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Gender neutral language in Swedish: Difference between revisions

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{{Template:Gender neutral language}}  
{{Template:Gender neutral language}}  
<translate><!--T:1--> The Swedish language has two grammatical genders, common and neuter. Swedish is easier than gender neutral language (also called gender inclusive language) in many other languages, because its grammatical gender is less pervasive than in languages like German or French. See the main article on gender neutral language for general reasons to use neutral language, common problems in using it, and its use for nonbinary people.</translate>
<translate><!--T:1--> The Swedish language has two grammatical genders, common and neuter. Swedish is easier than gender-neutral/gender-inclusive language in many other languages, because its grammatical gender is less pervasive than in languages like German or French. See the main article on gender neutral language for general reasons to use neutral language, common problems in using it, and its use for gender-diverse people.</translate>


==<translate><!--T:2--> Pronouns</translate>==  
==<translate><!--T:2--> Pronouns</translate>==  
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===<translate><!--T:19--> Generic pronoun</translate>===  
===<translate><!--T:19--> Generic pronoun</translate>===  
<translate><!--T:20--> To refer to people in general in Swedish, the pronouns "man/en/en" (one/one/one’s) or "en/en/ens" (one/one/one’s) can be used. Swedish’s generic pronoun man/en/ens has been discussed for being androcentric, and some people have opted to use en/en/ens instead to make it gender inclusive. The word "man" may have the meaning of "human" in addition to the meaning "male person", but this word is still more associated with male people. Using "en" instead of "man" is not only more gender-inclusivity through being non-male-generalizing, but it is also frequently practiced in some of Sweden's regions, so it is a natural grammatical dialect variation in the Swedish language. </translate>
<translate><!--T:20--> To refer to people in general in Swedish, the pronouns "man/en/en" (one/one/one’s) or "en/en/ens" (one/one/one’s) can be used. Swedish’s generic pronoun man/en/ens has been discussed for being male-generalizing, and some people have opted to use en/en/ens instead to make it gender inclusive. The word "man" may have the meaning of "human" in addition to the meaning "male person", but this word is still more associated with male people. Using "en" instead of "man" is not only more gender-inclusivity through being non-male-generalizing, but it is also frequently practiced in some of Sweden's regions, so it is a natural grammatical dialect variation in the Swedish language. </translate>


== <translate><!--T:21--> Gender-inclusive formulations</translate> ==
== <translate><!--T:21--> Gender-inclusive formulations</translate> ==
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===<translate><!--T:24--> Honorary titles</translate>===  
===<translate><!--T:24--> Honorary titles</translate>===  


<translate><!--T:25--> In older Swedish, titles/phrases based on one's gender have been used to mention/adress someone with politeness/formality i.e. fru, fröken, dam, herr, mister etc. This has also been used in front of profession titles, e.g. fru/herr Minister. This is rather an obsolete practice and is only used in a few select cases. In modern Swedish, when mentioning or adressing someone more formally, one should instead use both first name and last name or only last name without any title. An innovative option could be to use only the first name's initial and then the last name. Another innovative option would be to use formal plural forms with a capital letter, e.g. ”Tack Ni minister!” (Thank You minister!), ”Hej! Ni Andersson.” (Hi! You Andersson.), ”Låt De minister tala till punkt.” (Let They minister speak.), ”De Andersson har godkänt begäran.” (They Andersson have accepted the request.). In addition, you can use words such as "sällskapet" (the company) if you want to be polite regarding a person's companion.
<translate><!--T:25--> In older Swedish, titles/phrases based on one's gender have been used to mention/adress someone with politeness/formality i.e. fru, fröken, dam, herr, mister etc. This has also been used in front of profession titles, e.g. fru/herr Minister. This is rather an obsolete practice and is only used in a few select cases. In modern Swedish, to mention or adress someone more formally, one should instead use both first name and last name or only last name without any title. An innovative option could be to use only the first name's initial and then the last name. Another innovative option would be to use formal plural forms with a capital letter, e.g. ”Tack Ni minister!” (Thank You minister!), ”Hej! Ni Andersson.” (Hi! You Andersson.), ”Låt De minister tala till punkt.” (Let They minister speak.), ”De Andersson har godkänt begäran.” (They Andersson have accepted the request.). In addition, you can use words such as "sällskapet" (the company) if you want to be formal regarding a person's companion.


<u>Exemple sentences:</u>
<u>Exemple sentences:</u>
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===<translate><!--T:26--> Adjective conjugations: E-form → A-form</translate>===  
===<translate><!--T:26--> Adjective conjugations: E-form → A-form</translate>===  


<translate><!--T:27--> The adjective conjugation for things in the singular definite form has historically had two inflections in Swedish, the a-form (Feminine: den glad<u>a</u> flickan. Neutral: det glad<u>a</u> barnet) and the e-form (Masculine: den glad<u>e</u> pojken). The e-form is not frequently used today, but it is still worth mentioning that the a-form is the standard in modern Swedish as masculine and feminine grammatical gender are no longer separated, and by using only the a-form, the language becomes more gender-neutral and continuous.
<translate><!--T:27--> The adjective conjugation for things in the singular definite form has historically had two versions in Swedish, the a-form (Feminine: den glad<u>a</u> flickan. Neuter: det glad<u>a</u> barnet) and the e-form (Masculine: den glad<u>e</u> pojken). The e-form is not frequently used today, but it is still worth mentioning that the a-form is the standard in modern Swedish as the masculine and feminine grammatical genders are no longer separated, and by using only the a-form, the language becomes more gender-neutral and continuous.
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* '''Wawa.''' Neutral, informal, nonstandard. Wawa is pronounced with "English w:s". Wawa is similar to mamma (mom) and pappa (dad) in that it consists of repetitive phonemes that are physically easy for smaller children to pronounce. Wawa is a good addition among the Swedish parental words as it provides a completely gender-neutral alternative with similarities of mamma and pappa that do not have an origin in the gender binary.
* '''Wawa.''' Neutral, informal, nonstandard. Wawa is pronounced with "English w:s". Wawa is similar to mamma (mom) and pappa (dad) in that it consists of repetitive phonemes that are physically easy for smaller children to pronounce. Wawa is a good addition among the Swedish parental words as it provides a completely gender-neutral alternative with similarities of mamma and pappa that do not have an origin in the gender binary.


*'''Medföräldern.''' Neutral, formal, standard. Means co-parent. This term can be used gender-inclusive, but it's a matter of preference for each individual. Some people do not want to be gendered, some do, what the person sees as most appropriate should be respected.
*'''Medföräldern.''' Neutral, formal, standard. Means co-parent. This term can be used gender-inclusively, but it's a matter of preference for each individual. Some people do not want to be gendered, some do, what the person sees as most appropriate should be respected.
*'''Gravida/Gravida personer.''' Neutral, formal, standard. Means pregnant people. This term can be used instead of "pregnant women" as a gender-inclusive term, but it's a matter of preference for each individual, some people do not want to be gendered, some do, what the person sees as most appropriate should be respected.
*'''Gravida/Gravida personer.''' Neutral, formal, standard. Means pregnant people. These terms can be used instead of "pregnant women" as a gender-inclusive alternative, but it's a matter of preference for each individual. Some people do not want to be gendered, some do, what the person sees as most appropriate should be respected.
*'''Födande föräldern/gravida föräldern.''' Neutral, formal, standard. Means "birthing parent/pregnant parent". This term can be used instead of "the mother" as a gender-inclusive term but also without designating a parental status for surrogates, but it's a matter of preference for each individual, some people do not want to be gendered, some do, what the person sees as most appropriate should be respected.
*'''Födande föräldern/gravida föräldern.''' Neutral, formal, standard. Means "birthing parent/pregnant parent". This term can be used instead of "the mother" as a gender-inclusive alternative but also without designating a parental status for surrogates, but it's a matter of preference for each individual. Some people do not want to be gendered, some do, what the person sees as most appropriate should be respected.
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*'''Förförälder.''' Neutral, nonstandard but will be understood. Means grandparent. Förförälder can be used both as a collective word for grandparents, but also to designate a parent's parent as gender-neutral. Förföräldrar also serves as an alternative word to förfäder (forefathers). Förförälder is not included in modern dictionaries, but förföräldrar are mentioned in SAOB (The Swedish Academy's dictionary).
*'''Förförälder.''' Neutral, nonstandard but will be understood. Means grandparent. Förförälder can be used both as a collective word for grandparents, but also to designate a parent's parent as gender-neutral. Förföräldrar also serves as an alternative gender-inclusive word to förfäder (forefathers). Förförälder is not included in modern dictionaries, but "förföräldrar" is mentioned in SAOB (The Swedish Academy's dictionary).
*'''Förför.''' Neutral, nonstandard. Means grandy/grandma/grandpa. Förför ought to be pronounced with "short ö:s" to not confuse it with the word "förför" which means "seduce" (which is pronounced with s short first ö and long second ö). Förför is an alternative that fits well together in the pattern of mormor (maternal mother, standard), farmor (paternal mother, standard), morfar (maternal father, standard) and farfar (paternal father, standard).
*'''Förför.''' Neutral, nonstandard. Means grandy/grandma/grandpa. Förför ought to be pronounced with "short ö:s" to not confuse it with the word "förför" which means "seduce" (which is pronounced with a short first ö and long second ö). Förför is an alternative that fits well together in the pattern of mormor (maternal mother, standard), farmor (paternal mother, standard), morfar (maternal father, standard) and farfar (paternal father, standard).
*'''Morför.''' Partially neutral, nonstandard. Means maternal grandparent.
*'''Morför.''' Partially neutral, nonstandard. Means maternal grandparent.
*'''Farför.''' Partially neutral, nonstandard. Means paternal grandparent.
*'''Farför.''' Partially neutral, nonstandard. Means paternal grandparent.
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*'''Gamling.''' Neutral, standard. Means elderly person.
*'''Gamling.''' Neutral, standard. Means elderly person.
*'''Gemene folk/personer/människor.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means "people/persons/humans in general" and can be used as non-androgeneralizing alternatives for "gemene man" (common man).
*'''Gemene folk/personer/människor.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means "people/persons/humans in general" and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "gemene man" (common man).


*'''Gudbarn.''' Neutral, standard. Means godchild.
*'''Gudbarn.''' Neutral, standard. Means godchild.
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*'''Hemmapartner, hemmaförälder.''' Neutral, standard. Means housepartner/housespouse and stay-at-home parent.
*'''Hemmapartner, hemmaförälder.''' Neutral, standard. Means housepartner/housespouse and stay-at-home parent.
*'''Lekperson/Lekfolk.''' Neutral, standard. Means layperson/laypeople and can be used as a non-androgeneralizing alternative for "lekman/lekmän" (layman/laymen).
*'''Lekperson/Lekfolk.''' Neutral, standard. Means layperson/laypeople and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "lekman/lekmän" (layman/laymen).
*'''Ni!/Hörrni!/Folk!.''' Neutral, standard. Means “you” and “folk(s)”, can be used when calling multiple people instead of saying girls and/or guys.
*'''Ni!/Hörrni!/Folk!.''' Neutral, standard. Means “you” and “folk(s)”, can be used when calling multiple people instead of saying girls and/or guys.
*'''Prin, kronprin.''' Neutral, nonstandard. Means princess/prince and crownprincess/crownprince. Prin provides a completely gender-neutral alternative to princess and prince. It can be used to designate a royal person's child or consort as gender-neutral. The married partner of a prin is called pringemål. Kronprin is used to designate a royal heir as gender-neutral.
*'''Prin, kronprin.''' Neutral, nonstandard. Means princess/prince and crownprincess/crownprince. Prin provides a completely gender-neutral alternative to princess and prince. It can be used to designate a royal person's child or consort as gender-neutral. The married partner of a prin is called pringemål. Kronprin is used to designate a royal heir as gender-neutral.
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*'''Vuxen.''' Neutral, standard. Means adult.
*'''Vuxen.''' Neutral, standard. Means adult.


*'''Vännen.''' Neutral, standard. Means "the friend" but can be used as a gender-neutral alternativ to gumma respektive gubbe, which are juvenile terms alike English's buddy/kid. (While gumma and gubbe can be used in a juvenile way, they also mean old-woman and old-man respectively)
*'''Vännen.''' Neutral, standard. Means "the friend" but can be used as a gender-neutral alternativ to gumman respektive gubben, which are juvenile terms alike English's buddy/kid. (While gumman and gubben can be used in a juvenile way, they also mean "the old-woman" and "the old-man" respectively)
*'''Änkeperson.''' Neutral, standard. Means widowed person.
*'''Änkeperson.''' Neutral, standard. Means widowed person.
*'''Ärade/kära publik/gäster/vänner/folk.''' Neutral, standard. Gender-inclusive way of saying “ladies & gentlemen”.
*'''Ärade/kära publik/gäster/vänner/folk.''' Neutral, standard. Gender-inclusive way of saying “ladies & gentlemen”.
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*'''Allesrätt.''' Neutral, nonstandard. Neutral non-androgeneralizing alternative for "allemansrätt" ("all-man's-right", right of public access)
*'''Allesrätt.''' Neutral, nonstandard. Neutral non-male-generalizing alternative for "allemansrätt" ("all-man's-right", right of public access)
*'''Arbetsstyrka/Arbetskraft, teamstyrka/lagstyrka, personalstyrka.''' Means workforce-team/staff/crew strength/force/power and can be used as non-androgeneralizing alternatives for "manstyrka" (man power).
*'''Arbetsstyrka/Arbetskraft, teamstyrka/lagstyrka, personalstyrka.''' Means workforce, team/staff/crew strength/force/power and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "manstyrka" (man power).
*'''Besättning/Personal/Rekrytering-Personalbesättning.''' Neutral, standard-nonstandard. Means staff/crew/recuitment and can be used as non-androgeneralizing alternatives for bemanning ("manning").
*'''Besättning/Personal/Rekrytering-Personalbesättning.''' Neutral, standard-nonstandard. Means staff/crew/recuitment and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for bemanning ("manning").
*'''B’nei mitzvah/B’nai mitzvah (plural)/B mitzvah.''' Neutral, nonstandard. Gender-neutral alternative to bat mitzvah and bar mitzvah.
*'''B’nei mitzvah/B’nai mitzvah (plural)/B mitzvah.''' Neutral, nonstandard. Gender-neutral alternative to bat mitzvah and bar mitzvah.
*'''Elvaspelsplan.''' Neutral, standard. Means eleven-payers-field and can be used as a non-androgeneralizing alternative for "elvamannaplan" (eleven-man's-field).
*'''Elvaspelsplan.''' Neutral, standard. Means eleven-payers-field and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "elvamannaplan" (eleven-man's-field).


* '''Enpersonsjobb.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means one-person's-jobb and can be used as a non-androgeneralizing alternative for "enmansjobb" (one-man's-job).
* '''Enpersonsjobb.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means one-person's-job and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "enmansjobb" (one-man's-job).
* '''Förtrollare/Trollkonstnär/Förhäxare/Häxkonstnär/Magiker.''' Neutral. Means enchanter/enchantment artist/bewitcher/witchcrafter-witchcraft artist/magician and can be used as non-androgeneralizing alternatives for "trollkarl" (magic/enchanter-man, warlock/wizard). They can also be used to avoid the feminine connotation to häxa (witch).
* '''Förtrollare/Trollkonstnär/Förhäxare/Häxkonstnär/Magiker.''' Neutral. Means enchanter/enchantment artist/bewitcher/witchcrafter/witchcraft artist/magician and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "trollkarl" (magic/enchanter-man, warlock/wizard). They can also be used to avoid the feminine connotations to "häxa" (witch).
*'''Föräldraskap.''' Neutral, standard. Means parenthood and can be used as a a gender-neutral alternative to motherhood and fatherhood.
*'''Föräldraskap.''' Neutral, standard. Means parenthood and can be used as a a gender-neutral alternative to motherhood and fatherhood.


* '''Gudom/Gud.''' Neutral, standard. Means deity/god and can be used as gender-neutral terms instead of separating gud (god) and gudinna (godess).
* '''Gudom/Gud.''' Neutral, standard. Means deity/god and can be used as gender-neutral terms instead of separating gud (god) and gudinna (godess).
* '''Huskost/Hushållskost.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means house/household-diet/cuisine (traditional home cooked food) and can be used as a non-androgeneralizing alternative for "husmanskost" (house-man's-diet/cuisine).
* '''Huskost/Hushållskost.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means house/household-diet/cuisine (traditional home cooked food) and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "husmanskost" (house-man's-diet/cuisine).
* '''Härskarvälde.''' Neutral, standard. Means reign/rulerreign/rulership and can be use as a non-androcentric alternative to "herravälde" ("male-"lordreign).
* '''Härskarvälde.''' Neutral, standard. Means reign/rulerreign/rulership and can be use as a non-male-centric alternative to "herravälde" ("male-"lordreign).
* '''Karaktär.''' Neutral, standard. Means character/playing-character and can be used as non-androgeneralizing alternatives for "spelgubbe/gubbe" (playing-man/man).
* '''Karaktär.''' Neutral, standard. Means character/game-character and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "spelgubbe/gubbe" (game-man/man).
* '''LEGO-figur/LEGO-minifigur.''' Neutral, standard. Means LEGO-figure/LEGO-minifigure and can be used as a non-androgeneralizing alternative for "LEGO-gubbe" (LEGO-man).
* '''LEGO-figur/LEGO-minifigur.''' Neutral, standard. Means LEGO-figure/LEGO-minifigure and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "LEGO-gubbe" (LEGO-man).
*'''Parentonym.''' Neutral, nonstandard. This can be used as a hypernym of matronym and patronym, but also to refer to such names in a gender-neutral sense.
*'''Parentonym.''' Neutral, nonstandard. This can be used as a hypernym of matronym and patronym, but also to refer to such names in a gender-neutral sense.
*'''Parriarkat.''' Neutral, nonstandard. This refers to matriarchal and/or patriarchal social systems. See the English parriarch with the prefix parr- (kin).
*'''Parriarkat.''' Neutral, nonstandard. This refers to matriarchal and/or patriarchal social systems. See the English parriarch with the prefix parr- (kin).
*'''Polttare.''' Neutral, semi-standard loanword from Finnish. Means bach party and can be used as a gender-neutral alternative to bachelorette party and bachelor party.
*'''Polttare.''' Neutral, semi-standard loanword from Finnish. Means bach party and can be used as a gender-neutral alternative to möhippa (bachelorette party) and svensexa (bachelor party).
*'''Rojal.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means royal and can be used as a non-androgeneralizing alternative for "kunglig" (meaning royal but is formed like "kingly").
*'''Rojal.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means royal and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "kunglig" (meaning royal but is formed like "kingly").
*'''Snöfigur/Snövän/Snöperson.''' Neutral, will be unserstood. Means snowfigure/snowfriend/snowperson and can be used as non-androgeneralizing alternatives for "snögubbe" (snowman).
*'''Snöfigur/Snövän/Snöperson.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means snowfigure/snowfriend/snowperson and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "snögubbe" (snowman).
*'''Starkast på täppan, högst på täppan.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means Strongest/Highest on the Hill and can be used as gender-inclusive alternatives to refer to the game commonly called "Herren på Täppan/Herreman på Täppan" (Lord/Lordman on the Hill).
*'''Starkast på täppan, högst på täppan.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means Strongest/Highest on the Hill and can be used as gender-inclusive alternatives to refer to the game commonly called "Herren på Täppan/Herreman på Täppan" (Lord/Lordman on the Hill).


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