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Gender-variant identities worldwide/en: Difference between revisions
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* '''Role in society:''' Priesthood. | * '''Role in society:''' Priesthood. | ||
For the past six centuries, the Bugis people of Indonesia have divided their society into five separate genders. All five must harmoniously coexist. They are ''oroané'' (cisgender men), ''makkunrai'' (cisgender women), ''calabai'' (analogous to transgender women), ''calalai'' (analogous to transgender men), and ''bissu'' (all aspects of gender combined to form a whole).<ref>"Sulawesi's fifth gender" . Inside Indonesia. https://web.archive.org/web/20120728104208/http://www.insideindonesia.org/edition-66-apr-jun-2001/sulawesi-s-fifth-gender-3007484 Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 2011-07-25.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/29/IIASNL29_27.pdf|title=Sex, Gender, and Priests in South Sulawesi, Indonesia|publisher=International Institute for Asian Studies}}</ref> <ref>Davies, Sharyn Graham. Gender Diversity in Indonesia: Sexuality, Islam and Queer Selves (ASAA Women in Asia Series), Routledge, 2010.</ref><ref>Davies, Sharyn Graham. Challenging Gender Norms: Five Genders Among Bugis in Indonesia (Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology), Wadsworth Publishing, 2006.</ref><ref>Pelras, Christian. The Bugis (The Peoples of South-East Asia and the Pacific), Wiley-Blackwell, 1997.</ref><ref name=Prezi>{{cite web |url=http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/29/IIASNL29_27.pdf |title=Sex, Gender, and Priests in South Sulawesi, Indonesia |publisher=[[International Institute for Asian Studies]] |accessdate=2011-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721074825/http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/29/IIASNL29_27.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> | For the past six centuries, the Bugis people of Indonesia have divided their society into five separate genders. All five must harmoniously coexist. They are ''oroané'' (cisgender men), ''makkunrai'' (cisgender women), ''calabai'' (analogous to transgender women), ''calalai'' (analogous to transgender men), and ''bissu'' (all aspects of gender combined to form a whole).<ref>"Sulawesi's fifth gender" . Inside Indonesia. https://web.archive.org/web/20120728104208/http://www.insideindonesia.org/edition-66-apr-jun-2001/sulawesi-s-fifth-gender-3007484 Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 2011-07-25.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/29/IIASNL29_27.pdf|title=Sex, Gender, and Priests in South Sulawesi, Indonesia|publisher=International Institute for Asian Studies|access-date=2020-04-13|archive-date=2023-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314234207/http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/29/IIASNL29_27.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>Davies, Sharyn Graham. Gender Diversity in Indonesia: Sexuality, Islam and Queer Selves (ASAA Women in Asia Series), Routledge, 2010.</ref><ref>Davies, Sharyn Graham. Challenging Gender Norms: Five Genders Among Bugis in Indonesia (Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology), Wadsworth Publishing, 2006.</ref><ref>Pelras, Christian. The Bugis (The Peoples of South-East Asia and the Pacific), Wiley-Blackwell, 1997.</ref><ref name=Prezi>{{cite web |url=http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/29/IIASNL29_27.pdf |title=Sex, Gender, and Priests in South Sulawesi, Indonesia |publisher=[[International Institute for Asian Studies]] |accessdate=2011-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721074825/http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/29/IIASNL29_27.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> | ||
The Bugis believe that someone is born with the propensity to become the mixed gender ''bissu'', revealed in a baby whose genitalia are ambiguous ([[intersex]]). These ambiguous genitalia need not be visible; a normative male who becomes a ''bissu'' is believed to be female on the inside. This combination of sexes enables a 'meta-gender' identity to emerge. Ambiguous genitalia alone do not confer the state of being a ''bissu''.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insideindonesia.org/edition-66/sulawesi-s-fifth-gender-3007484 |title=Sulawesi's fifth gender |journal=[[Inside Indonesia]] |accessdate=2011-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728104208/http://www.insideindonesia.org/edition-66-apr-jun-2001/sulawesi-s-fifth-gender-3007484 |archive-date=28 July 2012 }}</ref> In order to become ''bissu'', one must learn the language, songs, and incantations, and have a gift for bestowing blessings. They must remain celibate and wear conservative clothes.<ref name=ABC/> In daily social life, the ''bissu'', the ''calabai'', and the ''calalai'' may enter the dwelling places of both men and women.<ref name=Prezi1>{{cite web|website=Prezi|url=https://prezi.com/yhh0sdzysou5/the-bugis-five-genders-and-belief-in-a-harmonious-world/|title=The Bugis Five Genders and Belief in a Harmonious World|first=Karlana|last=June|date=23 February 2015|accessdate=27 February 2019}}</ref> | The Bugis believe that someone is born with the propensity to become the mixed gender ''bissu'', revealed in a baby whose genitalia are ambiguous ([[intersex]]). These ambiguous genitalia need not be visible; a normative male who becomes a ''bissu'' is believed to be female on the inside. This combination of sexes enables a 'meta-gender' identity to emerge. Ambiguous genitalia alone do not confer the state of being a ''bissu''.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insideindonesia.org/edition-66/sulawesi-s-fifth-gender-3007484 |title=Sulawesi's fifth gender |journal=[[Inside Indonesia]] |accessdate=2011-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728104208/http://www.insideindonesia.org/edition-66-apr-jun-2001/sulawesi-s-fifth-gender-3007484 |archive-date=28 July 2012 }}</ref> In order to become ''bissu'', one must learn the language, songs, and incantations, and have a gift for bestowing blessings. They must remain celibate and wear conservative clothes.<ref name=ABC/> In daily social life, the ''bissu'', the ''calabai'', and the ''calalai'' may enter the dwelling places of both men and women.<ref name=Prezi1>{{cite web|website=Prezi|url=https://prezi.com/yhh0sdzysou5/the-bugis-five-genders-and-belief-in-a-harmonious-world/|title=The Bugis Five Genders and Belief in a Harmonious World|first=Karlana|last=June|date=23 February 2015|accessdate=27 February 2019}}</ref> | ||