Gender neutral language in German: Difference between revisions
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{{see also|Pronouns#German neutral pronouns|German neutral pronouns}} | {{see also|Pronouns#German neutral pronouns|German neutral pronouns}} | ||
{{Template:Gender neutral language}} | {{Template:Gender neutral language}} | ||
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<u>Shortened/-ir/-on</u> | <u>Shortened/-ir/-on</u> | ||
* Begleitir | * Begleitir | ||
* Cousir/Cousinir/ | * Chirurgir | ||
* Cousir/Cousinir | |||
* Doktir/Doktoron | |||
* Freundir | * Freundir | ||
* Gattir (Gattin/Gatte) | * Gattir (Gattin/Gatte) | ||
* Heiratir | * Heiratir | ||
* Könir | * Könir | ||
* Lehrir/Lehreron | |||
* Partnir | * Partnir | ||
* Professir/Professoron | |||
* Schägir/Schwageron | * Schägir/Schwageron | ||
* Trauzeugir | * Trauzeugir | ||
* Verlobtir | * Verlobtir | ||
* Witwir | * Witwir | ||
| Line 93: | Line 91: | ||
====== hen ====== | ====== hen ====== | ||
In the German version from ''Kivi & Monsterhund'' from Jesper Lundqvist and Bettina Johansson, the protagonist, Kivi, who is referred to with the Swedish gender neutral pronoun 'hen', is referred to with the same pronoun in the German translation from Jochen Barthel.<ref>Lundqvist, Jesper/Johansson, Bettina (2019): ''Kivi & Monsterhund''. Berlin: Maria Benson Verlag.</ref> 'hen' also seems to be used by some bloggers,<ref>Annat75pyz (2023): ''Benutzt du das Pronomen "hen"?''. Online at: https://www.gutefrage.net/sprache-literatur-raetsel/deutsche-sprache/grammatik-rechtschreibung/frage/nenutzt-du-das-pronomen-hen (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref> instagrammers, and to be currently perceived as popular.<ref>Erhardt, Melissa (2022): Dey, Xier, Hen: Was es mit genderneutralen (Neo-)Pronomen auf sich hat. In: ''radio FM4''. Online at: https://fm4.orf.at/stories/3025024/ (retrieved 09.02,2024).</ref><ref name=":1" /> | In the German version from ''Kivi & Monsterhund'' from Jesper Lundqvist and Bettina Johansson, the protagonist, Kivi, who is referred to with the Swedish gender neutral pronoun 'hen', is referred to with the same pronoun in the German translation from Jochen Barthel.<ref>Lundqvist, Jesper/Johansson, Bettina (2019): ''Kivi & Monsterhund''. Berlin: Maria Benson Verlag.</ref> 'hen' also seems to be used by some bloggers,<ref>Annat75pyz (2023): ''Benutzt du das Pronomen "hen"?''. Online at: https://www.gutefrage.net/sprache-literatur-raetsel/deutsche-sprache/grammatik-rechtschreibung/frage/nenutzt-du-das-pronomen-hen (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref> instagrammers, and to be currently perceived as popular.<ref>Erhardt, Melissa (2022): Dey, Xier, Hen: Was es mit genderneutralen (Neo-)Pronomen auf sich hat. In: ''radio FM4''. Online at: https://fm4.orf.at/stories/3025024/ (retrieved 09.02,2024).</ref><ref name=":1">von Usslar, Maria (2019): Er, sie, they, hen: Wie wollen Trans- und Interpersonen bezeichnet werden? In: ''Der'' ''Standard''. Online at: https://www.derstandard.de/story/2000106804139/er-sie-they-hen-wie-wollen-trans-und-interpersonen-bezeichnet (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref> | ||
====== en ====== | ====== en ====== | ||
| Line 104: | Line 102: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Primary and demonstrative personal pronouns, relative pronoun and definite article: dominant usage | |+Primary and demonstrative personal pronouns, relative pronoun and definite article: dominant usage | ||
! | ! | ||
! | !nom | ||
! | !acc | ||
! | !dat | ||
! | !gen | ||
! | !gen: relative | ||
!examples | |||
! | |||
|- | |- | ||
|dey/dej (syncr)<ref name=":6">Pronouns.page (2024): ''dey/denen/demm''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/dey/denen/demm?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":5">Anonym (2017): ''Q: Ein [...] gegeben''. Online at: https://nonbinarytransgermany.tumblr.com/post/148742824641/ein-befreundeter-mensch-von-mir-hat-sich-mal (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":7">Pronouns.page (2024): ''dej/denen/dej''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/dej?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref> | |||
|dey/dej | |||
|dey/dej; dem(m) [dɛm] | |||
|denen; demm<ref>Nichtbinär-Wiki (2024): ''Pronomen. dey.'' Online at: https://nibi.space/pronomen#dey (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref> | |||
|derer/deren | |||
|derer/deren | |||
|<small>'''Dey''' wohnt in '''deren''' eigener Wohnung. Hast du '''demm''' neulich gesehen? Wie geht es '''denen'''?</small> | |||
|- | |||
|sier (ref)<ref name=":8">Heger, Illi Anna (2022): ''Version 2.1: sier Pronomen ohne Geschlecht''. Online at: https://www.annaheger.de/pronomen21/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref> | |||
|sier | |||
|sien | |||
|siem | |||
|sieser | |||
| - | |||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>Ich kenne '''sien''' nicht. Ist '''sier''' hier eingezogen?Ich habe noch nie mit '''siem''' gesprochen.</small></span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
|sier (demonstr.) | |||
| | |||
|dier | |dier | ||
| | |dien | ||
| | |diem | ||
| | | - | ||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"> | |deren | ||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>Mit '''diem''' will ich nichts zu tun haben. '''Dier''' hört mir nie zu!</small></span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
|xier (ref)<ref name=":9">Heger, Illi Anna (2022): ''Version 3.3: xier Pronomen ohne Geschlecht''. Online at: https://www.annaheger.de/pronomen33/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref> | |||
| | |xier | ||
| | |||
|xien | |xien | ||
|xiem | |||
|xieser | |||
| - | |||
|<small>Suchst du '''xien'''?'''Xier''' ist im Urlaub.</small> | |||
|- | |||
|xier (demonstr.) | |||
|dier | |||
|dien | |dien | ||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">sin</span> | |diem | ||
| - | |||
|deren | |||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>Mit '''diem''' will ich nichts zu tun haben. '''Dier''' hört mir nie zu!</small></span> | |||
|- | |||
|hän<ref name=":10">zweisatz (2011): ''HIGH ON CLICHÉS''. ''Glossar''. Online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20230531034450/https://highoncliches.wordpress.com/2011/12/11/glossar/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":11">Pronouns.page (2024): ''hän/sim''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/h%C3%A4n?erweitert (retrieved 02.09.2024).</ref> | |||
|hän | |||
|sin | |||
|sim | |||
|sirer | |||
| - | |||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>Ich rufe '''sin''' später zurück an, wenn ich mit '''sim''' auch entspannt reden kann.</small></span> | |||
|- | |||
|nona (ref)<ref name=":12">Pronouns.page (2024): ''hen/hem''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/hen?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":13">Moro, Jona/Frank, Noah (2024): ''Das NoNa-System. geschlechtsneutrale deutsche Grammatik''. Online at: https://geschlechtsneutralesdeutsch.com/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref> | |||
|hen | |hen | ||
|hen | |||
|hem | |||
|henser | |||
| - | |||
|'''<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>Hen</small></span>''' <span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>lächelt wie du. Bist du mit '''hem''' verwandt?</small></span> | |||
|- | |||
|nona (demonstr.) | |||
|dai | |dai | ||
| | |dai | ||
|< | |dam | ||
|dais | |||
| - | |||
|<small>'''Dai''' Tankel, '''dai''' neu hier ist, fragt '''dai''' Ompa, '''dam''' ich mal ein Bild geschenkt habe, wie es hem geht.</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
|g genus (ref)<ref name=":0">Dominik Jahre (2018): ''Das g-Genus. Merkmale des g-Genus''. Online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20231208170044/https://www.geschlechtsneutral.com/index.html (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref> | |||
| | |hen | ||
| | |hen | ||
| | |||
|hem | |hem | ||
| | |henser | ||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">hem</span> | | - | ||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"> | |<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>'''Hen''' wohnt mit '''hem''' in einem Reihenhaus.</small></span> | ||
|- | |||
|g genus (demonstr.) | |||
|dio | |||
|dio | |||
|dero | |||
|dero | |||
|dereno | |||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"><small>'''Dio''' Hansi, '''dereno''' Geschwister ich noch nie getroffen habe, findet '''dio''' Kayan beim Versteckenspielen nie.</small></span> | |||
|- | |||
|de-e (ref)<ref name=":14">Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch e. V. (2024): ''De-e-System''. https://geschlechtsneutral.net/gesamtsystem/ (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref> | |||
|en | |||
|en | |||
|em | |em | ||
|enser | |enser | ||
| - | | - | ||
|<small>'''Em''' schmeckt mein Essen nie. Ich will '''en''' nicht mehr einladen.</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
|de-e (demonstr.) | |||
|de [də]/[de(:)] | |||
| | |de [də]/[de(:)] | ||
| | |derm | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| - | | - | ||
|dersen | |dersen | ||
|<small>'''De''' Studente, mit '''derm''' ich gestern gesprochen habe, gefällt mir.</small> | |||
|< | |||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+<small>Personal pronouns: peripheral usage</small> | |+<small>Personal pronouns: peripheral usage</small> | ||
! | ! | ||
! | !nom | ||
! | !acc | ||
! | !dat | ||
! | !gen | ||
|- | |- | ||
|SYLVAIN-Konvent.<ref name=":16">de Sylvain, Cabala/Balzer, Carsten (2008): ''Die SYLVAIN-Konventionen — Versuch einer "geschlechtergerechten" Grammatik-Transformation der deutschen Sprache.'' Online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20240212004055/https://www.geschlechtsneutral.com/lit/Liminalis-2008-Sylvain-Balzer.pdf (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref> (ref) | |||
|nin | |||
|nin | |||
|nim | |||
|nimser | |||
|- | |- | ||
|SYLVAIN-Konvent.<ref name=":16" /> (demonstr.) | |||
|< | |din | ||
| | |din | ||
| | |dim | ||
| | | - | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|<small>sir [zi:<span style="color:DarkBlue">ɐ̯]</span><ref name=":17">Nichtbinär-Wiki (2024): ''sir''. Online at: https://nibi.space/pronomen#sir (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref name=":15">Berliner Morgenpost (2017): ''Das sagen Berliner Experten zum Streit ums dritte Geschlecht''. Online at: https://www.morgenpost.de/berlin/article212586881/Das-sagen-Berliner-Experten-zum-Streit-ums-dritte-Geschlecht.html (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref></small> (ref) | |||
|sir | |||
|sihn | |||
|ihrm | |||
|sihrer | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|<small>sir [zi:<span style="color:DarkBlue">ɐ̯]</span><ref name=":17" /><ref name=":15" /></small> (demonstr.) | |||
|dier | |||
|dien | |||
| | |derm | ||
| | | - | ||
|- | |||
|<small>em</ | |<small><span style="color:DarkBlue">hen</span><ref>Catboy Jaebeom/Fliederfuchs (2023): ''ASTRI'FA | THE BEARER OF STARS''. Online at: https://catboy-jaebeom.tumblr.com/about (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref></small> | ||
|hen | |||
|han | |||
|ham | |||
| - | |||
|- | |||
|<small>el<ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''el/em''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/el?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref><ref>Nichtbinär-Wiki (2024): ''el''. Online at: https://nibi.space/pronomen#el (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref></small> | |||
|el | |||
|en | |||
|em | |||
|emser | |||
|- | |- | ||
|<small><span style="color:DarkBlue">ey</span><ref>Pronouns.page (2024). ''ey/emm''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/ey?erweitert (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref><ref>Nichtbinär-Wiki (2024): ''ey/em''. Online at: https://nibi.space/pronomen#eyem (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref></small> | |||
|ey | |||
|emm | |||
|emm | |||
| | |eyser | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+<small>(almost) Indeclinable personal pronouns</small> | |+<small>(almost) Indeclinable personal pronouns</small> | ||
! | ! | ||
! | !nom | ||
! | !acc | ||
! | !dat | ||
!gen | |||
|- | |- | ||
|<small>ens<ref>Lann Hornscheidt in conversation (2021): ''Debatte um Gendersprache: Sie oder er oder wie? „Ich wünsche mir, dass alle erst mal ens sind“.'' In: ''Berliner Zeitung.'' Retrieved 28.04.2021.</ref><ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''ens/ens''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/ens?erweitert (retrieved 10.02.2024).</ref></small> | |||
|ens | |||
|ens | |||
| | |ens | ||
|enser | |||
|- | |- | ||
|<small><span style="color:DarkBlue">en</span><ref name=":1" /><ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''en/en''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/en?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref></small> | |||
|<small> | |en | ||
|en | |||
|en | |||
|enser | |||
|- | |- | ||
|<small>iks<ref>Pronouns.page (2024): ''iks/iks''. Online at: https://de.pronouns.page/iks?erweitert (retrieved 09.02.2024).</ref></small> | |||
|iks | |||
|iks | |||
|iks | |||
| | |ikser | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
For an exhaustive list of all existent neopronouns, see https://nibi.space/pronomen#pronomen or https://de.pronouns.page/pronomen | For an exhaustive list of all existent neopronouns, see https://nibi.space/pronomen#pronomen or https://de.pronouns.page/pronomen | ||
| Line 304: | Line 288: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Inclusive possessive adjective (ownership of any gender) | |+Inclusive possessive adjective (ownership of any gender) | ||
! | ! | ||
! | !nom | ||
!acc | |||
!dat | |||
!gen | |||
|- | |||
|'dey/dej'<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> | |||
each gender | |||
| colspan="4" |deren | |||
|- | |- | ||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">'sier' Version 2.1</span><ref name=":8" />m | |||
f | |||
x | |||
|sies | |||
siese | |||
siesa | |||
|siesen | |||
siese | |||
siesan | |||
|siesem | |||
sieser | |||
siesam | |||
|sieses | |||
sieser | |||
siesas | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'xier' Version 3.3<ref name=":9" /> | |||
m | |||
f | |||
x | |||
|xies | |xies | ||
|xiese | xiese | ||
| | xiesa | ||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"> | |xiesen | ||
xiese | |||
| - | xiesan | ||
| | |xiesem | ||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue"> | xieser | ||
xiesam | |||
|< | |xieses | ||
xieser | |||
xiesas | |||
|- | |||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">'hän'</span><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />m | |||
f | |||
x | |||
|sir | |||
sire | |||
- | |||
|siren | |||
sire | |||
- | |||
|sirem | |||
sirer | |||
- | |||
|sires | |||
sirer | |||
- | |||
|- | |||
|NoNa-System<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" /> | |||
each gender | |||
| colspan="4" |hens | |||
|- | |||
|<span style="color:DarkBlue">g-Genus</span><ref name=":0" />m | |||
f | |||
x | |||
|hens | |||
hense | |||
henseo | |||
|hensen | |||
hense | |||
henseo | |||
|hensem | |||
henser | |||
hensero | |||
|henses | |||
henser | |||
hensero | |||
|- | |||
|De-e-System<ref name=":14" /> | |||
m | |||
f | |||
x 3rd p | |||
x 1rd p | |||
x 2nd p | |||
|ens | |ens | ||
ense | |||
ens | |||
unse | |||
eue | |||
|ensen | |ensen | ||
ense | |||
ens | |||
unse | |||
eue | |||
|ensem | |ensem | ||
enser | |||
enserm | |||
unsererm | |||
unserers | |||
|enses | |enses | ||
enser | |||
ensers | |||
unserers | |||
eurers | |||
|} | |} | ||
The possessiv adjectives 'deren' and 'hens' offer the advantage of being easily learnable. As for the possessives suggested by the g-Genus, aside from appearing on nonbinary grammatical websites, they don't seem to have gained much popularity on online platforms. The possessive adjectives from the 'hän' paradigm are phonetically similar to the ones of the system proposed by Kathrin Kunkel-Razum, the editor-in-chief of the Duden.<ref name=":15" /> | The possessiv adjectives 'deren' and 'hens' offer the advantage of being easily learnable. As for the possessives suggested by the g-Genus, aside from appearing on nonbinary grammatical websites, they don't seem to have gained much popularity on online platforms. The possessive adjectives from the 'hän' paradigm are phonetically similar to the ones of the system proposed by Kathrin Kunkel-Razum, the editor-in-chief of the Duden.<ref name=":15" /> | ||
=== Article pronouns, possessive pronouns === | === Article pronouns, possessive pronouns === | ||
Unlike possessive adjectives ('dein Eis', 'ihr Bleistift', 'unser Löffel'), possessive pronouns ('deins', 'ihrer', 'unserer') stand for the entire possessed object, so they are not followed by a noun or | Unlike possessive adjectives ('dein Eis', 'ihr Bleistift', 'unser Löffel'), possessive pronouns ('deins', 'ihrer', 'unserer') stand for the entire possessed object, so they are not followed by a noun or hierarchically tied to one. Thus, they act as an autonomous, unbreakable syntactic unit. | ||
Article pronouns can both function as articles and pronouns without undergoing any formal changes (ex.: Diesen (Pulli) mag ich nicht.).<ref>Ertl, Martin (2022): ''Kasusauffälligkeiten in Lerntexten''. Bielefeld: wbv Publikation, p. 53.</ref> For that reason, demonstratives that also function as pragmatically marked personal pronouns (see table 'Personal pronouns: dominant usage'), are considered article pronouns too, as they can refer to an entire syntagma on their own, or accompany/precede a noun (ex.: Den (Julian) mag ich nicht). In the De-e-system, however, the declension of the demonstrative personal pronoun is different from the other article pronouns.<ref>Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch e. V (2023): ''Demonstrativ-/Relativpronomen''. Online at: https://geschlechtsneutral.net/deklinationstabellen/ (retrieved 28.03.2024).</ref> | Article pronouns can both function as articles and pronouns without undergoing any formal changes (ex.: Diesen (Pulli) mag ich nicht.).<ref>Ertl, Martin (2022): ''Kasusauffälligkeiten in Lerntexten''. Bielefeld: wbv Publikation, p. 53.</ref> For that reason, demonstratives that also function as pragmatically marked personal pronouns (see table 'Personal pronouns: dominant usage'), are considered article pronouns too, as they can refer to an entire syntagma on their own, or accompany/precede a noun (ex.: Den (Julian) mag ich nicht). In the De-e-system, however, the declension of the demonstrative personal pronoun is different from the other article pronouns.<ref>Verein für Geschlechtsneutrales Deutsch e. V (2023): ''Demonstrativ-/Relativpronomen''. Online at: https://geschlechtsneutral.net/deklinationstabellen/ (retrieved 28.03.2024).</ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Inclusive possessive and article pronouns (genderneutral/-inclusive owned object) | |+'''Inclusive possessive and article pronouns (genderneutral/-inclusive owned object)''' | ||
! | |||
!nom | |||
!acc | |||
! | !dat | ||
! | !gen | ||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
|- | |- | ||
|dey/dej<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /> | |||
| colspan="4" |derer | |||
|- | |- | ||
|nona (ex with jede-r-s) <ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" /> | |||
| | |||
|jenai | |jenai | ||
|jenai | |jenai | ||
|jenam | |jenam | ||
| | | - | ||
|- | |- | ||
|g genus (ex with jede-r-s)<ref name=":0" /> | |||
|jedeo | |||
|jedeo | |||
|jedero | |||
| - | | - | ||
|< | |- | ||
|de-e (ex with eins-e-er)<ref name=":14" /> | |||
|einey | |||
|einey | |||
|einerm | |||
| - | | - | ||
|} | |} | ||
(the other sets don't have data yet to add) | |||
=== '''Indefinite pronoun''' === | === '''Indefinite pronoun''' === | ||
| Line 518: | Line 473: | ||
* Großes - standard | * Großes - standard | ||
* Enbie, Enby - instead of Mädchen/Junge/Bub, nonstandard | * Enbie, Enby - instead of Mädchen/Junge/Bub, nonstandard | ||
* Spross/nachkomme, means sprogeny/offspring/descendant | |||
'''Aunt/Uncle''' | '''Aunt/Uncle''' | ||
| Line 539: | Line 495: | ||
* Batter | * Batter | ||
* Cousibling | * Cousibling | ||
* Cousir/Cousinir | * Cousir/Cousinir | ||
* Seitschwister | * Seitschwister | ||
| Line 619: | Line 575: | ||
* Mittbewohnir - nonstandard neutral alternative to mittbewhonerin/mittbewohner | * Mittbewohnir - nonstandard neutral alternative to mittbewhonerin/mittbewohner | ||
* Lehrir/Lehreron | * Lehrir/Lehreron | ||
* Prin/Kronprin - nonstandard alternatives for princess/prince and crownprincess/crownprince | * Prin/Kronprin - nonstandard alternatives for princess/prince and crownprincess/crownprince. Can also be described as "königlicher Nachkomme" (royal descendant), "königlicher Erbe" (royal heir) or "königliche Partner/Partnir/Gema (durch Heirat)" (royal partner/consort, through marriage) | ||
* Professir/Professoron - nonstandard alternatives for professor | * Professir/Professoron - nonstandard alternatives for professor | ||
* Schülir/Schüleron - nonstandard alternatives for school-student | * Schülir/Schüleron - nonstandard alternatives for school-student | ||