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Discrimination against nonbinary people: Difference between revisions
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{{Content warning|specific cases of discrimination, harassment, abuse, and violence}} | {{Content warning|specific cases of discrimination, harassment, abuse, and violence}} | ||
[[File:TransGender Equality-Symbol black-and-white.svg|thumb|Transgender equality symbol.]] | [[File:TransGender Equality-Symbol black-and-white.svg|thumb|Transgender equality symbol.]] | ||
'''Discrimination against nonbinary people''', also known as '''exorsexism'''<ref>https://vergess.tumblr.com/post/143919554200/xor-gender-chart [https://web.archive.org/web/20230521021817/https://vergess.tumblr.com/post/143919554200/xor-gender-chart Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>, happens in all countries, and can take many forms. People who have a [[nonbinary]] [[gender identity]] (that is, who don't think of themselves as simply [[female]] or [[male]]) face the sexism that affects all [[transgender]] people ([[cissexism#transphobia|transphobia]] and [[cissexism]]), along with some forms of discrimination that specifically affect nonbinary people, such as '''[[nonbinary erasure]]'''. Depending on their [[ethnicity and culture]], they may also face '''[[binarism]]'''. | |||
==Discrimination== | ==Discrimination== | ||
A 2008 study in the ''National Transgender Discrimination Survey'' showed that genderqueer and other non-binary individuals were more likely | A 2008 study in the ''National Transgender Discrimination Survey'' showed that genderqueer and other non-binary individuals were more likely to suffer physical assaults (32% vs. 25%), experience police brutality and harassment (31% vs. 21%), and opt out of medical treatment due to discrimination (36% vs. 27%), compared to transgender individuals who identified within the gender binary (i.e., [[transgender men]] and [[transgender women]]). This study also found that they were more likely to be people of color (30% vs. 23%) and younger (under 45) than [[binary genders|binary]] transgender people (89% vs. 68%).<ref>Jack Harrison, Jaime Grant, Jody L. Herman. "A Gender Not Listed Here: Genderqueers, Gender Rebels, and Otherwise in the National Transgender Discrimination Survey." Harvard Kennedy School. ''LGBTQ Policy Journal'' Vol. 2, p. 22. 2011–2012 http://www.thetaskforce.org/downloads/release_materials/agendernotlistedhere.pdf [https://web.archive.org/web/20230520000818/https://www.thetaskforce.org/downloads/release_materials/agendernotlistedhere.pdf Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> | ||
In 2015, a petition asked for the legal [[Recognition (UK)|recognition of nonbinary genders in the United Kingdom]]. The Ministry of Justice refused to grant this, saying: | In 2015, a petition asked for the legal [[Recognition (UK)|recognition of nonbinary genders in the United Kingdom]]. The Ministry of Justice refused to grant this, saying: | ||
<blockquote>"The Equality Act 2010 protects people from discrimination if it arises from their being perceived as either male or female. We recognise that a very small number of people consider themselves to be of neither gender. We are not aware that that results in any specific detriment, and it is not Government policy to identify such people for the purpose of issuing non-gender-specific official documents".<ref>https://petition.parliament.uk/petitions/104639</ref></blockquote> | <blockquote>"The Equality Act 2010 protects people from discrimination if it arises from their being perceived as either male or female. We recognise that a very small number of people consider themselves to be of neither gender. We are not aware that that results in any specific detriment, and it is not Government policy to identify such people for the purpose of issuing non-gender-specific official documents".<ref>https://petition.parliament.uk/petitions/104639 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230405153640/https://petition.parliament.uk/petitions/104639 Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref></blockquote> | ||
The Ministry of Justice chose not to recognize nonbinary genders because it believes they are too few, and it believes that they don't face any discrimination. It didn't give proof of either of these views. It said that nonbinary people are not protected under the Equality Act, which was created to protect other kinds of transgender people. In response, many nonbinary people in the UK voiced their objections to this. ''Beyond the Binary'', a magazine run by nonbinary people, collected responses from 80 nonbinary people about what kinds of discrimination they have faced for being nonbinary, and said of these, | The Ministry of Justice chose not to recognize nonbinary genders because it believes they are too few, and it believes that they don't face any discrimination. It didn't give proof of either of these views. It said that nonbinary people are not protected under the Equality Act, which was created to protect other kinds of transgender people. In response, many nonbinary people in the UK voiced their objections to this. ''[[Beyond the Binary (magazine)|Beyond the Binary]]'', a magazine run by nonbinary people, collected responses from 80 nonbinary people about what kinds of discrimination they have faced for being nonbinary, and said of these, | ||
<blockquote>"There was obvious upset at being written off as a small and unimportant group, especially when there are far more who identify as non-binary in the UK than people realise – though being a minority should not affect what protections marginalised groups are afforded in law. A strong general feeling was that if the government wasn’t aware of specific detriment to non-binary people, they should at least acknowledge the need to fund proper research and seek opinion on a diversity of experiences".<ref>"#SpecificDetriment: what you told us." ''Beyond the Binary''. September 19, 2015. [ | <blockquote>"There was obvious upset at being written off as a small and unimportant group, especially when there are far more who identify as non-binary in the UK than people realise – though being a minority should not affect what protections marginalised groups are afforded in law. A strong general feeling was that if the government wasn’t aware of specific detriment to non-binary people, they should at least acknowledge the need to fund proper research and seek opinion on a diversity of experiences".<ref name="BeyondBinaryDetriment">"#SpecificDetriment: what you told us." ''Beyond the Binary''. September 19, 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230719111624/https://www.xilo.net/?utm_source=beyondthebinary.co.uk&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=holding/specificdetriment-what-you-told-ushttp:/beyondthebinary.co.uk/specificdetriment-what-you-told-us/]</ref></blockquote> | ||
The magazine's survey found the nonbinary respondants unsatisfied with how the Ministry of Justice wasn't taking them seriously, didn't know much about them, and didn't show interest in doing research to become better informed about the issue. | The magazine's survey found the nonbinary respondants to be unsatisfied with how the Ministry of Justice wasn't taking them seriously, didn't know much about them, and didn't show interest in doing research to become better informed about the issue. | ||
Some of the kinds of discrimination that nonbinary people face for being nonbinary: | Some of the kinds of discrimination that nonbinary people face for being nonbinary: | ||
* Trouble getting health care. Doctors refused to treat them. Some general practitioners say they can't refer nonbinary people to gender identity clinics. Some had no hope that a gender identity clinic would take them seriously as a nonbinary person. Some gender identity clinics made nonbinary people wait longer than binary trans people in order to get transgender related health care. They face problems with making their medical records accurate. Doctors and health professionals call them by the wrong gender (misgendering), even when asked in writing to do otherwise. Hospital wards divided by sex can leave nonbinary patients feel there is no place for them.<ref | * Trouble getting health care. Doctors refused to treat them. Some general practitioners say they can't refer nonbinary people to gender identity clinics. Some had no hope that a gender identity clinic would take them seriously as a nonbinary person. Some gender identity clinics made nonbinary people wait longer than binary trans people in order to get transgender related health care. They face problems with making their medical records accurate. Doctors and health professionals call them by the wrong gender (misgendering), even when asked in writing to do otherwise. Hospital wards divided by sex can leave nonbinary patients feel there is no place for them.<ref name="BeyondBinaryDetriment" /> | ||
* Feeling unsafe at work. Accepting being closeted and misgendered, out of fear that coming out as nonbinary at work might mean being mistreated there, or being fired. (Unlike binary trans people, there is no way to be "stealth" as a nonbinary person; you're only either closeted or out.) Self-employed nonbinary people are also concerned about how clients might react if they're openly nonbinary.<ref | * Feeling unsafe [[Employment|at work]]. Accepting being closeted and misgendered, out of fear that coming out as nonbinary at work might mean being mistreated there, or being fired. (Unlike binary trans people, there is no way to be "stealth" as a nonbinary person; you're only either closeted or out.) Self-employed nonbinary people are also concerned about how clients might react if they're openly nonbinary.<ref name="BeyondBinaryDetriment" /> | ||
* In some regions, anti-discrimination laws protect binary trans people, but not nonbinary people. People who were victims of harassment or violence for being nonbinary sometimes find that police and officials refuse to see it as a transphobic hate crime because they aren't what those officials think of as transgender.<ref | * In some regions, anti-discrimination laws protect binary trans people, but not nonbinary people. People who were victims of harassment or violence for being nonbinary sometimes find that police and officials refuse to see it as a transphobic hate crime because they aren't what those officials think of as transgender.<ref name="BeyondBinaryDetriment" /> | ||
* Nonbinary people who have an [[androgynous]] [[gender expression]] get turned away from public places that are divided by gender, such as [[clothing]] departments, [[changing rooms]], and [[public toilets]]. This can mean facing harassment or violence from both women's and men's areas. Androgynous people very often suffer street harassment from people speculating about their sex, which can escalate to suffering violence or rape.<ref | * Nonbinary people who have an [[androgynous]] [[gender expression]] get turned away from public places that are divided by gender, such as [[clothing]] departments, [[changing rooms]], and [[public toilets]]. This can mean facing harassment or violence from both women's and men's areas. Androgynous people very often suffer street harassment from people speculating about their sex, which can escalate to suffering violence or rape.<ref name="BeyondBinaryDetriment" /> | ||
* Organizations that require members to use identification-- such as libraries, schools, banks, businesses, and so on-- often make nonbinary people struggle with limited options for [[titles]] and gender markers, and how these may not match on all their identity documents, such as passports. Nonbinary people can't use any of these services without misgendering themselves, and sometimes the services refuse to take them in any case.<ref | * Organizations that require members to use identification-- such as libraries, schools, banks, businesses, and so on-- often make nonbinary people struggle with limited options for [[Gender neutral titles|titles]] and [[gender markers]], and how these may not match on all their identity documents, such as passports. Nonbinary people can't use any of these services without misgendering themselves, and sometimes the services refuse to take them in any case.<ref name="BeyondBinaryDetriment" /> | ||
* Many regions let binary trans people change their gender markers on their identity documents to M or F, but few allow other options. A nonbinary person who gets a physical transition may find themself stuck with identity documents that don't match their appearance or gender identity. Any situation where they need to use their identity documents means facing officials who treat them with suspicion, make them wait, or refuse to serve them.<ref | * Many regions let binary trans people change their gender markers on their identity documents to M or F, but few allow other options. A nonbinary person who gets a physical transition may find themself stuck with identity documents that don't match their appearance or gender identity. Any situation where they need to use their identity documents means facing officials who treat them with suspicion, make them wait, or refuse to serve them.<ref name="BeyondBinaryDetriment" /> | ||
* Another form that attaches to feeling unsafe at work is at school as well. Some kids already have a hard time finding themselves, so when they do, it can be hard to accept it. Nonbinary kids have a harder time being accepted by their peers for being them. Some kids can feel left out or discriminated against by other kids who think that they are “pretending”. | |||
==Nonbinary erasure== | ==Nonbinary erasure== | ||
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''See also: [[Activism]].'' | ''See also: [[Activism]].'' | ||
There are many kinds of activism that people can take up against nonbinary erasure. | There are many kinds of activism that people can take up against nonbinary erasure. | ||
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Another way is to seek [[Recognition|recognition]] for non-binary people in paperwork. Make sure that paperwork doesn't make people label themselves as either male or female. Use letter-writing campaigns and [[Petitions|petitions]] to ask organisations to let people choose [[Gender neutral titles|gender neutral titles]] in their paperwork. | Another way is to seek [[Recognition|recognition]] for non-binary people in paperwork. Make sure that paperwork doesn't make people label themselves as either male or female. Use letter-writing campaigns and [[Petitions|petitions]] to ask organisations to let people choose [[Gender neutral titles|gender neutral titles]] in their paperwork. | ||
More [[visibility]] of non-binary people can help more people question erasure. Visibility can include [[Nonbinary gender in the media|media coverage]] of real [[Nonbinary celebrities|celebrities]], as well as in [[Fictional depictions of nonbinary gender|fiction]]. Non-binary people can make more visibility on a local scale, starting by [[Coming out|coming out]], and talking to others about their identities. This shows [[binary]] people that they live around non-binary people. It also helps other non-binary people feel safer about coming out. | More [[visibility]] of non-binary people can help more people question erasure. Visibility can include [[Nonbinary gender in the media|media coverage]] of real [[Nonbinary celebrities|celebrities]], as well as in [[Fictional depictions of nonbinary gender|fiction]]. Non-binary people can make more visibility on a local scale, starting by [[Coming out|coming out]], and talking to others about their identities. This shows [[binary genders|binary]] people that they live around non-binary people. It also helps other non-binary people feel safer about coming out. | ||
==Binarism== | ==Binarism== | ||
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Binarism is the common but wrong idea that there are only two [[gender]]s, and this idea is put into action in a way that is part of [[ethnicity and culture#Racism and cultural discrimination|racism]], colonialism, and Western imperialism, which are systems of oppression. Binarism is a kind of sexism that makes it unsafe or impossible for people to take up their [[gender-variant identities worldwide|ethnic nonbinary gender roles and identities]]. Binarism forces other cultures and people of color to fit into the white, Western gender binary system. | Binarism is the common but wrong idea that there are only two [[gender]]s, and this idea is put into action in a way that is part of [[ethnicity and culture#Racism and cultural discrimination|racism]], colonialism, and Western imperialism, which are systems of oppression. Binarism is a kind of sexism that makes it unsafe or impossible for people to take up their [[gender-variant identities worldwide|ethnic nonbinary gender roles and identities]]. Binarism forces other cultures and people of color to fit into the white, Western gender binary system. | ||
== Enbyphobia == | |||
'''Enbyphobia''' (or '''exorsexism''') is a specific form of [[transphobia]] that affects [[nonbinary]] people. It is an ignorant attitude toward nonbinary people that leads to prejudiced actions. <ref>https://beyond-mogai-pride-flags.tumblr.com/post/167039576895/hi-i-just-saw-the-term-enbyphobia-but-i-cant [https://web.archive.org/web/20210317173916/https://beyond-mogai-pride-flags.tumblr.com/post/167039576895/hi-i-just-saw-the-term-enbyphobia-but-i-cant Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>. The term comes from "enby" which is an abbreviation of the word "nonbinary (NB)," and is used as a specifically nonbinary equivalent to 'boy' or 'girl'. | |||
Enbyphobia is prevalent in [[queer]] and [[transgender]] spaces as well. For example, nonbinary people are often told that they should just pick a binary gender or that they aren't part of the community. In addition, the [[gender expression]] of nonbinary people is often expected to be [[androgyny|androgynous]], and expressions of masculinity or femininity is seen as strange and invalid. <ref>https://badapplepie.wordpress.com/2016/10/26/enbyphobia-in-cistrans-spaces/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20210330135403/https://badapplepie.wordpress.com/2016/10/26/enbyphobia-in-cistrans-spaces/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> | |||
== Enbymisogyny == | |||
'''Enbymisogyny'''<ref>https://nonbinary-feminism.tumblr.com/</ref> also known as '''enbygyny''', is a type of discrimination that is understood as the intersection of [[enbyphobia]] and misogyny as experienced by non-binary people socially categorized as females. | |||
==Related forms of sexism== | ==Related forms of sexism== | ||
Sexism that discriminates against nonbinary people has some relationship to these other kinds of sexism: | [[Sexism]] that discriminates against nonbinary people has some relationship to these other kinds of sexism: | ||
* Oppositional sexism, a way of thought in which female and male are thought of not only as the only two sexes/genders, but as opposites that can only have opposite characteristics, such as "strong" and "weak". An example of this is the fact that many associate the concepts of yin and yang with binary genders, even though their origins came from observations of hills, their shadows, and the relationships between the shadows and the direction of the sun from the observer's location.<ref>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy ~ http://www.iep.utm.edu/yinyang/</ref> | * Oppositional sexism, a way of thought in which female and male are thought of not only as the only two sexes/genders, but as opposites that can only have opposite characteristics, such as "strong" and "weak". An example of this is the fact that many associate the concepts of yin and yang with binary genders, even though their origins came from observations of hills, their shadows, and the relationships between the shadows and the direction of the sun from the observer's location.<ref>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy ~ http://www.iep.utm.edu/yinyang/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20230601225124/https://iep.utm.edu/yinyang/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> | ||
* Cissexism, a way of thought in which only [[cisgender]] people are seen as normal or right. A more actively harmful form of cissexism is transphobia. Cissexism is harmful to all kinds of transgender people, including non-binary people. | * [[Cissexism]], a way of thought in which only [[cisgender]] people are seen as normal or right. A more actively harmful form of cissexism is transphobia. Cissexism is harmful to all kinds of transgender people, including non-binary people. | ||
* [[Intersex#Dyadism|Dyadism]], the common but wrong idea that there are only two physical sexes. Dyadism is harmful to people who were born with [[intersex]] conditions. | * [[Intersex#Dyadism|Dyadism]], the common but wrong idea that there are only two physical sexes. Dyadism is harmful to people who were born with [[intersex]] conditions. | ||
* [[Sexism#Biological essentialism|Biological essentialism]], the idea that your body is the main thing that makes you who you are. It is supposed to define you forever, no matter what you change about yourself, think about yourself, or anything. It says the [[Sex#Assigned Gender At Birth|gender you were assigned at birth]]-- which was decided by a look at your body, as seen through dyadism-- must be your only real gender. Biological essentialism is used to justify most forms of sexism. It is harmful to virtually everyone, of any sex or gender. | * [[Sexism#Biological essentialism|Biological essentialism]], the idea that your body is the main thing that makes you who you are. It is supposed to define you forever, no matter what you change about yourself, think about yourself, or anything. It says the [[Sex#Assigned Gender At Birth|gender you were assigned at birth]]-- which was decided by a look at your body, as seen through dyadism-- must be your only real gender. Biological essentialism is used to justify most forms of sexism. It is harmful to virtually everyone, of any sex or gender. | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people Wikipedia: Discrimination against non-binary people] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Discrimination]] | ||