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Gender neutral language in Swedish/en: Difference between revisions
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===Generic pronoun=== | ===Generic pronoun=== | ||
To refer to people in general in Swedish, the pronouns "man/en/en" (one/one/one’s) or "en/en/ens" (one/one/one’s) can be used. Swedish’s generic pronoun man/en/ens has been discussed for being male-generalizing, and some people have opted to use en/en/ens instead to make it gender inclusive. The word "man" may have the meaning of "human" in addition to the meaning "male person", but this word is still more associated with male people. Using "en" instead of "man" is not only more gender-inclusivity through being non-male-generalizing, but it is also frequently practiced in some of Sweden's regions, so it is a natural grammatical dialect variation in the Swedish language. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221102131452/https://www4.isof.se/cgi-bin/srfl/visasvar.py?sok=man&svar=78373&log_id=909986] | To refer to people in general in Swedish, the pronouns "man/en/en" (one/one/one’s) or "en/en/ens" (one/one/one’s) can be used. Swedish’s generic pronoun man/en/ens has been discussed for being male-generalizing, and some people have opted to use en/en/ens instead to make it gender inclusive. The word "man" may have the meaning of "human" in addition to the meaning "male person", but this word is still more associated with male people. Using "en" instead of "man" is not only more gender-inclusivity through being non-male-generalizing, but it is also frequently practiced in some of Sweden's regions, so it is a natural grammatical dialect variation in the Swedish language. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221102131452/https://www4.isof.se/cgi-bin/srfl/visasvar.py?sok=man&svar=78373&log_id=909986] | ||
For when it feels awkward to use man/en, alternative phrasing as to avoid using such a pronoun are also recommended: | |||
One problem that can occur with the pronouns "man/en" is that the pronouns can hide who is doing what in the sentence. This is especially true in sentences where different acting parts are referred to and the pronouncs can be replaced with pretty much any pronoun or noun. So instead of: | |||
* ”På kundtjänst har '''man/en''' problem med att '''man/en''' ställer otydliga frågor.” That could be read as either: ”På kundtjänst har '''de''' problem med att '''du''' ställer otydliga frågor.” or ”På kundtjänst har '''ingen''' problem med att '''alla''' ställer otydliga frågor.” One can instead write out the specific acting parts such as ”På kundtjänst har '''vi''' problem med att '''kunderna''' ställer otydliga frågor.” | |||
A good rule of thumb is to always state who is doing what. This will prevent readers from wondering who you are referring to. And if you can address the reader directly with "you", that is usually the clearest thing. | |||
"Man/en" is a way of showing that a statement is universal or general, for example, “Man/en ska inte ljuga.” (One shouldn't lie.) But there are other ways of expressing yourself that are also general: | |||
* ”Ingen får ljuga.” (No one gets to lie.) | |||
* ”Det är fel att ljuga.” (It is wrong to lie.) | |||
* ”Ljug inte!” (Don't lie!) | |||
"Man/en" also works if you want to refer to anyone within a group or area: "I Sverige fikar man/en mycket." (In Sweden one "fikar" mycket.) Here too, there are plenty of options: | |||
* ”I Sverige fikar vi mycket.” (In Sweden we "fikar" mycket.) | |||
* ”I Sverige är det vanligt att fika.” (It is common in Sweden to "fika".) | |||
* ”Det är en svensk tradition att fika mycket.” (It is a Swedish tradition to "fika" a lot.) | |||
Start primarily from what you think will be clearest to the person you are addressing – that is always a safe bet.[https://sprakkonsulterna.se/alternativ-till-pronomenet-man/] | |||
=== Referring to God=== | === Referring to God=== | ||
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*'''Telning, ättling, avkomma/avkomling.''' Neutral, would sound weird in conversation. "Telning" is an uncommon word that basically means progeny (or more directly the botanical term "scion" or "shoot"), "ättling" and "avkomma/avkomling" are standard words that mean "descendant" and "offspring" respectively. They can be used as alternatives to refer to someone in relation to them being one's child, but not necesserily a young child agewise. | *'''Telning, ättling, avkomma/avkomling.''' Neutral, would sound weird in conversation. "Telning" is an uncommon word that basically means progeny (or more directly the botanical term "scion" or "shoot"), "ättling" and "avkomma/avkomling" are standard words that mean "descendant" and "offspring" respectively. They can be used as alternatives to refer to someone in relation to them being one's child, but not necesserily a young child agewise. | ||
*'''Äldsta/förstfödda, mellan-/andra-/trejde-/fjärde-/... födda, yngsta/sistfödda.''' Neutral. Means oldest/first-born, middle-/second-/third-/fourth-/...-born and youngest/last-born. They can be used as alternatives to refer to someone in relation to them being one's child in a gender-neutral way but also as to not necesserily specify them being a young child agewise. | *'''Äldsta/förstfödda, mellan-/andra-/trejde-/fjärde-/... födda, yngsta/sistfödda.''' Neutral. Means oldest/first-born, middle-/second-/third-/fourth-/...-born and youngest/last-born. They can be used as alternatives to refer to someone in relation to them being one's child in a gender-neutral way but also as to not necesserily specify them being a young child agewise. | ||
'''Kompis.''' Neutral, standard. Means "friend" and can be used to refer to children instead of saying "boys and/or girls". | |||
===Grandparents === | ===Grandparents === | ||
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*'''Vännen.''' Neutral, standard. Means "the friend" but can be used as a gender-neutral alternativ to gumman respektive gubben, which are juvenile terms alike English's buddy/kid. (While gumman and gubben can be used in a juvenile way, they also mean "the old-woman" and "the old-man" respectively) | *'''Vännen.''' Neutral, standard. Means "the friend" but can be used as a gender-neutral alternativ to gumman respektive gubben, which are juvenile terms alike English's buddy/kid. (While gumman and gubben can be used in a juvenile way, they also mean "the old-woman" and "the old-man" respectively) | ||
*'''Änkeperson.''' Neutral, standard. Means widowed person. | *'''Änkeperson.''' Neutral, standard. Means widowed person. | ||
*'''Ärade/kära/goda publik/gäster/vänner/(gott) folk.''' Neutral, standard. Gender-inclusive | *'''Ärade/kära/goda publik/gäster/vänner/(gott) folk. Damer, herrar och icke-binära.''' Neutral, inclusive, standard. Gender-inclusive alternatives to “ladies & gentlemen”. | ||
*'''Person/personer med vagina (slida)/vulva/äggstockar/äggceller/livmoder (uterus/kved)/mens/bröst/testiklar/pung/prostata/penis/sädesceller (spermier), barnbärande/barnhavande, ammande, graviditetsfertila, målbrottspåverkade, ansiktsbehårade etc.''' | *'''Person/personer med vagina (slida)/vulva/äggstockar/äggceller/livmoder (uterus/kved)/mens/bröst/testiklar/pung/prostata/penis/sädesceller (spermier), barnbärande/barnhavande, ammande, graviditetsfertila, målbrottspåverkade, ansiktsbehårade etc.''' | ||
...Means person/people with vagina-vulva/ovaries/egg cells-ova/womb-uterus/periods/breasts/testicles/scrotum/prostate/penis/sperm cells-sperm, childbearing/pregnant people, chestfeeding people, pregnancy-fertile, voice change/voice break affected, people with facial hair... | ...Means person/people with vagina-vulva/ovaries/egg cells-ova/womb-uterus/periods/breasts/testicles/scrotum/prostate/penis/sperm cells-sperm, childbearing/pregnant people, chestfeeding people, pregnancy-fertile, voice change/voice break affected, people with facial hair... | ||
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*'''Elvaspelsplan.''' Neutral, standard. Means eleven-payers-field and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "elvamannaplan" (eleven-man's-field). | *'''Elvaspelsplan.''' Neutral, standard. Means eleven-payers-field and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "elvamannaplan" (eleven-man's-field). | ||
*'''Enpersonsbil.''' Neutral, means one-person-car and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "enmansbil" (one-man's-car). | |||
*'''Enpersonsjobb.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means one-person's-job and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "enmansjobb" (one-man's-job). | *'''Enpersonsjobb.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means one-person's-job and can be used as a non-male-generalizing alternative for "enmansjobb" (one-man's-job). | ||
*'''Enpersonsshow, tvåpersonsshow.''' Neutral alternative to "enmansshow" and "tvåmansshow". | *'''Enpersonsshow/enpersonsföreställning, tvåpersonsshow/tvåpersonsföreställning.''' Neutral alternative to "enmansshow" and "tvåmansshow". | ||
*'''Fåägarföretag.''' Neutral alternative to "fåmansföretag". | *'''Fåägarföretag.''' Neutral alternative to "fåmansföretag". | ||
*'''Förtrollare/trollkonstnär/förhäxare/häxkonstnär/magiker.''' Neutral. Means enchanter/enchantment artist/bewitcher/witchcrafter/witchcraft artist/magician and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "trollkarl" (magic/enchanter-man, warlock/wizard). They can also be used to avoid the feminine connotations to "häxa" (witch), even though it can be seen as a gender-neutral word in itself. | *'''Förtrollare/trollkonstnär/förhäxare/häxkonstnär/magiker.''' Neutral. Means enchanter/enchantment artist/bewitcher/witchcrafter/witchcraft artist/magician and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "trollkarl" (magic/enchanter-man, warlock/wizard). They can also be used to avoid the feminine connotations to "häxa" (witch), even though it can be seen as a gender-neutral word in itself. | ||
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*'''Huvudkort, systemkort.''' Neutral standard alternatives to motherboard. | *'''Huvudkort, systemkort.''' Neutral standard alternatives to motherboard. | ||
*'''Härskarvälde.''' Neutral, standard. Means reign/rulerreign/rulership and can be use as a non-male-centric alternative to "herravälde" ("male-"lordreign). | *'''Härskarvälde.''' Neutral, standard. Means reign/rulerreign/rulership and can be use as a non-male-centric alternative to "herravälde" ("male-"lordreign). | ||
*'''Idrottaranda, sportligt uppförande, ärlighet, renhårighet, rättvist spel, atletisk integritet, rättvisa.''' Neutral alternatives to sportmannaanda/idrottsmannaanda/sportmanship. | |||
*'''Javisst, jajavisst, absolut, naturligtvis, sannerligen, självklart.''' Neutral, standard. "Javisst" means "oh yes"/"sure thing"/"you bet", "absolut" mean "absolutely", "naturligtvis" means "naturally", "sannerligen" means "truly" and "självklart" means "of course". These can be used instead of the phrases "jajamän" and "jajemänsan" that means the same as "javisst" but its origin meaning is "yes holy man/men". Directly dividing and translating the word "jajamän" gives the phrase "yes-yes men". "Jajavisst" is an innovative phrase that means the same as "javisst", but it is more adapted to be used instead of "jajamän"/"jajamänsan". | *'''Javisst, jajavisst, absolut, naturligtvis, sannerligen, självklart.''' Neutral, standard. "Javisst" means "oh yes"/"sure thing"/"you bet", "absolut" mean "absolutely", "naturligtvis" means "naturally", "sannerligen" means "truly" and "självklart" means "of course". These can be used instead of the phrases "jajamän" and "jajemänsan" that means the same as "javisst" but its origin meaning is "yes holy man/men". Directly dividing and translating the word "jajamän" gives the phrase "yes-yes men". "Jajavisst" is an innovative phrase that means the same as "javisst", but it is more adapted to be used instead of "jajamän"/"jajamänsan". | ||
* '''J. Doe, Jay Doe.''' Gender-neutral alternative to Jane Doe and John Doe. | * '''J. Doe, Jay Doe.''' Gender-neutral alternative to Jane Doe and John Doe. | ||
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*'''Parriarkat.''' Neutral, nonstandard. This refers to matriarchal and/or patriarchal social systems. See the English parriarch with the prefix parr- (kin). | *'''Parriarkat.''' Neutral, nonstandard. This refers to matriarchal and/or patriarchal social systems. See the English parriarch with the prefix parr- (kin). | ||
*'''Placenta.''' Neutral alternative to "moderkaka" which translates to "mother-cookie". | *'''Placenta.''' Neutral alternative to "moderkaka" which translates to "mother-cookie". | ||
*'''Politisk skicklighet, diplomati, diplomatisk skicklighet, förvaltningsexpertis.''' Neutral alternatives to statsmannaskap (statesmanship). | |||
*'''Polttare, föräktenskapsfest.''' Neutral, semi-standard loanword from Finnish and a descriptive phrase. Means "bach party" and "pre-marriage party" and can be used as a gender-neutral alternative to möhippa (bachelorette party) and svensexa (bachelor party). | *'''Polttare, föräktenskapsfest.''' Neutral, semi-standard loanword from Finnish and a descriptive phrase. Means "bach party" and "pre-marriage party" and can be used as a gender-neutral alternative to möhippa (bachelorette party) and svensexa (bachelor party). | ||
*'''Prin/prinx, pringemål/prinxgemål, kronprin/kronprinx.''' Neutral, nonstandard, little use. Prin/prinx are by only using the beginning of each word, or by adding a neutral -x, gender-neutral alternatives to "prinsessa" (princess) and "prins" (prince) . They can be used to refer to a royal person's child or consort/spouse gender-neutrally. The married spouse of a prin/prinx is called pringemål/prinxgemål. Kronprin/kronprinx is used to refer to a royal crown-heir gender-neutrally. | *'''Prin/prinx, pringemål/prinxgemål, kronprin/kronprinx.''' Neutral, nonstandard, little use. Prin/prinx are by only using the beginning of each word, or by adding a neutral -x, gender-neutral alternatives to "prinsessa" (princess) and "prins" (prince) . They can be used to refer to a royal person's child or consort/spouse gender-neutrally. The married spouse of a prin/prinx is called pringemål/prinxgemål. Kronprin/kronprinx is used to refer to a royal crown-heir gender-neutrally. | ||
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*'''(ingift) rojal gemål, monarkgemål/monarkigemål.''' Neutral. Means ("married/in-law") royal consort/spouse and monarch-consort/monarchy-consort/spouse and can be used instead of princess/prince. | *'''(ingift) rojal gemål, monarkgemål/monarkigemål.''' Neutral. Means ("married/in-law") royal consort/spouse and monarch-consort/monarchy-consort/spouse and can be used instead of princess/prince. | ||
*'''Rojalt barn, monarkbarn/monarkibarn.''' Neutral. Means royal child and monarch-child(ren)/monarchy-child(ren) and can be used instead of princess/prince. | *'''Rojalt barn, monarkbarn/monarkibarn.''' Neutral. Means royal child and monarch-child(ren)/monarchy-child(ren) and can be used instead of princess/prince. | ||
*'''Sjövett.''' Neutral alternative to sjömanskap (seamanship). | |||
* '''Snöfigur/snövän/snöperson.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means snowfigure/snowfriend/snowperson and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "snögubbe" (snowman). | * '''Snöfigur/snövän/snöperson.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means snowfigure/snowfriend/snowperson and can be used as non-male-generalizing alternatives for "snögubbe" (snowman). | ||
*'''Starkast på täppan, högst på täppan.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means Strongest/Highest on the Hill and can be used as gender-inclusive alternatives to refer to the game commonly called "Herren på Täppan/Herreman på Täppan" (Lord/Lordman on the Hill). | *'''Starkast på täppan, högst på täppan.''' Neutral, will be understood. Means Strongest/Highest on the Hill and can be used as gender-inclusive alternatives to refer to the game commonly called "Herren på Täppan/Herreman på Täppan" (Lord/Lordman on the Hill). | ||
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*'''Syskonskap/kamratskap/gemenskap/samfund.''' Neutral, standard. Means siblinghood/camaraderie/community and can be used as a gender-neutral alternative to brotherhood and sisterhood. | *'''Syskonskap/kamratskap/gemenskap/samfund.''' Neutral, standard. Means siblinghood/camaraderie/community and can be used as a gender-neutral alternative to brotherhood and sisterhood. | ||
*'''Uppträdningsförmåga/artistik, scennärvaro, teater.''' Neutral alternatives to showmanship. | |||
*'''Uterus, kved.''' Neutral alternatives to "livmoder" (womb/uterus) which translates to "life-mother". | *'''Uterus, kved.''' Neutral alternatives to "livmoder" (womb/uterus) which translates to "life-mother". | ||
*'''Vattumänniska, vattufolk.''' Neutral alternatives to "sjöjungfru/vattukvinna" (mermaid) and "sjöman/vattuman" (merman), means merperson and merfolk. | *'''Vattumänniska, vattufolk.''' Neutral alternatives to "sjöjungfru/vattukvinna" (mermaid) and "sjöman/vattuman" (merman), means merperson and merfolk. | ||
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*Hen är dagföffe åt en golden retriever. | *Hen är dagföffe åt en golden retriever. | ||
*Kattens föffe brukar leka utomhus med den. | *Kattens föffe brukar leka utomhus med den. | ||
* Hen har två | * Hen har två mappor som föräldrar. | ||
*Hen och hens | *Hen och hens mappa ska gå på restaurang. | ||
*Hens | *Hens mappa ska hämta hen. | ||
*De har blivit | *De har blivit mappa! | ||
*Min | *Min mappa har en röd bil. | ||
*Mina | *Mina mappor/föräldrar heter Charlie och Kim. | ||
*Jag ska fråga min | *Jag ska fråga min mappa om hen kan swisha mig. | ||
*Mina förföräldrar kommer från Finland. | *Mina förföräldrar kommer från Finland. | ||
*Min förrförr/förför har en ny bil. | *Min förrförr/förför har en ny bil. | ||
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*Huvudman → Fullmaktsgivare, huvudansvarig myndighet | *Huvudman → Fullmaktsgivare, huvudansvarig myndighet | ||
*Idrottsman → Idrottare, idrottsperson | *Idrottsman, sportsman → Idrottare, idrottsperson, atlet, idrottsutövare, sportperson | ||
*Jungman, befaren jungman → Jungsjösoldat/befaren jungsjösoldat ''(inferred using the gender-neutral alternative to "sjöman"–"sjösoldat", see below)'' | *Jungman, befaren jungman → Jungsjösoldat/befaren jungsjösoldat ''(inferred using the gender-neutral alternative to "sjöman"–"sjösoldat", see below)'' | ||
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*Språkman → Språkperson, språkforskare, lingvist | *Språkman → Språkperson, språkforskare, lingvist | ||
*Statsman → Statsledare, politiker | |||
*Stridsman → Stridare | *Stridsman → Stridare | ||