Gender neutral language in Swedish: Difference between revisions

    From Nonbinary Wiki
    Line 87: Line 87:
    <translate>
    <translate>
    <!--T:27-->
    <!--T:27-->
    * '''Förförälder.''' Neutral, nonstandard but will be understood. Means grandparent.  
    * '''Förförälder.''' Neutral, nonstandard but will be understood. Means grandparent. Förförälder can be used both as a collective word for grandparents, but also to designate a parent's parent as gender-neutral. Förföräldrar also serves as an alternative word to förfäder (forefathers). Förförälder is not included in modern dictionaries, but förföräldrar are mentioned in SAOB (The Swedish Academy's dictionary).  
    * '''Förför.''' Neutral, nonstandard. Means grandy/grandma/grandpa.  
    * '''Förför.''' Neutral, nonstandard. Means grandy/grandma/grandpa. Förför ought to be pronounced with "short ö:s" to not confuse it with the word "förför" which means "seduce" (which is pronounced with s short first ö and long second ö). Förför is an alternative that fits well together in the pattern of mormor (maternal mother, standard), farmor (paternal mother, standard), morfar (maternal father, standard) and farfar (paternal father, standard).
    * '''Morför.''' Partially neutral, nonstandard. Means maternal grandparent.  
    * '''Morför.''' Partially neutral, nonstandard. Means maternal grandparent.  
    * '''Farför.''' Partially neutral, nonstandard. Means paternal grandparent.  
    * '''Farför.''' Partially neutral, nonstandard. Means paternal grandparent.  
    Line 101: Line 101:
    * '''Lillasyskon/Storasyskon.''' Neutral, standard. Means little sibling(s)/big sibling(s).  
    * '''Lillasyskon/Storasyskon.''' Neutral, standard. Means little sibling(s)/big sibling(s).  
    * '''Yngre syskon/Äldre syskon.''' Neutral, standard. Means younger sibling(s)/older sibling(s).  
    * '''Yngre syskon/Äldre syskon.''' Neutral, standard. Means younger sibling(s)/older sibling(s).  
    * '''Föräldrasyskon/försyskon.''' Neutral, nonstandard. Means pibling(s)/parent’s sibling(s). Föräldrasyskon and försyskon can be used both as a collective word for one's parents' sibling(s) and to designate a parent's sibling(s) as gender-neutral. Försyskon is suitable as an alternative among moster, faster, morbror and farbror.
    * '''Föräldrasyskon/försyskon.''' Neutral, nonstandard. Means pibling(s)/parent’s sibling(s). Föräldrasyskon and försyskon can be used both as a collective word for one's parents' sibling(s) and to designate a parent's sibling(s) as gender-neutral. Försyskon is an alternative that fits well together in the pattern of moster (maternal sister, standard), faster (paternal sister, standard), morbror (maternal brother, standard) and farbror (paternal brother, standard).
    * '''Morssyskon.''' Partially neutral, nonstandard. Means mother’s sibling(s).  
    * '''Morssyskon.''' Partially neutral, nonstandard. Means mother’s sibling(s).  
    * '''Farssyskon.''' Partially neutral, nonstandard. Means father’s sibling(s).  
    * '''Farssyskon.''' Partially neutral, nonstandard. Means father’s sibling(s).  
    Line 156: Line 156:
    <!--T:37-->
    <!--T:37-->
    * '''Vuxen.''' Neutral, standard. Means adult.  
    * '''Vuxen.''' Neutral, standard. Means adult.  
    * '''Gamling.''' Neutral, standard. Means elderly.  
    * '''Gamling.''' Neutral, standard. Means elderly person.
     
    * '''Gudbarn.''' Neutral, standard. Means godchild.
     
    * '''Gudförälder/Fadder'''. Neutral, standard. Means godparent.
     
    * '''Vännen.''' Neutral, standard. Means "the friend" but can be used as a gender-neutral alternativ to gumma respektive gubbe, which are juvenile terms alike English's buddy/kid. (While gumma and gubbe can be used in a juvenile way, they also mean old-woman and old-man respectively)
     
    * '''Hemmapartner, hemmaförälder.''' Neutral, standard. Means housepartner/housespouse and stay-at-home parent.
    * '''Hemmapartner, hemmaförälder.''' Neutral, standard. Means housepartner/housespouse and stay-at-home parent.
    * '''Änkeperson.''' Neutral, standard. Means widowed person.  
    * '''Änkeperson.''' Neutral, standard. Means widowed person.
    * '''Tronföljare.''' Neutral, standard. Means crown-successor.  
    * '''Tronföljare.''' Neutral, standard. Means crown-successor.
    * '''Prin, kronprin.''' Neutral, nonstandard. Means princess/prince and crownprincess/crownprince.  
    * '''Prin, kronprin.''' Neutral, nonstandard. Means princess/prince and crownprincess/crownprince. Prin provides a completely gender-neutral alternative to princess and prince. It can be used to designate a royal person's child or consort as gender-neutral. The married partner of a prin is called pringemål. Kronprin is used to designate a royal heir as gender-neutral.
    * '''Regent/Monark.''' Neutral, standard. Mean regnant, monarch, queen/king.  
    * '''Regent/Monark/Majestät.''' Neutral, standard. Means regnant, monarch, majesty, queen/king.
    * '''Regentgemål.''' Neutral, standard. Means regnant consort.  
    * '''Ni!/Hörrni!/Folk!.''' Neutral, standard. Means “you” and “folk(s)”, can be used when calling multiple people instead of saying girls and/or guys.
    * '''Ni!/Hörrni!/Folk!.''' Neutral, standard. Means “you” and “folk(s)”, can be used when calling multiple people instead of saying girls and/or guys.
    * ''' Ärade/kära publik/gäster/vänner/folk.''' Neutral, standard. Gender-inclusive way of saying “ladies & gentlemen”.
    * ''' Ärade/kära publik/gäster/vänner/folk.''' Neutral, standard. Gender-inclusive way of saying “ladies & gentlemen”.

    Revision as of 16:16, 25 May 2024

    Other languages:
    Gender neutral language

    The Swedish language has two grammatical genders, common and neuter. Swedish is easier than gender neutral language (also called gender inclusive language) in many other languages, because its grammatical gender is less pervasive than in languages like German or French. See the main article on gender neutral language for general reasons to use neutral language, common problems in using it, and its use for nonbinary people.

    Pronouns

    Gender-neutral third-person singular

    Swedish’s official gender-neutral pronoun is hen/hen/hens. The Swedish common-inanimate pronoun den/den/dens (equivalent to it/it/its) is also used for gender-neutral language and by some nonbinary people, as well as the non-standard anglicized practice of singular de/dem/deras (they/them/their). Some nonbinary people have also opted for neopronoun such as hin/hin/hins, which is in actuality an obsolete pronoun that means something alike “that one”, but is in modern times pretty much only used in the set phrase “hin håle” (the hard one, the devil).

    Hen Standard gender-neutral/third-gender personal pronoun
    hen Subject form
    hen/henom Object form is generaly just "hen", but some use "henom". It is very individual.
    hens Possessive form
    Den Gender-neutral/common-inanimate "it"
    den Subject/object form
    dens/dess Possessive form
    De Non-standard anglicized singular "they"
    de Subject form is sometimes written "dom"
    dem Object form is sometimes written "dom"
    deras Possessive form
    Hin Neopronoun/obsolete pronoun "hin"
    hin Subject/object form
    hins Possessive form

    Generic pronoun

    Swedish’s generic pronoun man/en/ens (one/one/one’s) has been discussed for being androcentric, and some people have opted to use en/en/ens instead to make it gender inclusive. En/en/ens is not just used for gender-inclusivity however, but it is also a regional dialect variation.

    Family and relationship words

    Parents

    • Förälder. Neutral, formal, standard.
    • Päron. Neutral, slang/standard. Means “one's folk(s)” in plural and in singular.
    • Älder. Neutral, formal, nonstandard.
    • Förre. Neutral, informal, nonstandard.
    • Föffe. Neutral, informal, nonstandard.
    • Mappa. Neutral, informal, nonstandard.
    • Pamma. Neutral, informal, nonstandard.
    • Wawa. Neutral, informal, nonstandard.

    Children

    • Barn. Neutral, standard. Means child/kid.
    • Bebis. Neutral, standard. Means baby.
    • Småbarn. Neutral, standard. Means toddler.
    • Tonåring. Neutral, standard. Means teenager.
    • Ungdom. Neutral, standard. Means youth/youngster.

    Grandparents

    • Förförälder. Neutral, nonstandard but will be understood. Means grandparent. Förförälder can be used both as a collective word for grandparents, but also to designate a parent's parent as gender-neutral. Förföräldrar also serves as an alternative word to förfäder (forefathers). Förförälder is not included in modern dictionaries, but förföräldrar are mentioned in SAOB (The Swedish Academy's dictionary).
    • Förför. Neutral, nonstandard. Means grandy/grandma/grandpa. Förför ought to be pronounced with "short ö:s" to not confuse it with the word "förför" which means "seduce" (which is pronounced with s short first ö and long second ö). Förför is an alternative that fits well together in the pattern of mormor (maternal mother, standard), farmor (paternal mother, standard), morfar (maternal father, standard) and farfar (paternal father, standard).
    • Morför. Partially neutral, nonstandard. Means maternal grandparent.
    • Farför. Partially neutral, nonstandard. Means paternal grandparent.
    • Förmor. Partially neutral, nonstandard. Means parent’s mother/grandma.
    • Förfar. Partially neutral, nonstandard. Means parent’s father/grandpa.

    Siblings and related family

    • Syskon. Neutral, standard. Means sibling(s).
    • Lillasyskon/Storasyskon. Neutral, standard. Means little sibling(s)/big sibling(s).
    • Yngre syskon/Äldre syskon. Neutral, standard. Means younger sibling(s)/older sibling(s).
    • Föräldrasyskon/försyskon. Neutral, nonstandard. Means pibling(s)/parent’s sibling(s). Föräldrasyskon and försyskon can be used both as a collective word for one's parents' sibling(s) and to designate a parent's sibling(s) as gender-neutral. Försyskon is an alternative that fits well together in the pattern of moster (maternal sister, standard), faster (paternal sister, standard), morbror (maternal brother, standard) and farbror (paternal brother, standard).
    • Morssyskon. Partially neutral, nonstandard. Means mother’s sibling(s).
    • Farssyskon. Partially neutral, nonstandard. Means father’s sibling(s).
    • Föster. Partially neutral, nonstandard. Means parent’s sister/aunt.
    • Förbror. Partially neutral, nonstandard. Means parent’s brother/uncle.
    • Syskonbarn. Neutral, standard. Means nibling/niece/nephew.
    • Systerbarn. Partially neutral, standard. Means sister’s child.
    • Brorsbarn. Partially neutral, standard. Means brother’s child.
    • Syskondotter. Partially neutral, standard. Means sibling’s child/niece.
    • Syskonson. Partially neutral, standard. Means sibling’s child/nephew.
    • Kusin. Neutral, standard. Means cousin.
    • Syssling. Neutral, standard but “tremänning” is more common. Means second-cousin.
    • Brylling. Neutral, standard but “fyrmänning” is more common. Means third-cousin.
    • Pyssling. Neutral, standard but “femmänning” is more common. Means fourth-cousin.

    Partners

    • Partner. Neutral, standard. Means partner.
    • Sambo. Neutral, standard. Means cohabitation-partner.
    • Älskling. Neutral, standard. Means love.
    • Respektive. Neutral. Means respective.
    • Brudpartner. Neutral, nonstandard. Means marrier/spouse-to-be/nearly-wed.
    • Förlovade/Fästperson. Neutral, standard/nonstandard. Means betrothed/fiance.
    • Gemål. Neutral, formal. Means wedded spouse.
    • Dejt. Neutral, standard. Means date.
    • Sällskap. Status-neutral and gender-neutral word for someone's accompanying person.

    In-law & step-family/bonus-family

    • Svärförälder. Neutral, standard. Means parent-in-law.
    • Svärbarn. Neutral, standard. Means child-in-law.
    • Svärsyskon. Neutral, standard. Means sibling(s)-in-law.
    • Styvförälder/Bonusförälder. Neutral, standard. Means step-parent/bonus-parent.
    • Styvsyskon/Bonussyskon. Neutral, standard. Means step-child/bonus-child.
    • Styvbarn/Bonusbarn. Neutral, standard. Means step-sibling(s)/bonus-sibling(s).

    Wedding words

    • Gifta/Livspartners. Neutral, standard. Means two spouses/maritial partners.
    • Brudfölje. Neutral, standard. Means bridesmaids and groomsmen, the bridalpair's entourages.
    • Respektive fästfölje. Neutral, nonstandard. Means the respective entourages of a marrying couple, bridesmaids and groomsmen.
    • Fästföljare. Neutral, nonstandard. Used to refer to one person in the bridalpair's entourage.
    • Hedersperson/Hedersvän. Can naturally be used as a gender-neutral stand-in for a maid of honor or a best man.

    Other words

    • Vuxen. Neutral, standard. Means adult.
    • Gamling. Neutral, standard. Means elderly person.
    • Gudbarn. Neutral, standard. Means godchild.
    • Gudförälder/Fadder. Neutral, standard. Means godparent.
    • Vännen. Neutral, standard. Means "the friend" but can be used as a gender-neutral alternativ to gumma respektive gubbe, which are juvenile terms alike English's buddy/kid. (While gumma and gubbe can be used in a juvenile way, they also mean old-woman and old-man respectively)
    • Hemmapartner, hemmaförälder. Neutral, standard. Means housepartner/housespouse and stay-at-home parent.
    • Änkeperson. Neutral, standard. Means widowed person.
    • Tronföljare. Neutral, standard. Means crown-successor.
    • Prin, kronprin. Neutral, nonstandard. Means princess/prince and crownprincess/crownprince. Prin provides a completely gender-neutral alternative to princess and prince. It can be used to designate a royal person's child or consort as gender-neutral. The married partner of a prin is called pringemål. Kronprin is used to designate a royal heir as gender-neutral.
    • Regent/Monark/Majestät. Neutral, standard. Means regnant, monarch, majesty, queen/king.
    • Regentgemål. Neutral, standard. Means regnant consort.
    • Ni!/Hörrni!/Folk!. Neutral, standard. Means “you” and “folk(s)”, can be used when calling multiple people instead of saying girls and/or guys.
    • Ärade/kära publik/gäster/vänner/folk. Neutral, standard. Gender-inclusive way of saying “ladies & gentlemen”.

    Professions & roles

    Italic words are innovative nonstandard words.

    • Abbot, Abbedissa → Abbist
    • Affärsman → Affärsperson, affärsidkare, näringsidkare, företagare, entreprenör
    • Barnmorska → Jordevårdare
    • Borgensman → Borgensperson, borgensförtrodd
    • Brandman → Brandbekämpare
    • Byggherre → Byggaktör
    • Drag queen, drag king → Drag artist/drag majestät (drag ⇄ dressed as a gender)
    • Fackman → Fackperson
    • Flygvärd, Flygvärdinna → Kabinpersonal, kabinbiträde, flygpersonal, flygbiträde
    • Frisör, Frisörska → Frissa, friserare, hårstylist
    • Fröken/Dagisfröken → Förskollärare
    • Förman → Förchef
    • Förtroendeman → Förtroendeombud
    • God man → God person/God förtrodd
    • Grevinna → Greve
    • Gudsman → Profet, predikare, präst, pastor, gudsperson
    • Gärningsman → Gärningsperson
    • Husfru, husherre → Husbiträde, restauranghusbiträde, hotellhusbiträde
    • Huvudman → Fullmaktsgivare, huvudansvarig myndighet
    • Idrottsman → Idrottare, idrottsperson
    • Jungman → Jungist
    • Justeringsman → Justerare
    • Kameraman → Kameraoperatör, filmare, fotograf
    • Kassör, kassörska → Kassabiträde, kassapersonal, kassaförvaltare
    • Krigsman → Krigare
    • Köpman, handelsman → Köpesperson, handelsperson
    • Lärarinna → Lärare
    • Massör, Massös → Masserare, massageterapeut
    • Mattant → Bespisningspersonal, måltidsbiträde, bespisare
    • Mattant/Städerska (på skola) → Skolmåltidsbiträde, skolbiträde
    • Målsman → Vårdnadshavare
    • Nunna, munk → Monastiker
    • Nämndeman → Nämndeperson, nämndaktör
    • Ombudsman → Ombud, ombudsperson
    • Polisman → Polis
    • Radioman → Radiopratare, radioprogramledare
    • Riksdagsman → Riksdagsledamot
    • Servitris, servitör → Serverare, serveringspersonal, kypare
    • Sjukvårdsman → Sanitär
    • Sjöman → Flottist, sjösoldat
    • Sjuksköterska/sköterska, akutsjuksköterska, ambulanssjuksköterska, anestesisjuksköterska, barnsjuksköterska, distriktsköterska, intensivvårdssjuksköterska, IVA-sjuksköterska, kirurgsjuksköterska, KOL-sjuksköterska, onkologisjuksköterska, operationssjuksköterska, psykiatrisjuksköterska, röntgensjuksköterska, sjuksköterska inom äldrevården, skolsköterska, specialistsjuksköterska, tandsköterska, undersköterska, ögonsjuksköterska → Sjukskötare, akutsjukskötare, ambulanssjukskötare, anestesisjukskötare, barnsjukskötare, distriktsjukskötare, intensivvårdssjukskötare, IVA-sjukskötare, kirurgsjukskötare, KOL-sjukskötare, onkologisjukskötare, operationssjukskötare, psykiatrisjukskötare, röntgensjukskötare, sjukskötare inom äldrevården, skolsjukskötare, specialistsjukskötare, tandskötare, underskötare, ögonsjukskötare
    • Skådespelerska, teaterman → Skådespelare
    • Springpojke → Springbud, skickebud, budbärare
    • Språkman → Språkperson, språkforskare, lingvist
    • Stridsman → Stridare
    • Studioman → Studioaktör
    • Stuntman → Stuntperson
    • Städerska → Städare, städpersonal, städbiträde, lokalvårdare
    • Sångerska → Sångare
    • Sömmerska → Sömist
    • Talesman → Talesperson
    • Talman → Talledare
    • Tidningsman → Tidningsperson, journalist
    • Tjänsteman → Tjänsteperson, handläggare
    • Upphovsman → Upphovsperson, upphovsmakare
    • Yrkesman → Yrkesperson
    • Vaktman → Vakt, väktare
    • Vetenskapsman → Forskare
    • Våldsman → Våldsverkare
    • Ämbetsman → Ämbetsperson
    • Överman → Övermotståndare