesper/Johansson, Bettina (2019): ''Kivi & Monsterhund''. Berlin: Maria Benson Verlag.</ref> 'hen' also seems to be used by some bloggers,<ref>Annat75pyz (2023): ''Benutzt du das Pronomen "hen"?''. Online at: https://www.gutefrage.net/sprache-literatur-raetsel/deutsche-sprache/grammatik-rechtschreibung/frage/nenutzt-du-das-pronomen-hen (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref> instagrammers, and to be currently perceived as popular.<ref>Erhardt, Melissa (2022): Dey, Xier, Hen: Was es mit genderneutralen (Neo-)Pronomen auf sich hat. In: ''radio FM4''. Online at: https://fm4.orf.at/stories/3025024/ (retrieved 09.02,2024).</ref><ref name=":1">von Usslar, Maria (2019): Er, sie, they, hen: Wie wollen Trans- und Interpersonen bezeichnet werden? In: ''Der'' ''Standard''. Online at: https://www.derstandard.de/story/2000106804139/er-sie-they-hen-wie-wollen-trans-und-interpersonen-bezeichnet (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref>


====== en ======
====== en ======
An important number of the members of the ''Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch'', that is currently growing, uses the en/em forms from the De-e-System as their pronouns.<ref>Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch e. V. (2024): ''r/geschlechtsneutral''. Online at: https://www.reddit.com/r/geschlechtsneutral/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
An important number of the members of the ''Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch'', that is currently growing, uses the en/em forms from the De-e-System as their pronouns.<ref>Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch e. V. (2024): ''r/geschlechtsneutral''. Online at: https://www.reddit.com/r/geschlechtsneutral/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>


==== Tables ====
The relative pronouns are all similar to the demonstrative pronouns but for the genitive, represented in the last ligne of the table.


 
Except for the De-e-System (definite article: 'de' [də]; relative and demonstrative pronoun: 'de' [de(:)]), the definite article is similar to the demonstrative personal pronoun.
For an exhaustive list of all existent neopronouns, see https://nibi.space/pronomen#pronomen or https://de.pronouns.page/pronomen
 
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Personal pronouns: dominant usage
|+Primary and demonstrative personal pronouns, relative pronoun and definite article: dominant usage
!Paradigm
!
!'dey/dej'<ref name=":5">Anonym (2017): ''Q: Ein [...] gegeben''. Online at: https://nonbinarytransgermany.tumblr.com/post/148742824641/ein-befreundeter-mensch-von-mir-hat-sich-mal (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":6">Pronouns.page (2024): ''dey/denen/demm''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/dey/denen/demm?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":7">Pronouns.page (2024): ''dej/denen/dej''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/dej?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
!nom
! colspan="2" |<span style="color:DarkBlue">'sier' Version 2.1</span><ref name=":8">Heger, Illi Anna (2022): ''Version 2.1: sier Pronomen ohne Geschlecht''. Online at: https://www.annaheger.de/pronomen21/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
!acc
! colspan="2" |'xier' Version 3.3<ref name=":9">Heger, Illi Anna (2022): ''Version 3.3: xier Pronomen ohne Geschlecht''. Online at: https://www.annaheger.de/pronomen33/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
!dat
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">'hän'</span><ref name=":10">zweisatz (2011): ''HIGH ON CLICHÉS''. ''Glossar''. Online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20230531034450/https://highoncliches.wordpress.com/2011/12/11/glossar/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":11">Pronouns.page (2024): ''hän/sim''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/h%C3%A4n?erweitert (retrieved 02.09.2024).</ref>
!gen
! colspan="2" |NoNa-System<ref name=":12">Pronouns.page (2024): ''hen/hem''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/hen?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":13">Moro, Jona/Frank, Noah (2024): ''Das NoNa-System. geschlechtsneutrale deutsche Grammatik''. Online at: https://geschlechtsneutralesdeutsch.com/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
!gen: relative
! colspan="2" |<span style="color:DarkBlue">g-Genus</span><ref name=":0">Dominik Jahre (2018): ''Das g-Genus. Merkmale des g-Genus''. Online at: https://www.geschlechtsneutral.com/index.html (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
!examples
! colspan="2" |De-e-System<ref name=":14">Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch e. V. (2024): ''De-e-System''. https://geschlechtsneutral.net/gesamtsystem/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
|-
|dey/dej (syncr)<ref name=":6">Pronouns.page (2024): ''dey/denen/demm''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/dey/denen/demm?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":5">Anonym (2017): ''Q: Ein [...] gegeben''. Online at: https://nonbinarytransgermany.tumblr.com/post/148742824641/ein-befreundeter-mensch-von-mir-hat-sich-mal (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":7">Pronouns.page (2024): ''dej/denen/dej''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/dej?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
|dey/dej
|dey/dej; dem(m) [dɛm]
|denen; demm<ref>Nichtbinär-Wiki (2024): ''Pronomen. dey.'' Online at: https://nibi.space/pronomen#dey (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
|derer/deren
|derer/deren
|<small>'''Dey''' wohnt in '''deren'''&nbsp;eigener Wohnung. Hast du&nbsp;'''demm''' neulich gesehen? Wie geht es '''denen'''?</small>
|-
|-
!'''solely referential and/or demonstrativ'''
|sier (ref)<ref name=":8">Heger, Illi Anna (2022): ''Version 2.1: sier Pronomen ohne Geschlecht''. Online at: https://www.annaheger.de/pronomen21/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
!syncretic pronoun
|sier
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">solely ref.</span>
|sien
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">demonstr.</span>
|siem
!solely ref.
|sieser
!demonstr.
| -
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">syncretic pronoun?</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>Ich kenne '''sien''' nicht. Ist '''sier''' hier&nbsp;eingezogen?Ich habe noch nie mit '''siem''' gesprochen.</small></span>
!solely ref.
!demonstr.
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">solely ref.</span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">demonstr.</span>
!solely ref.
!demonstr.
|-
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|sier (demonstr.)
|dey/dej
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sier [zi:ɐ̯]</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">dier [di:ɐ̯]</span>
|xier
|dier
|dier
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">hän</span>
|dien
|hen
|diem
|dai
| -
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">hen</span>
|deren
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">dio</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>Mit '''diem''' will ich&nbsp;nichts zu tun&nbsp;haben.&nbsp;'''Dier''' hört mir nie zu!</small></span>
|en
|de [de(:)]
|-
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|xier (ref)<ref name=":9">Heger, Illi Anna (2022): ''Version 3.3: xier Pronomen ohne Geschlecht''. Online at: https://www.annaheger.de/pronomen33/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
|dey/dej; dem(m) [dɛm]
|xier
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sien</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">dien</span>
|xien
|xien
|xiem
|xieser
| -
|<small>Suchst du&nbsp;'''xien'''?'''Xier''' ist im&nbsp;Urlaub.</small>
|-
|xier (demonstr.)
|dier
|dien
|dien
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sin</span>
|diem
| -
|deren
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>Mit '''diem''' will ich&nbsp;nichts zu tun&nbsp;haben.&nbsp;'''Dier''' hört mir nie zu!</small></span>
|-
|hän<ref name=":10">zweisatz (2011): ''HIGH ON CLICHÉS''. ''Glossar''. Online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20230531034450/https://highoncliches.wordpress.com/2011/12/11/glossar/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":11">Pronouns.page (2024): ''hän/sim''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/h%C3%A4n?erweitert (retrieved 02.09.2024).</ref>
|hän
|sin
|sim
|sirer
| -
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>Ich rufe '''sin''' später zurück an, wenn ich mit '''sim''' auch entspannt reden kann.</small></span>
|-
|nona (ref)<ref name=":12">Pronouns.page (2024): ''hen/hem''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/hen?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":13">Moro, Jona/Frank, Noah (2024): ''Das NoNa-System. geschlechtsneutrale deutsche Grammatik''. Online at: https://geschlechtsneutralesdeutsch.com/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
|hen
|hen
|hen
|hem
|henser
| -
|'''<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>Hen</small></span>''' <span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>lächelt  wie&nbsp;du.&nbsp;Bist du mit '''hem''' verwandt?</small></span>
|-
|nona (demonstr.)
|dai
|dai
|dai
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">hen</span>
|dam
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">dio</span>
|dais
|en
| -
|de [de(:)]
|<small>'''Dai''' Tankel, '''dai''' neu hier ist, fragt '''dai''' Ompa, '''dam''' ich&nbsp;mal&nbsp;ein&nbsp;Bild geschenkt habe, wie es hem geht.</small>
|-
|-
!'''Dative'''
|g genus (ref)<ref name=":0">Dominik Jahre (2018): ''Das g-Genus. Merkmale des g-Genus''. Online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20231208170044/https://www.geschlechtsneutral.com/index.html (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
|denen; demm<ref>Nichtbinär-Wiki (2024): ''Pronomen. dey.'' Online at: https://nibi.space/pronomen#dey (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
|hen
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">siem</span>
|hen
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">diem</span>
|xiem
|diem
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sim</span>
|hem
|hem
|dam
|henser
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">hem</span>
| -
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">dero</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>'''Hen''' wohnt mit '''hem''' in einem Reihenhaus.</small></span>
|-
|g genus (demonstr.)
|dio
|dio
|dero
|dero
|dereno
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>'''Dio''' Hansi, '''dereno''' Geschwister ich noch nie getroffen habe, findet '''dio''' Kayan beim Versteckenspielen nie.</small></span>
|-
|de-e (ref)<ref name=":14">Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch e. V. (2024): ''De-e-System''. https://geschlechtsneutral.net/gesamtsystem/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref>
|en
|en
|em
|em
|derm
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|derer/deren
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sieser</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">-</span>
|xieser
| -
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sirer</span>
| henser
| -
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">-</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">-</span>
|enser
|enser
| -
| -
|<small>'''Em''' schmeckt mein Essen nie. Ich will '''en''' nicht mehr einladen.</small>
|-
|-
| colspan="6" |
|de-e (demonstr.)
! colspan="5" |'hen' paradigms
|de [də]/[de(:)]
| colspan="2" |
|de [də]/[de(:)]
|derm
| -
|dersen
|<small>'''De''' Studente, mit '''derm''' ich gestern gesprochen habe, gefällt mir.</small>
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+<small>Personal pronouns: peripheral usage</small>
|+<small>Personal pronouns: peripheral usage</small>
!<small>Paradigm</small>
!
! colspan="2" |<small><span style="color:DarkBlue">SYLVAIN-Konventionen</span><ref>de Sylvain, Cabala/Balzer, Carsten (2008): ''Die SYLVAIN-Konventionen — Versuch einer "geschlechtergerechten" Grammatik-Transformation der deutschen Sprache.'' Online at: https://www.geschlechtsneutral.com/lit/Liminalis-2008-Sylvain-Balzer.pdf (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref></small>
!nom
! colspan="2" |<small>'sir' [zi:<span style="color:DarkBlue">ɐ̯]</span><ref>Nichtbinär-Wiki (2024): ''sir''. Online at: https://nibi.space/pronomen#sir (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":15">Berliner Morgenpost (2017): ''Das sagen Berliner Experten zum Streit ums dritte Geschlecht''. Online at: https://www.morgenpost.de/berlin/article212586881/Das-sagen-Berliner-Experten-zum-Streit-ums-dritte-Geschlecht.html (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref></small>
!acc
!<small><span style="color:DarkBlue">'hen'<sub>2</sub></span><ref>Catboy Jaebeom/Fliederfuchs (2023): ''ASTRI'FA | THE BEARER OF STARS''. Online at: https://catboy-jaebeom.tumblr.com/about (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref></small>
!dat
!<small>'el'<ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''el/em''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/el?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref>Nichtbinär-Wiki (2024): ''el''. Online at: https://nibi.space/pronomen#el (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref></small>
!gen
!<small><span style="color:DarkBlue">'ey'</span><ref>Pronouns.page (2024). ''ey/emm''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/ey?erweitert (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref><ref>Nichtbinär-Wiki (2024): ''ey/em''. Online at: https://nibi.space/pronomen#eyem (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref></small>
|-
|SYLVAIN-Konvent.<ref name=":16">de Sylvain, Cabala/Balzer, Carsten (2008): ''Die SYLVAIN-Konventionen — Versuch einer "geschlechtergerechten" Grammatik-Transformation der deutschen Sprache.'' Online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20240212004055/https://www.geschlechtsneutral.com/lit/Liminalis-2008-Sylvain-Balzer.pdf (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref> (ref)
|nin
|nin
|nim
|nimser
|-
|SYLVAIN-Konvent.<ref name=":16" /> (demonstr.)
|din
|din
|dim
| -
|-
|-
!'''<small>solely referential and/or demonstrative</small>'''
|<small>sir [zi:<span style="color:DarkBlue">ɐ̯]</span><ref name=":17">Nichtbinär-Wiki (2024): ''sir''. Online at: https://nibi.space/pronomen#sir (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":15">Berliner Morgenpost (2017): ''Das sagen Berliner Experten zum Streit ums dritte Geschlecht''. Online at: https://www.morgenpost.de/berlin/article212586881/Das-sagen-Berliner-Experten-zum-Streit-ums-dritte-Geschlecht.html (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref></small> (ref)
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>solely ref.</small></span>
|sir
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>demonstr.</small></span>
|sihn
!<small>solely ref.</small>
|ihrm
!<small>demonstr.</small>
|sihrer
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>syncretic pronoun?</small></span>
!<small>syncretic pronoun?</small>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>syncretic pronoun?</small></span>
|-
|-
!'''<small>Nominative</small>'''
|<small>sir [zi:<span style="color:DarkBlue">ɐ̯]</span><ref name=":17" /><ref name=":15" /></small> (demonstr.)
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>nin</small></span>
|dier
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>din</small></span>
|dien
|<small>sir</small>
|derm
|<small>dier</small>
| -
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>hen</small></span>
|<small>el</small>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>ey</small></span>
|-
|-
!'''<small>Accusative</small>'''
|<small><span style="color:DarkBlue">hen</span><ref>Catboy Jaebeom/Fliederfuchs (2023): ''ASTRI'FA | THE BEARER OF STARS''. Online at: https://catboy-jaebeom.tumblr.com/about (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref></small>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>nin</small></span>
|hen
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>din</small></span>
|han
|<small>sihn</small>
|ham
|<small>dien</small>
| -
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>han</small></span>
|<small>en</small>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>emm</small></span>
|-
|-
!'''<small>Dative</small>'''
|<small>el<ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''el/em''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/el?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref>Nichtbinär-Wiki (2024): ''el''. Online at: https://nibi.space/pronomen#el (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref></small>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>nim</small>
|el
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>dim</small>
|en
|<small>ihrm</small>
|em
|<small>derm</small>
|emser
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>ham</small></span>
|<small>em</small>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>emm</small></span>
|-
|-
!'''<small>Genitive</small>'''
|<small><span style="color:DarkBlue">ey</span><ref>Pronouns.page (2024). ''ey/emm''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/ey?erweitert (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref><ref>Nichtbinär-Wiki (2024): ''ey/em''. Online at: https://nibi.space/pronomen#eyem (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref></small>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>nimser</small>
|ey
| <small>-</small>
|emm
|<small>sihrer</small>
|emm
| <small>-</small>
|eyser
| <small>-</small>
|<small>emser</small>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>eyser</small></span>
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+<small>(almost) Indeclinable personal pronouns</small>
|+<small>(almost) Indeclinable personal pronouns</small>
!<small>Paradigm</small>
!
!<small>'ens'<ref>Lann Hornscheidt in conversation (2021): ''Debatte um Gendersprache: Sie oder er oder wie? „Ich wünsche mir, dass alle erst mal ens sind“.'' In: ''Berliner Zeitung.'' Retrieved 28.04.2021.</ref><ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''ens/ens''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/ens?erweitert (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref></small>
!nom
!<small><span style="color:DarkBlue">'en'</span><ref name=":1">von Usslar, Maria (2019): Er, sie, they, hen: Wie wollen Trans- und Interpersonen bezeichnet werden? In: ''Der'' ''Standard''. Online at: https://www.derstandard.de/story/2000106804139/er-sie-they-hen-wie-wollen-trans-und-interpersonen-bezeichnet (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref><ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''en/en''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/en?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref></small>
!acc
!<small>'iks'<ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''iks/iks''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/iks?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref></small>
!dat
!gen
|-
|-
!<small>Nominative</small>
|<small>ens<ref>Lann Hornscheidt in conversation (2021): ''Debatte um Gendersprache: Sie oder er oder wie? „Ich wünsche mir, dass alle erst mal ens sind“.'' In: ''Berliner Zeitung.'' Retrieved 28.04.2021.</ref><ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''ens/ens''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/ens?erweitert (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref></small>
|<small>ens</small>
|ens
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>en</small></span>
|ens
|<small>iks</small>
|ens
|enser
|-
|-
!<small>Accusative</small>
|<small><span style="color:DarkBlue">en</span><ref name=":1" /><ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''en/en''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/en?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref></small>
|<small>ens</small>
|en
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>en</small></span>
|en
|<small>iks</small>
|en
|-
|enser
!<small>Dative</small>
|<small>ens</small>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>en</small></span>
|<small>iks</small>
|-
|-
!<small>Genitive</small>
|<small>iks<ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''iks/iks''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/iks?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref></small>
|<small>enser</small>
|iks
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>enser</small></span>
|iks
|<small>ikser</small>
|iks
|ikser
|}
|}
For an exhaustive list of all existent neopronouns, see https://nibi.space/pronomen#pronomen or https://de.pronouns.page/pronomen


=== Possessive adjectives ===
=== Possessive adjectives ===
For the sake of clarity, the neuter grammatical gender is omitted from this table.
For the sake of clarity, the neuter grammatical gender is omitted from this table.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Inclusive possessive adjective (possessor of any gender)
|+Inclusive possessive adjective (ownership of any gender)
!Paradigm
!
! colspan="3" |'dey/dej'<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />
!nom
! colspan="3" |<span style="color:DarkBlue">'sier' Version 2.1</span><ref name=":8" />
!acc
! colspan="3" |'xier' Version 3.3<ref name=":9" />
!dat
! colspan="3" |<span style="color:DarkBlue">'hän'</span><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />
!gen
! colspan="3" |NoNa-System<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />
|-
! colspan="3" |<span style="color:DarkBlue">g-Genus</span><ref name=":0" />
|'dey/dej'<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />
! colspan="3" |De-e-System<ref name=":14" />
each gender
| colspan="4" |deren
|-
|-
!Gender of the possessed object
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">'sier' Version 2.1</span><ref name=":8" />m
!masc.
f
!fem.
x
!incl.
|sies
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">masc.</span>
siese
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">fem.</span>
siesa
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">incl.</span>
|siesen
!masc.
siese
!fem.
siesan
!incl.
|siesem
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">masc.</span>
sieser
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">fem.</span>
siesam
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">incl.</span>
|sieses
!masc.
sieser
!fem.
siesas
!incl.
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">masc.</span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">fem.</span>
!<span style="color:DarkBlue">incl.</span>
!masc.
!fem.
!incl.
|-
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|'xier' Version 3.3<ref name=":9" />
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |deren
m
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sies</span>
f
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">siese</span>
x
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">siesa</span>
|xies
|xies
|xiese
xiese
|xiesa
xiesa
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sir</span>
|xiesen
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sire</span>
xiese
| -
xiesan
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |hens
|xiesem
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">hens</span>
xieser
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">hense</span>
xiesam
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">henseo</span>
|xieses
|ens
xieser
|ense
xiesas
|-
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">'hän'</span><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />m
f
x
|sir
sire
-
|siren
sire
-
|sirem
sirer
-
|sires
sirer
-
|-
|NoNa-System<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />
each gender
| colspan="4" |hens
|-
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">g-Genus</span><ref name=":0" />m
f
x
|hens
hense
henseo
|hensen
hense
henseo
|hensem
henser
hensero
|henses
henser
hensero
|-
|De-e-System<ref name=":14" />
m
f
x 3rd p
x 1rd p
x 2nd p
|ens
|ens
ense
ens
unse
eue
|ensen
ense
ens
unse
eue
|ensem
enser
enserm
unsererm
unserers
|enses
enser
ensers
unserers
eurers
|}
The possessiv adjectives 'deren' and 'hens' offer the advantage of being easily learnable. As for the possessives suggested by the g-Genus, aside from appearing on nonbinary grammatical websites, they don't seem to have gained much popularity on online platforms. The possessive adjectives from the 'hän' paradigm are phonetically similar to the ones of the system proposed by Kathrin Kunkel-Razum, the editor-in-chief of the Duden.<ref name=":15" />
=== Article pronouns, possessive pronouns ===
Unlike possessive adjectives ('dein Eis', 'ihr Bleistift', 'unser Löffel'), possessive pronouns ('deins', 'ihrer', 'unserer') stand for the entire possessed object, so they are not followed by a noun or hierarchically tied to one. Thus, they act as an autonomous, unbreakable syntactic unit.
Article pronouns can both function as articles and pronouns without undergoing any formal changes (ex.: Diesen (Pulli) mag ich nicht.).<ref>Ertl, Martin (2022): ''Kasusauffälligkeiten in Lerntexten''. Bielefeld: wbv Publikation, p. 53.</ref> For that reason, demonstratives that also function as pragmatically marked personal pronouns (see table 'Personal pronouns: dominant usage'), are considered article pronouns too, as they can refer to an entire syntagma on their own, or accompany/precede a noun (ex.: Den (Julian) mag ich nicht). In the De-e-system, however, the declension of the demonstrative personal pronoun is different from the other article pronouns.<ref>Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch e. V (2023): ''Demonstrativ-/Relativpronomen''. Online at: https://geschlechtsneutral.net/deklinationstabellen/ (retrieved 28.03.2024).</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Inclusive possessive and article pronouns (genderneutral/-inclusive owned object)'''
!
!nom
!acc
!dat
!gen
|-
|dey/dej<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" />
| colspan="4" |derer
|-
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|nona (ex with jede-r-s) <ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">siesen</span>
|jenai
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">siese</span>
|jenai
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">siesan</span>
|jenam
|xiesen
| -
|xiese
|xiesan
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">siren</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sire</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"> -</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">hensen</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">hense</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">henseo</span>
|ensen
|ense
|ens
|-
|-
!'''Dative'''
|g genus (ex with jede-r-s)<ref name=":0" />
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">siesem</span>
|jedeo
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sieser</span>
|jedeo
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">siesam</span>
|jedero
|xiesem
| -
|xieser
|xiesam
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sirem</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sirer</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"> -</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">hensem</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">henser</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">hensero</span>
|ensem
|enser
|enserm
|-
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|de-e (ex with eins-e-er)<ref name=":14" />
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sieses</span>
|einey
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sieser</span>
|einey
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">siesas</span>
|einerm
|xieses
| -
|xieser
|xiesas
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sires</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sirer</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"> -</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">henses</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">henser</span>
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">hensero</span>
|enses
|enser
|ensers
|}
|}
The possessiv pronouns 'deren' and 'hens' offer the advantage of being easily learnable. As for the possessive adjectives suggested by the g-Genus, aside from appearing on nonbinary grammatical websites, they haven't gained much popularity. The possessive adjectives from the 'hän' paradigm are phonetically similar to the ones of the system proposed by Kathrin Kunkel-Razum, the editor-in-chief of the Duden.<ref name=":15" />
(the other sets don't have data yet to add)
 
=== '''Indefinite pronoun''' ===
In German, there is the indefinite pronoun "man". This is used in everyday language regardless of gender. But the fact that it sounds exactly like the word "Mann" makes some people uncomfortable. A few decades ago, feminist language critics suggested using alternatives such as "frau" or "mensch". However, the word "frau" only evokes one gender, so it has no real advantage over "man".
 
From a linguistic history perspective, "man" is an Old High German noun that had the gender-neutral meaning of the word "human" and only later took on the meaning "man" as a noun.
 
The form "man" is only used in the nominative. In the dative and accusative, the forms "einem" and "einen" are used as indefinite pronouns; there is no genitive form of the indefinite pronoun in German.
 
"Mensch" and "eins" are suggested alternatives to the subject form of “man”. "einem"/"einen" would stay the same.


=== Titles ===
=== Titles ===
Line 372: Line 456:
* Professx<ref>http://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/wunderbar/gendertheorie-studierx-lann-hornscheidt-ueber-gerechte-sprache-a-965843.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20230421011215/https://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/wunderbar/gendertheorie-studierx-lann-hornscheidt-ueber-gerechte-sprache-a-965843.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>, abgekürzt Prof. oder Profx. - nonstandard
* Professx<ref>http://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/wunderbar/gendertheorie-studierx-lann-hornscheidt-ueber-gerechte-sprache-a-965843.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20230421011215/https://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/wunderbar/gendertheorie-studierx-lann-hornscheidt-ueber-gerechte-sprache-a-965843.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>, abgekürzt Prof. oder Profx. - nonstandard


=== Family and relationship terms ===
=== Family, relationship and people terms ===
See also: [https://nibi.space/nichtbin%C3%A4re_w%C3%B6rter Nichtbinäre Wörter] at Nichtbinär-Wiki
See also: [https://nibi.space/nichtbin%C3%A4re_w%C3%B6rter Nichtbinäre Wörter] at Nichtbinär-Wiki


Line 389: Line 473:
* Großes - standard
* Großes - standard
* Enbie, Enby - instead of Mädchen/Junge/Bub, nonstandard
* Enbie, Enby - instead of Mädchen/Junge/Bub, nonstandard
* Spross/nachkomme, means sprogeny/offspring/descendant


'''Aunt/Uncle'''
'''Aunt/Uncle'''
Line 410: Line 495:
* Batter
* Batter
* Cousibling
* Cousibling
* Cousinir
* Cousir/Cousinir
* Couson
* Seitschwister
* Seitschwister


Line 426: Line 510:
* Brüderin, Brüder*in - nonstandard
* Brüderin, Brüder*in - nonstandard
* Geschwister - standard, but not commonly used
* Geschwister - standard, but not commonly used
* Geschwisterchen - standard, but old fashioned and usually used for very young siblings
* Geschwisterchen - standard but old fashioned and usually used for very young siblings
* Große/Ältere Geschwister - big/older sibling
* Große/Ältere Geschwister - big/older sibling
* Kleine/Jüngere Geschwister - little/younger sibling
* Kleine/Jüngere Geschwister - little/younger sibling
Line 433: Line 517:


* Brautpartnir - nonstandard
* Brautpartnir - nonstandard
* Brautpartchen - nonstandard
* Eheperson
* Eheperson
* Ehepartei
* Ehepartei
Line 440: Line 523:
*Eheperson
*Eheperson
*Eheherzperson
*Eheherzperson
* Freund - nonstandard
* Freun - nonstandard
* Freundir - nonstandard
* Freunir/Freundir - nonstandard
* Freund*in
* Freund*in
* Gattir - nonstandard, oldfashion, from Gattin/Gatte
* Gattir - nonstandard, oldfashion, from Gattin/Gatte
Line 450: Line 533:
* Liebschaft
* Liebschaft
* Paarteil
* Paarteil
* Partchen - nonstandard
* Partner*in
* Partner*in
* Partnir - nonstandard
* Partnir - nonstandard
Line 456: Line 538:
'''In-law'''
'''In-law'''


* Schwageron - nonstandard, sibling-in-law
* Schwiegerelter - nonstandard, parent-in-law
* Schwiegerelter - nonstandard, parent-in-law
* Schwiegergeschwister - nonstandard, sibling-in-law
* Schwiegergeschwister - nonstandard, sibling-in-law
Line 462: Line 543:
* Schwiegerperson - in-law person
* Schwiegerperson - in-law person
* Schwiegschwister - nonstandard, sibling-in-law
* Schwiegschwister - nonstandard, sibling-in-law
* Schwägir - nonstandard, sibling-in-law
* Schwägir/Schwageron - nonstandard, sibling-in-law


'''Other'''
'''Other'''
Line 470: Line 551:
* Brautentourage - nonstandard neutral word for wedding entourage
* Brautentourage - nonstandard neutral word for wedding entourage
* Erwachsene Person - neutral word for adult
* Erwachsene Person - neutral word for adult
* Hauspartnir/Hauspartchen - nonstandard neutral word for housespouse
* Hauspartnir - nonstandard neutral word for housespouse


* Hauselter - nonstandard neutral word for houseparent
* Hauselter - nonstandard neutral word for houseparent
* Jemensch - non-male-generalizing alternative to jemand
* Jugenlicher/Jungere Person - neutral word for youth/young person
* Jugenlicher/Jungere Person - neutral word for youth/young person
* Köni - nonstandard neutral alternative to queen (königin) and king (könig)
* Niemensch - non-male-generalizing alternative to niemand
* Könilich - nonstandard neutral alternative to royal (königlich)
* Leut - nonstandard singular version of ''Leute''
* Leut - nonstandard singular version of ''leute''
* Leute - standard word for people
* Leute - standard word for people
* Prin/Kronprin - nonstandard alternatives for princess/prince and crownprincess/crownprince
* Thronfolger - neutral word for crownprincess/crownprince
* Regent/Monarch - standard neutral alternatives to queen and king
* Reich - neutral alternative to kingdom (königreich)
* Trauzeugir - nonstandard neutral alternative to ''trauzeugin/brautjungfern'' and ''trauzeuge(n)''
* Trauzeugir - nonstandard neutral alternative to ''trauzeugin/brautjungfern'' and ''trauzeuge(n)''
* Verehrte Publikum/Gäste/Leute - neutral alternative to "ladies and gentlemen"
* Verehrte/Liebe Publikum/Gäste/Leute/Menschen - neutral alternative to "ladies and gentlemen"


* Verheirateten - neutral alternative to married couple
* Verheirateten - neutral alternative to married couple
* Witwir - neutral alternative to widowed person/wid
* Älterer person - neutral alternative to old woman and old man
* Älterer person - neutral alternative to old woman and old man
=== Other terms ===
* Bürgir/Bürgeron - nonstandard neutral word for citizen
* Chirurgir
* Doktir/Doktoron
* Kollegir
* Könir - nonstandard neutral alternative to queen (königin) and king (könig)
* Könirlich - nonstandard neutral alternative to royal (königlich)
* Mittbewohnir - nonstandard neutral alternative to mittbewhonerin/mittbewohner
* Lehrir/Lehreron
* Prin/Kronprin - nonstandard alternatives for princess/prince and crownprincess/crownprince. Can also be described as "königlicher Nachkomme" (royal descendant), "königlicher Erbe" (royal heir) or "königliche Partner/Partnir/Gema (durch Heirat)" (royal partner/consort, through marriage)
* Professir/Professoron - nonstandard alternatives for professor
* Schülir/Schüleron - nonstandard alternatives for school-student
* Studentir - nonstandard alternative for student
* Thronfolger - neutral word for crownprincess/crownprince
* Regent/Monarch - standard neutral alternatives to queen and king
* Reich/Könirreich - neutral alternatives to kingdom (königreich)


== See also ==
== See also ==
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