Translations:Gender-variant identities worldwide/64/en
In the Kanaka Maoli (Hawaiian) and Maohi (Tahitian) cultures, the māhū (meaning "in the middle") is a traditional gender role outside of the Western concept of gender. It is made of people who may have been assigned either male or female at birth. This tradition existed before Western invaders.[1] The first published description of māhū is from 1789.[2] From 1820 onward, Westerners stigmatized and criminalized māhū.[3] Māhū still exist today,[1] and play an important role in preserving and reviving Polynesian culture.[4][5] There was one māhū in the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey,[6] and one in the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census.[7][8]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 The men-women of the Pacific, tate.org.uk/Tate Britain, 6 March 2015.
- ↑ William Bligh. Bounty Logbook. Thursday, January 15, 1789.
- ↑ Aleardo Zanghellini. "Sodomy Laws and Gender Variance in Tahiti and Hawai'i." Laws Vol. 2, Issue 2 (2013), p. 51–68 doi: 10.3390/laws2020051
- ↑ Besnier, Niko, Alexeyeff, Kalissa. Gender on the edge : transgender, gay, and other Pacific islanders. Honolulu, 2014 isbn=9780824840198
- ↑ Carol E. Robertson. 1989 "The Māhū of Hawai'i." Feminist Studies. volume 15, issue 2, pages=318. doi=10.2307/3177791 issn=0046-3663 jstor=3177791
- ↑ "Gender Census 2016: Worldwide Report". Gender Census. March 19, 2016.
- ↑ "Gender Census 2019: Worldwide Report". Gender Census. March 31, 2019.
- ↑ "NB/GQ Survey 2016 - the worldwide results." Gender Census. March 19, 2016. http://gendercensus.tumblr.com/post/141311159050/nbgq-survey-2016-the-worldwide-results