Editing Pronouns

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'''He.''' Some specific nonbinary people who ask to be called by "[[he/him]]" pronouns include writer [[Richard O'Brien]].
'''He.''' Some specific nonbinary people who ask to be called by "[[he/him]]" pronouns include writer [[Richard O'Brien]].


'''She.''' Nonbinary people who ask people to use "[[she/her]]" pronouns for them include public speaker [[Olave Basabose]], internet personality [[Left at London]], musician [[JD Samson]], activist [[Kate Bornstein]] (who also goes by "they")<ref>{{cite tweet|author=[[Kate Bornstein]]|title=Thanks for asking, @msmacb. I like they/them. She/her are also okay—makes me smile. xox|date=2016-01-26|user=katebornstein|number=692135982716575745}}</ref> and comedian [[Eddie Izzard]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2020/dec/21/eddie-izzard-to-use-female-pronouns-she-and-her|title=Eddie Izzard to use the pronouns 'she' and 'her'|date=2020-12-21|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603050016/http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2020/dec/21/eddie-izzard-to-use-female-pronouns-she-and-her|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>.
'''She.''' Nonbinary people who ask people to use "[[she/her]]" pronouns for them include public speaker [[Olave Basabose]], internet personality [[Left at London]], musician [[JD Samson]], activist [[Kate Bornstein]] (who also goes by "they")<ref>{{cite tweet|author=[[Kate Bornstein]]|title=Thanks for asking, @msmacb. I like they/them. She/her are also okay—makes me smile. xox|date=2016-01-26|user=katebornstein|number=692135982716575745}}</ref> and comedian [[Eddie Izzard]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2020/dec/21/eddie-izzard-to-use-female-pronouns-she-and-her|title=Eddie Izzard to use the pronouns 'she' and 'her'|date=2020-12-21|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-02-10}}</ref>.


'''They.''' Some nonbinary people ask to be called by "singular they" pronouns, including comedian [[Jes Tom]], writer [[Ivan E. Coyote]], actor [[Jiz Lee]], writer [[R.B. Lemberg]], singer-songwriter [[Rae Spoon]], performance poet Kae Tempest<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/aug/06/kate-tempest-announces-they-are-non-binary-changes-name-to-kae|title=Kate Tempest announces they are non-binary, changes name to Kae|date=2020-08-06|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308000105/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/aug/06/kate-tempest-announces-they-are-non-binary-changes-name-to-kae|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> and musician [[Stevie Knipe]].
'''They.''' Some nonbinary people ask to be called by "singular they" pronouns, including comedian [[Jes Tom]], writer [[Ivan E. Coyote]], actor [[Jiz Lee]], writer [[R.B. Lemberg]], singer-songwriter [[Rae Spoon]], performance poet Kae Tempest<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/aug/06/kate-tempest-announces-they-are-non-binary-changes-name-to-kae|title=Kate Tempest announces they are non-binary, changes name to Kae|date=2020-08-06|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-02-10}}</ref> and musician [[Stevie Knipe]].


'''Other pronouns.''' Nonbinary people who go by other pronouns include singer Mx [[Justin Vivian Bond]], who goes by [[Pronouns#V|v]] pronouns. "[[Pronouns#Ze|Ze]], hir" pronouns are the preferred pronouns of revolutionary communist [[Leslie Feinberg]] (who also went by she)<ref>Minnie Bruce Pratt, "Transgender Pioneer and Stone Butch Blues Author Leslie Feinberg Has Died." ''Advocate.'' November 17, 2014. http://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/books/2014/11/17/transgender-pioneer-leslie-feinberg-stone-butch-blues-has-died [https://web.archive.org/web/20230614162544/https://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/books/2014/11/17/transgender-pioneer-leslie-feinberg-stone-butch-blues-has-died Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>.
'''Other pronouns.''' Nonbinary people who go by other pronouns include singer Mx [[Justin Vivian Bond]], who goes by [[Pronouns#V|v]] pronouns. "[[Pronouns#Ze|Ze]], hir" pronouns are the preferred pronouns of revolutionary communist [[Leslie Feinberg]] (who also went by she)<ref>Minnie Bruce Pratt, "Transgender Pioneer and Stone Butch Blues Author Leslie Feinberg Has Died." ''Advocate.'' November 17, 2014. http://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/books/2014/11/17/transgender-pioneer-leslie-feinberg-stone-butch-blues-has-died</ref>.


'''Any pronouns.''' Some nonbinary people have no specific pronoun they want used; they are okay with any and all pronouns. For example, the model [[Rain Dove]], voice actor [[Casey Mongillo]], and makeup artist [[Justin Saint]].
'''Any pronouns.''' Some nonbinary people have no specific pronoun they want used; they are okay with any and all pronouns. For example, the model [[Rain Dove]], voice actor [[Casey Mongillo]], and makeup artist [[Justin Saint]].
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*[http://anlamasanda.tumblr.com/post/15140114246 This survey by anlamasanda on Tumblr] ran for many months. The results were published at the start of 2012, and showed that of the 800+ people responding, '''singular "they"''' was the most popular pronoun at '''62%'''. [http://anlamasanda.tumblr.com/psurvey Commentary.]
*[http://anlamasanda.tumblr.com/post/15140114246 This survey by anlamasanda on Tumblr] ran for many months. The results were published at the start of 2012, and showed that of the 800+ people responding, '''singular "they"''' was the most popular pronoun at '''62%'''. [http://anlamasanda.tumblr.com/psurvey Commentary.]
*[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AiVvhUyACboSdG56TmczMmtGbFJCOVg1dTdUVFp1enc#gid=1 This survey by Lottelodge (now cassolotl) on Tumblr] ran for two months. The results were published in July 2013, and showed that of over 2,000 respondents '''singular "they"''' was the most popular pronoun at '''63%'''. [http://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/54769253277 Commentary.] This rose to 74% in 2015,<ref name="CassolotlNBGQ2015">[http://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/111585517125 Nonbinary Stats 2015 (Worldwide) - the results], published 20 Feb 2015 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230519033700/https://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/111585517125 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> and 77% in 2016.<ref name="CassolotlNBGQ2016">[http://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/137953257500 NB/GQ Survey 2016 - the worldwide results], published 20 Feb 2015 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230519033835/http://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/137953257500 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>
*[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AiVvhUyACboSdG56TmczMmtGbFJCOVg1dTdUVFp1enc#gid=1 This survey by Lottelodge (now cassolotl) on Tumblr] ran for two months. The results were published in July 2013, and showed that of over 2,000 respondents '''singular "they"''' was the most popular pronoun at '''63%'''. [http://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/54769253277 Commentary.] This rose to 74% in 2015,<ref name="CassolotlNBGQ2015">[http://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/111585517125 Nonbinary Stats 2015 (Worldwide) - the results], published 20 Feb 2015</ref> and 77% in 2016.<ref name="CassolotlNBGQ2016">[http://cassolotl.tumblr.com/post/137953257500 NB/GQ Survey 2016 - the worldwide results], published 20 Feb 2015</ref>
*[https://gendercensus.tumblr.com/post/141311159050/nbgq-survey-2016-the-worldwide-results Nonbinary Stats Survey of 2016] ran in January for 8 days, and published its results in March. The most popular pronoun was "they," at 77.5%, followed by she, he, "mix it up," and a preference to not have others pronouns for one at all. The survey recorded 123 different pronoun sets in use among 3055 nonbinary people, of which, 90 pronouns were entered only once.
*[https://gendercensus.tumblr.com/post/141311159050/nbgq-survey-2016-the-worldwide-results Nonbinary Stats Survey of 2016] ran in January for 8 days, and published its results in March. The most popular pronoun was "they," at 77.5%, followed by she, he, "mix it up," and a preference to not have others pronouns for one at all. The survey recorded 123 different pronoun sets in use among 3055 nonbinary people, of which, 90 pronouns were entered only once.


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====Test them====
====Test them====


At the same time as you work on the above table of pros and cons, test the pronouns that you might like. Try them in several ways: in writing, out loud, and in reference to you. If you have friends who understand, test out having them call you by these pronouns for a little while. You can help your friends with this by wearing a pronoun badge (see below). You can also test how your pronouns look in writing by using web-sites that put them into a text. Such sites include [https://genderev.com/pronouns/ Genderev's Pronoun Try-On], [https://chocolate-pancake.github.io/pronounsandnamestester/ Pronouns And Names Tester], [http://www.pronouns.failedslacker.com/ Failedslacker's Pronoun Dressing Room], [https://web.archive.org/web/20190407041806/http://www.pronoun.is/ Pronoun Island] and [http://www.practicewithpronouns.com/ PracticeWithPronouns.com]. You may find that you feel differently about the pronouns when they are in action, and when they are in reference to you.
At the same time as you work on the above table of pros and cons, test the pronouns that you might like. Try them in several ways: in writing, out loud, and in reference to you. If you have friends who understand, test out having them call you by these pronouns for a little while. You can help your friends with this by wearing a pronoun badge (see below). You can also test how your pronouns look in writing by using web-sites that put them into a text. Such sites include [https://genderev.com/pronouns/ Genderev's Pronoun Try-On], [https://chocolate-pancake.github.io/pronounsandnamestester/ Pronouns And Names Tester], [http://www.pronouns.failedslacker.com/ Failedslacker's Pronoun Dressing Room], [https://pronoun.is/ Pronoun Island] and [http://www.practicewithpronouns.com/ PracticeWithPronouns.com]. You may find that you feel differently about the pronouns when they are in action, and when they are in reference to you.


===Announcing your change of pronouns===
===Announcing your change of pronouns===
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For another example, some genderfluid people feel comfortable or uncomfortable with certain pronouns depending on the current state of their gender identity. As a result, they alternate pronouns depending on their current identity, and ask to be called by different pronouns at different times.  
For another example, some genderfluid people feel comfortable or uncomfortable with certain pronouns depending on the current state of their gender identity. As a result, they alternate pronouns depending on their current identity, and ask to be called by different pronouns at different times.  


Unusual pronouns can make trouble for people who speak English as a second language, or who have disabilities that make it harder for them to speak and understand English. Unusual pronouns are difficult to understand for people who lipread.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pronouns |work=Footnotes |date=15 July 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414130833/http://footnotes.jinkies.org.uk/pronouns.html |url=http://footnotes.jinkies.org.uk/pronouns.html |archive-date=14 April 2009 |access-date=29 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> If you or another person have difficulty using unusual pronouns for these reasons, then it is acceptable and appropriate to ask a person if they have another set of pronouns that you can use in that case.<ref>otherkinlogic, vulpinekin, and roborenard. "Nounself pronouns and how to use them." http://otherkinlogic.tumblr.com/post/92382457520 {{dead link}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20200929160755/https://otherkinlogic.tumblr.com/post/92382457520 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>
Unusual pronouns can make trouble for people who speak English as a second language, or who have disabilities that make it harder for them to speak and understand English. Unusual pronouns are difficult to understand for people who lipread.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pronouns |work=Footnotes |date=15 July 2003 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090414130833/http://footnotes.jinkies.org.uk/pronouns.html |url=http://footnotes.jinkies.org.uk/pronouns.html |archive-date=14 April 2009}}</ref> If you or another person have difficulty using unusual pronouns for these reasons, then it is acceptable and appropriate to ask a person if they have another set of pronouns that you can use in that case.<ref>otherkinlogic, vulpinekin, and roborenard. "Nounself pronouns and how to use them." http://otherkinlogic.tumblr.com/post/92382457520 {{dead link}}</ref>


==Arabic neutral pronouns==
==Arabic neutral pronouns==
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Gender-neutral pronouns in Modern Standard Arabic (اللغة العربية) include:
Gender-neutral pronouns in Modern Standard Arabic (اللغة العربية) include:


هما means "they, originally dual, can work as a neutral singular third person."<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns">{{Cite web|url=https://whatdoesenbymean.tumblr.com/post/98205665479/multilingual-pronouns-list|title=multilingual pronouns list|website=Ask a nonbinary person|access-date=2021-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516153213/https://whatdoesenbymean.tumblr.com/post/98205665479/multilingual-pronouns-list|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
هما means "they, originally dual, can work as a neutral singular third person."<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns">{{Cite web|url=https://whatdoesenbymean.tumblr.com/post/98205665479/multilingual-pronouns-list|title=multilingual pronouns list|website=Ask a nonbinary person|access-date=2021-01-10}}</ref>


انتما means "second person dual."<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" />
انتما means "second person dual."<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" />
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'''onikání''', "which was used in the past as gender-neutral pronoun when refering to someone of lesser status. it’s oni/je/jejich/se they/them/their/themself and the use is: Oni jsou moc milým člověkem. - They are a very nice person."<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" />
'''onikání''', "which was used in the past as gender-neutral pronoun when refering to someone of lesser status. it’s oni/je/jejich/se they/them/their/themself and the use is: Oni jsou moc milým člověkem. - They are a very nice person."<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" />
==Danish neutral pronouns==
==Danish neutral pronouns==


Gender-neutral pronouns in Danish language (dansk) include:
Gender-neutral pronouns in Danish language (Dansk) include:


'''de, dem, deres'''<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" />
'''de, dem, deres'''<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" />


'''hen, hen, hens'''<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> (neopronoun - the variants hæn and høn have also been proposed.)<ref>https://sproget.dk/raad-og-regler/artikler-mv/svarbase/SV00016738 [https://web.archive.org/web/20220929211652/https://sproget.dk/raad-og-regler/artikler-mv/svarbase/SV00016738 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> <ref>https://nordjyske.dk/nyheder/han-hun-eller-hoen/13013a26-ec3f-4c10-9833-d80a0fd6ea7e [https://web.archive.org/web/20211023120648/https://nordjyske.dk/nyheder/han-hun-eller-hoen/13013a26-ec3f-4c10-9833-d80a0fd6ea7e Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>
'''hen, hen, hens'''<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> (neopronoun - the variants hæn and høn are equally proposed.)<ref>https://sproget.dk/raad-og-regler/artikler-mv/svarbase/SV00016738</ref> <ref>https://nordjyske.dk/nyheder/han-hun-eller-hoen/13013a26-ec3f-4c10-9833-d80a0fd6ea7e</ref>


==Dutch neutral pronouns==
==Dutch neutral pronouns==
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Gender-neutral pronouns in Dutch language (Nederlands) include:
Gender-neutral pronouns in Dutch language (Nederlands) include:


'''hen, hen, hun''' <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.transgendernetwerk.nl/non-binair-voornaamwoord-uitslag/|title=Zo maak je na toiletten ook taal genderneutraal|date=2016-06-10|website=Transgender Netwerk Nederland|language=nl|access-date=2020-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520060910/https://www.transgendernetwerk.nl/non-binair-voornaamwoord-uitslag/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
'''hen, hen, hun''' <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.transgendernetwerk.nl/non-binair-voornaamwoord-uitslag/|title=Zo maak je na toiletten ook taal genderneutraal|date=2016-06-10|website=Transgender Netwerk Nederland|language=nl|access-date=2020-10-23}}</ref>


'''die, hen, hun''' <ref name=":2" />
'''die, hen, hun''' <ref name=":2" />
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'''zij, hen, hun'''<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" />
'''zij, hen, hun'''<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" />


‘’’Die, hen, hun’’’is also often used with die being a translation of who or another way of using a Dutch version of they.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" />
‘’’Die, hen, hun’’’is also often used with die being a translation of who or another way of using a Dutch version of they <ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" />


Dutch has three grammatical genders, masculine, feminine and neuter, but most forms are identical for masculine and feminine (while often opposed to neuter).  This makes avoidance strategies attractive. E.g. while the third person singular personal pronoun is differentiated between feminine ("zij") and masculine ("hij"), the demonstrative pronoun is identical for these two genders ("'''die'''") and can often be used instead.
Dutch has three grammatical genders, masculine, feminine and neuter, but most forms are identical for masculine and feminine (while often opposed to neuter).  This makes avoidance strategies attractive. E.g. while the third person singular personal pronoun is differentiated between feminine ("zij") and masculine ("hij"), the demonstrative pronoun is identical for these two genders ("'''die'''") and can often be used instead.


In 2016 Transgender Netwerk Nederland held a poll, in which '''hen, hen, hun''' or '''die, hen, hun''' were chosen as gender neutral pronouns.<ref name=":2" />
In 2016 Transgender Netwerk Nederland held a poll, in which '''hen, hen, hun''' or '''die, hen, hun''' were chosen as gender neutral pronouns.<ref name=":2" />
==English neutral pronouns==
==English neutral pronouns==


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==Esperanto neutral pronouns==
==Esperanto neutral pronouns==


Normally, Esperanto doesn't have any singular gender-neutral personal pronouns, only female or male. Some proposed grammatical reforms suggest adding a neutral pronoun. None of the proposals are recognized by the Akademio de Esperanto (Academy of Esperanto), an official body that aims to provide guidance to Esperanto users. While the Akademio takes a conservative approach to Esperanto usage, they have been known to adopt neologisms as their sustained use becomes widespread. For more information about this issue, see Wikipedia's article [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_reform_in_Esperanto gender reform in Esperanto].
Normally, Esperanto doesn't have any neutral pronouns for people, only female or male. Some proposed grammatical reforms suggest adding a neutral pronoun. The problem with reforms is that the mean that, since you're not speaking dictionary Esperanto, many speakers won't understand you. Esperanto is supposed to be so uniform that everyone speaks it the same and can understand it. For more information about this issue, see Wikipedia's article [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_reform_in_Esperanto gender reform in Esperanto].


Some proposed gender-neutral pronouns in non-standard Esperanto include:
Some proposed gender-neutral pronouns in non-standard Esperanto include:


'''gi'''. "A popular proposal because it is iconic: in writing, it resembles ''ĝi'' ('it'), which it also resembles in meaning, and it is similar to the occasionally epicene prefix ''ge-''. This makes it readily recognizable. Also along these lines is the use of the epicene prefix itself, ''geli''."<ref name="esperanto wikipedia">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_reform_in_Esperanto Wikipedia page on gender reform in Esperanto] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230530050443/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_reform_in_Esperanto Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>
'''gi'''. "A popular proposal because it is iconic: in writing, it resembles ''ĝi'', which it also resembles in meaning, and it is similar to the occasionally epicene prefix ''ge-''. This makes it readily recognizable. Also along these lines is the use of the epicene prefix itself, ''geli''."<ref name="esperanto wikipedia">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_reform_in_Esperanto Wikipedia page on gender reform in Esperanto]</ref>
 
'''ĝi (gxi)'''. "Ĝiist Esperanto," or "ĝiismo," is a grammatical reform similar to "riism" (see ''ri'' below) that proposes using the existing pronoun ''ĝi'' ('it') as a gender-neutral pronoun when referring to a person whose gender is "unknown or unimportant" to the context, in addition to its traditional sense of referring to animals and objects. Among "ĝiists," ''ri'' is used exclusively in reference to nonbinary people.<ref name="seksneuxtrala">[https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seksne%C5%ADtrala_homa_triapersona_pronomo Esperanto Wikipedia page on gender-neutral pronouns] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230530160607/https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seksne%C5%ADtrala_homa_triapersona_pronomo Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> However, some argue that use of ''ĝi'' in reference to people is objectifying, and for this reason the popular reference ''Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko'' advises against it.<ref name="pmeg">Wennergren, Bertilo. "[https://bertilow.com/pmeg/gramatiko/pronomoj/tria.html Tria persono]". ''[https://bertilow.com/pmeg/index.html Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko 2022].'' Accessed 2022-08-29.</ref>


'''hi/li'''. In orthodox Esperanto, ''li'' is gendered masculine ('he') when a person's gender is known, and used as the epicene singular pronoun when a person's gender is unidentified or hypothetical. "Hiist Esperanto," or "hiismo," proposes ''hi'' as a new masculine singular pronoun "so that the gendered pronouns ''hi'' and ''ŝi'' both derive from English" while retaining ''li'' only in gender-neutral contexts.<ref name="hiismo">[https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiismo Esperanto Wikipedia page on hiismo] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230522220723/https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiismo Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>
'''hi'''. Proposed "so that the gendered pronouns ''hi'' and ''ŝi'' both derive from English."<ref name="esperanto wikipedia"></ref>


'''oni'''. In orthodox Esperanto, ''oni'' is the gender-neutral indefinite/impersonal pronoun, similar to the English pronoun ''one.'' Some propose extending its use as a definite pronoun to refer to a known person whose gender is unknown or irrelevant, and/or as a personal pronoun.<ref name="seksneuxtrala"></ref>
'''li'''. A common proposed neutral pronoun that is "related to the epicene plural ''ili'' 'they'".<ref name="esperanto wikipedia"></ref>


'''ri'''. "Riist Esperanto," or "riismo," is a grammatical reform to Esperanto that makes the language more gender-neutral in several ways. One of these changes is to replace the gendered pronouns entirely with the neutral pronoun ''ri''. This was popular for some time for the Esperanto community on the Internet in the 1990s.<ref name="esperanto wikipedia"></ref> ''Ri'' is currently favoured as a personal pronoun by nonbinary Esperantists, and is sometimes used in cases when the gender of a person is unknown or not relevant to the context.<ref name="enjoy esperanto">Owen, Tim. ''Enjoy Esperanto.'' London (2022): Teach Yourself.</ref> The widely used ''Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko'' (''Complete Handbook of Esperanto Grammar'') no longer advises against the usage of ''ri,'' stating that, while "not everyone is familiar with" ''riismo,'' it "is, however, sufficiently widespread, especially among youth, that many who themselves do not use ''ri'' or ''ria'' [the possessive form] do understand the new words."<ref name="pmeg"></ref> An entry for ''ri'' does appear in the widely used ''Reta Vortaro'',<ref name="revo">[https://www.reta-vortaro.de/revo/dlg/index-2f.html#ri.0 ''Reta Vortaro'' entry for "ri."] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230301051159/https://www.reta-vortaro.de/revo/dlg/index-2f.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> and the English-language textbook ''Enjoy Esperanto'' includes a chapter on inclusive language, including discussion of riismo and nonbinary Esperantists.<ref name="enjoy esperanto"></ref>
'''ri'''. "Riist Esperanto," or "Riisim," is a grammatical reform to Esperanto that makes the language more gender-neutral in several ways. One of these changes is to replace the gendered pronouns entirely with the neutral pronoun ''ri''. This was popular for some time for the Esperanto community on the Internet in the 1990s.<ref name="esperanto wikipedia"></ref>


'''ŝli (sxli)'''. "Instantly recognizable to most Esperantists ... This is just the reading pronunciation of the abbreviation ''ŝ/li'', the equivalent of English "s/he", and is not infrequently seen in informal writing."<ref name="esperanto wikipedia"></ref>
'''ŝli (sxli)'''. "Instantly recognizable to most Esperantists ... This is just the reading pronunciation of the abbreviation ''ŝ/li'', the equivalent of English "s/he", and is not infrequently seen in informal writing."<ref name="esperanto wikipedia"></ref>
'''tiu/ties'''. In Esperanto, ''tiu'' and ''ties'' mean 'that person' and 'that person's' respectively. They can be used as a grammatically orthodox workaround for avoiding use of gendered pronouns, but can come off as awkward and overly indirect.<ref name="seksneuxtrala"></ref>


==Estonian neutral pronouns==
==Estonian neutral pronouns==
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==French neutral pronouns==
==French neutral pronouns==


In French, talking about one's self or another person in a gender-neutral way requires using created pronouns since the language only have two genders (feminine and masculine). These pronouns are not used officially, but are more and more used in gender-inclusive texts and spaces, along with gender-inclusive grammar rules for adjectives. That said, these and others have been well-documented in rapidly growing literature on this topic.<ref>Knisely, K. A. (2020). Le français non-binaire: linguistic forms used by non-binary speakers of French. ''Foreign Language Annals'', ''53''(4), 850-876.</ref>
In French, talking about one's self or another person in a gender-neutral way requires using created pronouns since the language only have two genders (feminine and masculine). These pronouns are not used officially, but are more and more used in gender-inclusive texts and spaces, along with gender-inclusive grammar rules for adjectives.


'''ile'''. A mix of the French words "il" ("he") and "elle" ("she"). Some nonbinary people in France go by this pronoun. In 2015, an [[intersex]] adult in Tours won the right to change their birth certificate to say "gender neutral". The news mentioned that this person went by "ile" pronouns.<ref name="McCormick">{{Cite web |title=France legally recognises person as ‘gender neutral’ for the first time |author=McCormick, Joseph |work=PinkNews |date=15 October 2015 |access-date=21 February 2021 |url= https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2015/10/15/france-legally-recognises-person-as-gender-neutral-for-the-first-time/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819192128/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2015/10/15/france-legally-recognises-person-as-gender-neutral-for-the-first-time/ |archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref>
'''ile'''. A mix of the French words "il" ("he") and "elle" ("she"). Some nonbinary people in France go by this pronoun. In 2015, an [[intersex]] adult in Tours won the right to change their birth certificate to say "gender neutral". The news mentioned that this person went by "ile" pronouns.<ref name="McCormick">{{Cite web |title=France legally recognises person as ‘gender neutral’ for the first time |author=McCormick, Joseph |work=PinkNews |date=15 October 2015 |access-date=21 February 2021 |url= https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2015/10/15/france-legally-recognises-person-as-gender-neutral-for-the-first-time/}}</ref>


'''iel, iels'''. A mix between "il" ("he") and "elle" ("she") that can be easily said out loud;<ref name="atelier queer 1" /> "li" is proposed as singular direct object form (the plural object forms and the indirect object forms are neutral anyhow). Iel is often used as a translation of english "they" both for nonbinary people and to refer as someone without referring to their gender. This is the most popular neutral pronoun.
'''iel, iels'''. A mix between "il" ("he") and "elle" ("she") that can be easily said out loud;<ref name="atelier queer 1" /> "li" is proposed as singular direct object form (the plural object forms and the indirect object forms are neutral anyhow). Iel is often used as a translation of english "they" both for nonbinary people and to refer as someone without referring to their gender. This is the most popular neutral pronoun.


'''ille, illes''' A mix between "il" ("he") and "elle" ("she") that can be used in a written text but that can not be easily said out loud.<ref name="atelier queer 1">Alice Coutant, Luca Greco, Noémie Marignier. [http://www.slideshare.net/noemiemarignier/queer-week "Le chantier linguistique : éléments pour une grammaire non-binaire".] Atelier Queer Week 6 mars 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221208124336/http://www.slideshare.net/noemiemarignier/queer-week Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>
'''ille, illes''' A mix between "il" ("he") and "elle" ("she") that can be used in a written text but that can not be easily said out loud.<ref name="atelier queer 1">Alice Coutant, Luca Greco, Noémie Marignier. [http://www.slideshare.net/noemiemarignier/queer-week "Le chantier linguistique : éléments pour une grammaire non-binaire".] Atelier Queer Week 6 mars 2015.</ref>


'''yel'''. A mix between "il" ("he") and "elle" ("she") that can be easily said out loud (for object forms, see "iel, iels").<ref name="atelier queer 1"></ref>
'''yel'''. A mix between "il" ("he") and "elle" ("she") that can be easily said out loud (for object forms, see "iel, iels").<ref name="atelier queer 1"></ref>
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'''er*'''.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> he*.
'''er*'''.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> he*.


'''er + feminine noun endings.'''<ref name=":0">Pronomen. ''Nichtbinär-Wiki.'' Accessed August 15, 2017. [https://nibi.space/pronomen#Vorname] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230626192859/https://nibi.space/pronomen Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>
'''er + feminine noun endings.'''<ref name=":0">Pronomen. ''Nichtbinär-Wiki.'' Accessed August 15, 2017. [https://nibi.space/pronomen#Vorname]</ref>


'''es'''. This means "it," and isn't usually used for people. Only use this pronoun for people who ask to be called by it. Some nonbinary people do reclaim it for themselves.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /><ref name="ttsg-german">{{cite web|title=Are there any gender neutral pronouns in German too?|work=Transgender teen survival guide (blog)|url=http://transgenderteensurvivalguide.tumblr.com/post/109131545635/are-there-any-gender-neutral-pronouns-in-german|date=25 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827194548/https://transgenderteensurvivalguide.tumblr.com/post/109131545635/are-there-any-gender-neutral-pronouns-in-german|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
'''es'''. This means "it," and isn't usually used for people. Only use this pronoun for people who ask to be called by it. Some nonbinary people do reclaim it for themselves.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /><ref name="ttsg-german">{{cite web|title=Are there any gender neutral pronouns in German too?|work=Transgender teen survival guide (blog)|url=http://transgenderteensurvivalguide.tumblr.com/post/109131545635/are-there-any-gender-neutral-pronouns-in-german|date=25 January 2015}}</ref>


'''sie'''. When this pronoun is used for a single person, it usually means "she." However, it also means "plural they," so some people use it as a neutral pronoun.<ref name="ttsg-german" />
'''sie'''. When this pronoun is used for a single person, it usually means "she." However, it also means "plural they," so some people use it as a neutral pronoun.<ref name="ttsg-german" />
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===Neopronouns===
===Neopronouns===
[[File:Pronouns beyond gender.png|thumb|Example usage of "dey" pronoun.]]
[[File:Pronouns beyond gender.png|thumb|Example usage of "dey" pronoun.]]
'''A.'''<ref name="hirn_DieS">{{Cite web |title=Die Sache mit den Pronomen. |trans-title= |author= |work=Ashducation |date=3 January 2016 |access-date=21 February 2021 |url= https://hirngefickt.wordpress.com/2016/01/03/die-sache-mit-den-pronomen-2/ |language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331104850/https://hirngefickt.wordpress.com/2016/01/03/die-sache-mit-den-pronomen-2/ |archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref> First mention by a person whose name starts with A.
'''A.'''<ref name="hirn_DieS">{{Cite web |title=Die Sache mit den Pronomen. |trans-title= |author= |work=Ashducation |date=3 January 2016 |access-date=21 February 2021 |url= https://hirngefickt.wordpress.com/2016/01/03/die-sache-mit-den-pronomen-2/ |language=de}}</ref> First mention by a person whose name starts with A.


'''as.'''<ref name=":0" /> Based on ''es'' (it), vowel changed to mark difference between things and people.
'''as.'''<ref name=":0" /> Based on ''es'' (it), vowel changed to mark difference between things and people.


'''dey.'''<ref>Anonymous ask on ''Nonbinary Trans Germany: Trans in Deutschland''. August 10, 2016. http://nonbinarytransgermany.tumblr.com/post/148742824641/ein-befreundeter-mensch-von-mir-hat-sich-mal [https://web.archive.org/web/20230331104855/https://nonbinarytransgermany.tumblr.com/post/148742824641/ein-befreundeter-mensch-von-mir-hat-sich-mal Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> Based on they, changed to be more easily pronounceable in German.
'''dey.'''<ref>Anonymous ask on ''Nonbinary Trans Germany: Trans in Deutschland''. August 10, 2016. http://nonbinarytransgermany.tumblr.com/post/148742824641/ein-befreundeter-mensch-von-mir-hat-sich-mal</ref> Based on they, changed to be more easily pronounceable in German.


'''dier/dies/diem/dien'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.annaheger.de/pronomen33/|title=Version 3.3 : xier Pronomen ohne Geschlecht|author=Illi Anna Heger|language=de-DE|access-date=2021-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602091309/https://www.annaheger.de/pronomen33/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> Relative pronoun set based on ''dier'' (pronounced [di:ɐ̯]), an alternative to ''die'' and ''der''.
'''dier/dies/diem/dien'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.annaheger.de/pronomen33/|title=Version 3.3 : xier Pronomen ohne Geschlecht|author=Illi Anna Heger|language=de-DE|access-date=2021-08-08}}</ref> Relative pronoun set based on ''dier'' (pronounced [di:ɐ̯]), an alternative to ''die'' and ''der''.


'''em'''.
'''em'''.


'''er_sie'''<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" />''', sie_r, ersie, er:sie, er*sie.'''<ref name=":0" /> From ''er'' (he) and ''sie'' (she).
'''er_sie'''<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" />''', ersie, er:sie, er*sie.'''<ref name=":0" /> From ''er'' (he) and ''sie'' (she).


'''hän/sires/sim/sin'''.<ref name="high_Glos">{{Cite web |title=Glossar |trans-title= |author= |work=High on Clichés |date=11 December 2011 |access-date=21 February 2021 |url= https://highoncliches.wordpress.com/2011/12/11/glossar/ |language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531034450/https://highoncliches.wordpress.com/2011/12/11/glossar/ |archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref> used as a replacement for ''er/sie''
'''hän/sires/sim/sin'''.<ref name="high_Glos">{{Cite web |title=Glossar |trans-title= |author= |work=High on Clichés |date=11 December 2011 |access-date=21 February 2021 |url= https://highoncliches.wordpress.com/2011/12/11/glossar/ |language=de}}</ref> used as a replacement for ''er/sie''


'''hen.'''<ref name=":0" /> borrowed from Swedish/Norwegian<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20201125190700/https://leafmiilk.tumblr.com/about</ref>
'''hen.'''<ref name=":0" /> borrowed from Swedish/Norwegian<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20201125190700/https://leafmiilk.tumblr.com/about</ref>
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'''iks.'''<ref name=":0" /> Version of ''x''.
'''iks.'''<ref name=":0" /> Version of ''x''.


'''k.'''<ref>Comment by Pennyroyal Tea on a post by Ash B. 3 January 2016 https://www.facebook.com/hirngefickt/posts/1689898591228038?comment_id=1689923207892243&comment_tracking={%22tn%22%3A%22R4%22} [https://web.archive.org/web/20180902184356/https://www.facebook.com/hirngefickt/posts/1689898591228038?comment_id=1689923207892243&comment_tracking={%22tn%22%3A%22R4%22} Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> inplace of she/he said you say k said ''"k hat gesagt"''
'''k.'''<ref>Comment by Pennyroyal Tea on a post by Ash B. 3 January 2016 https://www.facebook.com/hirngefickt/posts/1689898591228038?comment_id=1689923207892243&comment_tracking={%22tn%22%3A%22R4%22}</ref> inplace of she/he said you say k said ''"k hat gesagt"''


'''nim/nimser/nim/nin'''.<ref>Cabala de Sylvain &amp; Carsten Balzer, "Die SYLVAIN-Konventionen – Versuch einer „geschlechtergerechten“
'''nim/nimser/nim/nin'''.<ref>Cabala de Sylvain &amp; Carsten Balzer, "Die SYLVAIN-Konventionen – Versuch einer „geschlechtergerechten“
Grammatik-Transformation der deutschen Sprache." ''Liminalis''. https://web.archive.org/web/20170724231026/http://www.liminalis.de/2008_02/Liminalis-2008-Sylvain-Balzer.pdf</ref>
Grammatik-Transformation der deutschen Sprache." ''Liminalis''. https://web.archive.org/web/20170724231026/http://www.liminalis.de/2008_02/Liminalis-2008-Sylvain-Balzer.pdf</ref>


'''per'''.<ref>"Namensgebung? Pronomen? Nicht-binärer Name!" ''nibiTrans*ich'' (blog). http://nibitransich.blogspot.de/2015/06/namensgebung-non-binarer-name.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20230331104850/http://nibitransich.blogspot.de/2015/06/namensgebung-non-binarer-name.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> used the same as ''er/sie''
'''per'''.<ref>"Namensgebung? Pronomen? Nicht-binärer Name!" ''nibiTrans*ich'' (blog). http://nibitransich.blogspot.de/2015/06/namensgebung-non-binarer-name.html</ref> used the same as ''er/sie''


'''sh'he/hi'er''' Gendered neopronoun that is both masculine and feminine and derived from contractions of ''she/her'' and ''he/him'' as a gendered alternative to explicitly gender neutral and nongendered neopronouns for [[multigender]] people <ref>{{cite tweet|user=MayGriffin64 |number=1340798222617468928|title=I've kinda made my own neopronoun because none of the others really work for me. They're sh'he/hi'er and contractions of she and he and him and her. So this pronoun is explicitly gendered male and female and I do not consider it gender neutral.|date= 20 December 2020}}</ref>
'''sh'he/hi'er''' Gendered neopronoun that is both masculine and feminine and derived from contractions of ''she/her'' and ''he/him'' as a gendered alternative to explicitly gender neutral and nongendered neopronouns for [[multigender]] people <ref>{{cite tweet|user=MayGriffin64 |number=1340798222617468928|title=I've kinda made my own neopronoun because none of the others really work for me. They're sh'he/hi'er and contractions of she and he and him and her. So this pronoun is explicitly gendered male and female and I do not consider it gender neutral.|date= 20 December 2020}}</ref>


'''sier/sieser/siem/sien''' with possessive pronouns based on root "sies".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.annaheger.de/pronomen21/|title=Version 2.1 : sier Pronomen ohne Geschlecht|author=Illi Anna Heger|language=de-DE|access-date=2021-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604175624/https://www.annaheger.de/pronomen21/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>  
'''sier/sieser/siem/sien''' with possessive pronouns based on root "sies".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.annaheger.de/pronomen21/|title=Version 2.1 : sier Pronomen ohne Geschlecht|author=Illi Anna Heger|language=de-DE|access-date=2021-06-09}}</ref>  


'''sif/sis/sim/sin''' with possessive pronouns based on root "sir".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.annaheger.de/pronomen10/|title=Version 1.0 : sif Pronomen ohne Geschlecht|author=Illi Anna Heger|language=de-DE|access-date=2021-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604162417/https://www.annaheger.de/pronomen10/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
'''sif/sis/sim/sin''' with possessive pronouns based on root "sir".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.annaheger.de/pronomen10/|title=Version 1.0 : sif Pronomen ohne Geschlecht|author=Illi Anna Heger|language=de-DE|access-date=2021-03-17}}</ref>


'''they.'''<ref>Geschlechtsneutrale Sprache | Gender-neutral language. ''Nonbinary Trans Germany: Trans in Deutschland.'' http://nonbinarytransgermany.tumblr.com/language [https://web.archive.org/web/20230623035307/https://nonbinarytransgermany.tumblr.com/language Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> Used just like in English.
'''they.'''<ref>Geschlechtsneutrale Sprache | Gender-neutral language. ''Nonbinary Trans Germany: Trans in Deutschland.'' http://nonbinarytransgermany.tumblr.com/language</ref> Used just like in English.


'''x'''.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> Has been criticised for being racist when used by white people.<ref>"Warum das x-Pronomen mir Bauchschmerzen bereitet" ''Tea-Riffic'' (blog). [http://teariffic.de/2015/02/18/warum-das-x-pronomen-mir-bauchschmerzen-bereitet/] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230331104851/http://teariffic.de/2015/02/18/warum-das-x-pronomen-mir-bauchschmerzen-bereitet/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>
'''x'''.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> Has been criticised for being racist when used by white people.<ref>"Warum das x-Pronomen mir Bauchschmerzen bereitet" ''Tea-Riffic'' (blog). [http://teariffic.de/2015/02/18/warum-das-x-pronomen-mir-bauchschmerzen-bereitet/]</ref>


'''xier/xieser/xiem/xien'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.annaheger.de/pronomen33/|title=Version 3.3 : xier Pronomen ohne Geschlecht|author=Illi Anna Heger|language=de-DE|access-date=2021-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602091309/https://www.annaheger.de/pronomen33/|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> Pronoun set based on ''xier'' (pronounced [ksi:ɐ̯]), an alternative to ''er'' and ''sie'' developed by Illi Anna Heger. And '''xies''' can be used as the base to matching possessive pronouns, that are declensed with endings you would use for ''sein'' and ''ihr'',  '''xiese/xieses/xiesem/xiesen/xieser.''' <ref>https://www.annaheger.de/pronouns/</ref>
'''xier/xieser/xiem/xien'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.annaheger.de/pronomen33/|title=Version 3.3 : xier Pronomen ohne Geschlecht|author=Illi Anna Heger|language=de-DE|access-date=2021-08-08}}</ref> Personal pronoun set based on ''xier'' (pronounced [ksi:ɐ̯]), an alternative to ''er'' and ''sie''. And '''xies''' can be used as the base to matching possessive pronouns, that are declensed with endings you would use for ''sein'' and ''ihr'',  '''xies/xiese/xieses/xiesem/xiesen'''


'''z, zet.'''<ref>@pandanouk. September 5, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160906155158/https://twitter.com/pandanouk/status/772895165551874049</ref> replacement for er/sie
'''z, zet.'''<ref>@pandanouk. September 5, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160906155158/https://twitter.com/pandanouk/status/772895165551874049</ref> replacement for er/sie
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Hebrew has masculine/feminine gender distinction in both singular and plural second- and third-person pronouns, so there's no option for a genderless third-person plural pronoun (like in English) or second-person pronoun (like in Arabic). For this reason, '''הֵם‎''' ''hem,'' traditionally the masculine third-person plural pronoun, is used as a singular third-person pronoun by many nonbinary Hebrew speakers.  
Hebrew has masculine/feminine gender distinction in both singular and plural second- and third-person pronouns, so there's no option for a genderless third-person plural pronoun (like in English) or second-person pronoun (like in Arabic). For this reason, '''הֵם‎''' ''hem,'' traditionally the masculine third-person plural pronoun, is used as a singular third-person pronoun by many nonbinary Hebrew speakers.  


The choice of this pronoun may be due to the somewhat neutral nature of the third-person plural masculine, which is used with mixed-gender groups. Some may choose the third-person plural because it is closest to the English ''they''.<ref>Bryant, Andrea R. (2021). ''Beyond they/them: a typology of nonbinary pronoun and agreement innovation'' (Bachelor's thesis). Retrieved from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1epd7v5NMvAeRcL3_RakfuQZgE84C3eAN/view?usp=sharing [https://web.archive.org/web/20230521191606/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1epd7v5NMvAeRcL3_RakfuQZgE84C3eAN/view?usp=sharing Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>
The choice of this pronoun may be due to the somewhat neutral nature of the third-person plural masculine, which is used with mixed-gender groups. Some may choose the third-person plural because it is closest to the English ''they''.<ref>Bryant, Andrea R. (2021). ''Beyond they/them: a typology of nonbinary pronoun and agreement innovation'' (Bachelor's thesis). Retrieved from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1epd7v5NMvAeRcL3_RakfuQZgE84C3eAN/view?usp=sharing</ref>


Some Hebrew speakers who are nonbinary may choose to use the masculine and feminine pronouns interchangeably.<ref name="Lipson">{{Cite web |title=How Language Classes Are Moving Past the Gender Binary |last=Lipson |first=By Molly |work=New York Times |date=1 September 2021 |access-date=1 September 2021 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/01/crosswords/gender-language-nonbinary.html |quote=Mx. Janner-Klausner, who teaches in Jerusalem, asks their students to refer to them using male and female pronouns interchangeably.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219210609/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/01/crosswords/gender-language-nonbinary.html |archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref>
Some Hebrew speakers who are nonbinary may choose to use the masculine and feminine pronouns interchangeably.<ref name="Lipson">{{Cite web |title=How Language Classes Are Moving Past the Gender Binary |last=Lipson |first=By Molly |work=New York Times |date=1 September 2021 |access-date=1 September 2021 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/01/crosswords/gender-language-nonbinary.html |quote=Mx. Janner-Klausner, who teaches in Jerusalem, asks their students to refer to them using male and female pronouns interchangeably.}}</ref>


==Icelandic neutral pronouns==
==Icelandic neutral pronouns==
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Icelandic has three grammatical genders, feminine, masculine and neuter. In the plural, it is colloquial to use the neuter for a mixed-gender group of people or for people of unknown gender.
Icelandic has three grammatical genders, feminine, masculine and neuter. In the plural, it is colloquial to use the neuter for a mixed-gender group of people or for people of unknown gender.


For the singular, the third-person pronoun "hán" has been proposed, (genitive "háns", dative "háni", accusative "hán").<ref>Hann, hún og það... eða hvað? https://skemman.is/bitstream/1946/24447/1/Selma%20Sverris.pdf [https://web.archive.org/web/20220717210404/https://skemman.is/bitstream/1946/24447/1/Selma%20Sverris.pdf Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>
For the singular, the third-person pronoun "hán" has been proposed, (genitive "háns", dative "háni", accusative "hán").<ref>Hann, hún og það... eða hvað? https://skemman.is/bitstream/1946/24447/1/Selma%20Sverris.pdf</ref>


''See also the page [[Gender neutral language in Icelandic]].''
''See also the page [[Gender neutral language in Icelandic]].''
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== Italian neutral pronouns==
== Italian neutral pronouns==


Italian is a very binary language, with two grammatical genders, masculine and feminine. In writing, signs like * or @ or the letter x are sometimes used where the feminine has "a" and the masculine has "o", although no specific pronunciation is linked to them. Some people use "u" when speaking in these cases, others the dialectal ending "ə" (as there is no standard spelling linked to this sound, "@" might sometimes be used to represent this pronunciation). This applies to a lot of words, such as nouns, adjectives and to a lesser degree articles. There seems to be no clear solution for plural forms.<ref>http://pasionaria.it/genere-non-binario-tutte-le-risposte-alle-tue-domande/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20230530184459/https://pasionaria.it/genere-non-binario-tutte-le-risposte-alle-tue-domande/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> <ref>https://nonbinary.noblogs.org/sample-page/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20180902184440/https://nonbinary.noblogs.org/sample-page/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>  
Italian is a very binary language, with two grammatical genders, masculine and feminine. In writing, signs like * or @ or the letter x are sometimes used where the feminine has "a" and the masculine has "o", although no specific pronunciation is linked to them. Some people use "u" when speaking in these cases, others the dialectal ending "ə" (as there is no standard spelling linked to this sound, "@" might sometimes be used to represent this pronunciation). This applies to a lot of words, such as nouns, adjectives and to a lesser degree articles. There seems to be no clear solution for plural forms.<ref>http://pasionaria.it/genere-non-binario-tutte-le-risposte-alle-tue-domande/</ref> <ref>https://nonbinary.noblogs.org/sample-page/</ref>  


This usage can be applied to some third person pronouns, e.g. the object forms "lo" and "la" may in this way be replaced by "lu" or "l@".  The subject forms "egli" and "ella" are already less evident, but "elu"/"el@" is thinkable. The other subject forms “lui” and “lei” can be replaced by “lxi” or ”l*i”.The third person plural "loro" is gender-neutral and can be used as subject and as direct object (It is sometimes proposed to use this as singular as well, a translation of the English singular they). However, there is as yet no full table of proposed neo-pronouns.
This usage can be applied to some third person pronouns, e.g. the object forms "lo" and "la" may in this way be replaced by "lu" or "l@".  The subject forms "egli" and "ella" are already less evident, but "elu"/"el@" is thinkable. The other subject forms “lui” and “lei” can be replaced by “lxi” or ”l*i”.The third person plural "loro" is gender-neutral and can be used as subject and as direct object (It is sometimes proposed to use this as singular as well, a translation of the English singular they). However, there is as yet no full table of proposed neo-pronouns.
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'''el@, del@, nel@'''. This uses an @ (at symbol) to show ambiguity of the letter. This only works in writing.
'''el@, del@, nel@'''. This uses an @ (at symbol) to show ambiguity of the letter. This only works in writing.


'''elx, delx, nelx'''. This uses an x to show ambiguity of the letter.<ref name=":1">[https://orientando.org/listas/tipos-de-linguagem/]''Orientando, um espaço de aprendizagem.'' Tipos de linguagem. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230606023545/https://orientando.org/listas/tipos-de-linguagem/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>
'''elx, delx, nelx'''. This uses an x to show ambiguity of the letter.<ref name=":1">[https://orientando.org/listas/tipos-de-linguagem/]''Orientando, um espaço de aprendizagem.'' Tipos de linguagem.</ref>


'''elu, delu, nelu.''' This uses an u to show ambiguity of the letter. It's the second most recommended to be used to include visually disabled people. This pronoun has some variations in its writing and pronunciation: '''''êlu, dêlu, nêlu; élu, délu, nélu.'''''<ref name=":1" />
'''elu, delu, nelu.''' This uses an u to show ambiguity of the letter. It's the second most recommended to be used to include visually disabled people. This pronoun has some variations in its writing and pronunciation: '''''êlu, dêlu, nêlu; élu, délu, nélu.'''''<ref name=":1" />
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'''éli, déli, néli.''' This has a similar pronunciation as the male pronoun ''ele'', but shows ambiguity by the use of '''''i'''''. And as the above, it also has variations: '''''eli, deli, neli.'''''<ref name=":1" />
'''éli, déli, néli.''' This has a similar pronunciation as the male pronoun ''ele'', but shows ambiguity by the use of '''''i'''''. And as the above, it also has variations: '''''eli, deli, neli.'''''<ref name=":1" />


'''''íli, díli, níli.''''' This shows ambiguity by the letter ''i.'' Some variations can be found: '''''ílu, dílu, nílu; ílo, dílo, nílo; ile, dile, nile; ilo, dilo, nilo.'''''<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=UM GUIA PARA PROMOVER A LINGUAGEM INCLUSIVA EM PORTUGUÊS {{!}} diversitybbox|url=https://diversitybbox.com/pt/um-guia-para-promover-a-linguagem-inclusiva-em-portugues/|access-date=2020-11-28|language=pt-BR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704235400/https://diversitybbox.com/pt/um-guia-para-promover-a-linguagem-inclusiva-em-portugues|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
'''''íli, díli, níli.''''' This shows ambiguity by the letter ''i.'' Some variations can be found: '''''ílu, dílu, nílu; ílo, dílo, nílo; ile, dile, nile; ilo, dilo, nilo.'''''<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=UM GUIA PARA PROMOVER A LINGUAGEM INCLUSIVA EM PORTUGUÊS {{!}} diversitybbox|url=https://diversitybbox.com/pt/um-guia-para-promover-a-linguagem-inclusiva-em-portugues/|access-date=2020-11-28|language=pt-BR}}</ref>


'''''ély, dély, nély.''''' As the pronoun '''''éli, déli''''', its pronunciation is very simillar to ''ele.'' Some variations are: '''''ely, dely, nely; élw, délw, nélw'''''.<ref name=":1" />
'''''ély, dély, nély.''''' As the pronoun '''''éli, déli''''', its pronunciation is very simillar to ''ele.'' Some variations are: '''''ely, dely, nely; élw, délw, nélw'''''.<ref name=":1" />
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'''''yn, dyn, nyn.''''' This pronoun is very different and doesn't follow the structure of '''''"el_, del_, nel_".'''''<ref name=":1" />
'''''yn, dyn, nyn.''''' This pronoun is very different and doesn't follow the structure of '''''"el_, del_, nel_".'''''<ref name=":1" />


'''éle, déle, néle'''. This pronoun follows the Spanish ''elle'' pattern, drawing a line between é from ''éla'' and -e from ''ele''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Linguagem neutra de gêneros gramaticais|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguagem_neutra_de_g%C3%AAneros_gramaticais&oldid=59774204|journal=Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre|date=2020-11-11|language=pt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508022220/https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguagem_neutra_de_g%C3%AAneros_gramaticais&oldid=59774204|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
'''éle, déle, néle'''. This pronoun follows the Spanish ''elle'' pattern, drawing a line between é from ''éla'' and -e from ''ele''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Linguagem neutra de gêneros gramaticais|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguagem_neutra_de_g%C3%AAneros_gramaticais&oldid=59774204|journal=Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre|date=2020-11-11|language=pt}}</ref>
 
'''elae, delae, nelae.''' This combines ''ela'' with ''ele''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sistema elu|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistema_elu&oldid=59363650|journal=Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre|date=2020-09-16|language=pt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508021903/https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistema_elu&oldid=59363650|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Em defesa de uma multiplicidade de pronomes|url=https://medium.com/@ttextos/em-defesa-de-uma-multiplicidade-de-pronomes-ff226184e99a|website=Medium|date=2018-02-19|access-date=2020-11-28|language=en|last=T|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615123627/https://medium.com/@ttextos/em-defesa-de-uma-multiplicidade-de-pronomes-ff226184e99a|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
 
'''êla, dêla, nêla.''' This combines ''ele'' (êle) with ''ela''.<ref>Carvalho, Danniel. (2021). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350671835_Sobre_genero_e_a_invencao_de_um_pronome_nao-binario Sobre gênero e a invenção de um pronome não-binário]. ''researchgate.net'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20221224180116/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350671835_Sobre_genero_e_a_invencao_de_um_pronome_nao-binario Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>
 
== Russian neutral pronouns ==
The Russian language (русский язык) has three singular third person pronouns: masculine "он" (''on''), feminine "она" (''ona''), and neuter "оно" (''ono''). The highly gendered nature of the language makes it difficult for nonbinary speakers to describe themselves, and some reject pronouns and gendered verbs altogether.
 
'''Alternating pronouns -''' Some nonbinary Russian speakers alternate between ''on'' and ''ona''.
 
'''Ono (оно) -''' The use of ''ono'' as a gender neutral pronoun is controversial even within the nonbinary community, as some people consider it to be dehumanizing. It traditionally means 'it' and in general Russian's neuter grammatical gender refers mostly to inanimate/nonhuman things or young children. In the other 5 grammatical cases ''ono'' also looks the same as the masculine pronoun. However, some nonbinary speakers reclaim the word.<ref>[https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2018/08/24/lost-for-words-non-binary-russians-fight-the-limits-of-their-language-a62650 Lost for Words: Non-Binary Russians Fight The Limits of Their Language] ''Moscow Times'', 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2023.</ref>
 
'''On(a), on_a (он[а], он_а) -''' Combining ''on'' and ''ona'' using parenthesis or a 'gender gap' (underscore) can be done as well. This is considered an option mostly for writing, but some people use it orally as well by putting a pause between the masculine and the feminine.<ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11185-021-09241-6 Prospects and challenges of gender neutralization in Russian] ''Russian Linguistics'' 45. 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2023.</ref>
 
'''Ony (они) -''' The traditional third person plural pronoun. Some people use this to refer to a singular nonbinary person, like ''they'' in English, although this can get difficult when referring to oneself due to the highly gendered nature of Russian verbs and adjectives.
 
'''Oh (ох/ех) -''' A neopronoun that does not follow the same format as ''on''/''ona''/''ono''.


'''Onzh (онж/егж) -''' Another neopronoun that follows the same format as ''on'' or ''ono'' but with the letter zhe (ж).
'''elae, delae, nelae.''' This combines ''ela'' with ''ele''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sistema elu|url=https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistema_elu&oldid=59363650|journal=Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre|date=2020-09-16|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Em defesa de uma multiplicidade de pronomes|url=https://medium.com/@ttextos/em-defesa-de-uma-multiplicidade-de-pronomes-ff226184e99a|website=Medium|date=2018-02-19|access-date=2020-11-28|language=en|last=T}}</ref>


'''One (оне/нех) -''' A neopronoun. It uses the ending '''-ле''' in verb conjugation.<ref>'''[https://ru.pronouns.page/%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5 <nowiki>оне/нех/[-ле] Неоместоимения</nowiki>]''' Pronouns-page. Accessed 22 July 2023.</ref>
'''êla, dêla, nêla.''' This combines ''ele'' (êle) with ''ela''.<ref>Carvalho, Danniel. (2021). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350671835_Sobre_genero_e_a_invencao_de_um_pronome_nao-binario Sobre gênero e a invenção de um pronome não-binário]. ''researchgate.net''</ref>


==Slovak neutral pronouns==
==Slovak neutral pronouns==
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''See also: [[Gender neutral language#Spanish|gender neutral language - Spanish]] and [[glossary of Spanish gender and sex terminology]]''.
''See also: [[Gender neutral language#Spanish|gender neutral language - Spanish]] and [[glossary of Spanish gender and sex terminology]]''.


The Spanish language (español) doesn't normally have neutral pronouns. However, people have created some new, neutral pronouns, which are used in some groups that are responsive and allies to LGBT, feminist, and social justice issues. Most of these neutral pronouns work by taking the feminine pronoun, ''ella'', and the standard abstract neuter pronoun ''ello'' (which can't be used for people), and substituting a different letter or symbol for the masculine "o" or feminine "a" ending. This approach of substituting a letter is shared by creating other parts of gender neutral language in Spanish, such as neutral-gender endings for adjectives. See [[Gender neutral language#Spanish|gender neutral language - Spanish]] for information about that. These new, neutral pronouns include:
The Spanish language (español) doesn't normally have neutral pronouns. However, people have created some new, neutral pronouns, which are used in some groups that are sensitive about LGBT, feminist, and social justice issues. Most of these neutral pronouns work by taking the feminine pronoun, ''ella'', and the standard abstract neuter pronoun ''ello'' (which can't be used for people), and substituting a different letter or symbol for the masculine "o" or feminine "a" ending. This approach of substituting a letter is shared by creating other parts of gender neutral language in Spanish, such as neutral-gender endings for adjectives. See [[Gender neutral language#Spanish|gender neutral language - Spanish]] for information about that. These new, neutral pronouns include:


'''ele'''. A neutral pronoun that is a mix of the masculine pronoun ''él'' ("he") and a proposed gender-neutral ending letter, -e. This is less common. The plural would be '''elles'''.<ref name="tawnyflower spanish">Phoenix Tawnyflower. "Nonbinary Spanish." May 24, 2014. ''Reflections of a Queer Artist'' (personal blog). http://phoenixtawnyflower.blogspot.com/2014/05/nonbinary-spanish.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20220924210924/https://phoenixtawnyflower.blogspot.com/2014/05/nonbinary-spanish.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>
'''ele'''. A neutral pronoun that is a mix of the masculine pronoun ''él'' ("he") and a proposed gender-neutral ending letter, -e. This is less common. The plural would be '''elles'''.<ref name="tawnyflower spanish">Phoenix Tawnyflower. "Nonbinary Spanish." May 24, 2014. ''Reflections of a Queer Artist'' (personal blog). http://phoenixtawnyflower.blogspot.com/2014/05/nonbinary-spanish.html</ref>


'''ell_'''. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud. This is less common. The _ (underscore) means that the "a" or "o" is left out.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" />
'''ell_'''. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud. This is less common. The _ (underscore) means that the "a" or "o" is left out.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" />
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'''ell@'''. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud, or else is pronounced like "ellao". This is non-standard, but one of the most common of these. The @ (at symbol) is meant to be seen as a mix between an "a" and an "o".<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" />
'''ell@'''. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud, or else is pronounced like "ellao". This is non-standard, but one of the most common of these. The @ (at symbol) is meant to be seen as a mix between an "a" and an "o".<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" />


'''elle'''. A neutral pronoun that can be easily said out loud. This is non-standard, but one of the most common of these.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> It's used by nonbinary people in Chile.<ref>http://linguaphiles.livejournal.com/5990300.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20230605124148/http://linguaphiles.livejournal.com/5990300.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>
'''elle'''. A neutral pronoun that can be easily said out loud. This is non-standard, but one of the most common of these.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" /> It's used by nonbinary people in Chile.<ref>http://linguaphiles.livejournal.com/5990300.html</ref>


'''elli'''. A neutral pronoun that can be said out loud. It's uncommonly used.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" />
'''elli'''. A neutral pronoun that can be said out loud. It's uncommonly used.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns" />
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Some neutral pronouns in West Frisian language (Frysk) include:
Some neutral pronouns in West Frisian language (Frysk) include:


'''je, jin, jins'''.<ref>http://www.erfgoed-fundaasje.nl/de-stichtingen-frysk-en-frij-en-erfgoed-fundaasje-opereare-genderneutraal/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20211019154108/https://www.erfgoed-fundaasje.nl/de-stichtingen-frysk-en-frij-en-erfgoed-fundaasje-opereare-genderneutraal/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> These pronouns do exist as indefinite pronouns, though their use for referring to a specific person isn't very common.
'''je, jin, jins'''.<ref>http://www.erfgoed-fundaasje.nl/de-stichtingen-frysk-en-frij-en-erfgoed-fundaasje-opereare-genderneutraal/</ref> These pronouns do exist as indefinite pronouns, though their use for referring to a specific person isn't very common.
 
== Yiddish neutral pronouns ==
Gender-neutral pronouns in Yiddish language (ייִדיש) include:
 
'''zey, zeyer, zeyere (זיי, זייער, זייערע) -''' The third person plural pronoun, which many nonbinary Yiddishists use as singular. It is conjugated as plural while the name of the person followed by a verb stays singular, likely due to the influence of English on the language.
 
=== '''Neopronouns''' ===
'''fey, fer, feyer (פֿיי, פֿער, פֿייער) -''' Also spelled '''fey, feyer, feyere (פֿיי, פֿֿייער, פֿייערע)'''. Basically equivalent to English fae/faer/faers.<ref>https://ingeveb.org/pedagogy/queer-family-tree Bach, Alona, Rebecca Araten, Ethan Nosanow Levin, and Carolyn Beard. “''Undzer Mishpokhe'': A Queer Yiddish Curriculum Supplement.” In geveb (April 2022): Accessed Jul 21, 2023.</ref> Some people do not use them because they have the same first three letters as the f-slur in Yiddish.
 
'''ez, zim, zir (עז, זים, זיר) -''' Neopronouns with no English equivalent. They are based off of all three singular third person pronouns: ''er (ער)'', ''zi (זי)'', and ''es (עס)''.
 
'''zi.er, zi_er, zier (זי.ער, זי—ער, זיער) -''' Combinations of he ''(er - ער)'' and she ''(zi - זי)''.


==See also==
==See also==
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*[http://www.pronouns.failedslacker.com/ Failedslacker's Pronoun Dressing Room]. Choose a set of pronouns, and this page will show you how those pronouns look in action, by automatically putting them into sample texts from literature. Use this tool to test pronouns that you like, to see how they look in use.
*[http://www.pronouns.failedslacker.com/ Failedslacker's Pronoun Dressing Room]. Choose a set of pronouns, and this page will show you how those pronouns look in action, by automatically putting them into sample texts from literature. Use this tool to test pronouns that you like, to see how they look in use.
*[http://www.practicewithpronouns.com/ Practice With Pronouns]. A game that lets you practice putting pronouns into different parts of sample sentences, so that you can get used to the grammar.
*[http://www.practicewithpronouns.com/ Practice With Pronouns]. A game that lets you practice putting pronouns into different parts of sample sentences, so that you can get used to the grammar.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190124010616/http://pronoun.is/ Pronoun Island]. Anyone can put in any pronouns they can imagine, and it makes a page that shows how to use them in a sentence, which a person can link to in order to show these particular usage examples to other people.
*[http://pronoun.is/ Pronoun Island]. Anyone can put in any pronouns they can imagine, and it makes a page that shows how to use them in a sentence, which a person can link to in order to show these particular usage examples to other people.
*[https://pronouny.xyz/ Pronouny]. Website where you can create an account to share your pronouns.
*[https://pronouny.xyz/ Pronouny]. Website where you can create an account to share your pronouns.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20201005220311/https://anagnori.tumblr.com/post/75752291700/a-non-binary-persons-guide-to-invented-pronouns A Non-Binary Person's Guide to Invented Pronouns]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20201005220311/https://anagnori.tumblr.com/post/75752291700/a-non-binary-persons-guide-to-invented-pronouns A Non-Binary Person's Guide to Invented Pronouns]
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