Gender neutral language in Spanish: Difference between revisions

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    {{Template:Gender neutral language}}
    [[File:ParentsFloat2009MarchaDF.JPG|thumb|Parents of Gays float at the 2009 Marcha Gay in Mexico City. The banner shows the @ symbol substituted for the masculine "o" or feminine "a" to make it gender neutral.]]  
    [[File:ParentsFloat2009MarchaDF.JPG|thumb|Parents of Gays float at the 2009 Marcha Gay in Mexico City. The banner shows the @ symbol substituted for the masculine "o" or feminine "a" to make it gender neutral.]]  
    '''Gender neutral language in Spanish''' is more difficult than [[gender neutral language]] (also called gender inclusive language) in some other languages, because its grammatical gender is pervasive, and it has no true neutral grammatical gender, at least not in standard usage. See the main article on [[gender neutral language]] for general reasons to use neutral language, common problems in using it, and its use for [[nonbinary]] people.
    '''Gender neutral language in Spanish''' is more difficult than [[gender neutral language]] (also called gender inclusive language) in some other languages, because its grammatical gender is pervasive, and it has no true neutral grammatical gender, at least not in standard usage. See the main article on [[gender neutral language]] for general reasons to use neutral language, common problems in using it, and its use for [[nonbinary]] people.


    Spanish has two grammatical genders, masculine and feminine. Like other Romance languages, it's very difficult to talk about a person in a gender-neutral way. This is because every adjective, noun, and article are all either masculine or feminine. It's difficult or even impossible to be completely gender-neutral in standard Spanish. However, feminists, LGBT people, and other activists today have made ideas for how to speak Spanish in a gender-neutral way when necessary. For example, it's now common for people to write "Latinx" or "Latin@" as a gender-inclusive version of "Latino" and "Latina". For more information, see [[Wikipedia:Gender neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese|Wikipedia's article: Gender neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese]].
    Spanish has two grammatical genders, masculine and feminine. Like other Romance languages, it's very difficult to talk about a person in a gender-neutral way. This is because every adjective, noun, and article are all either masculine or feminine. It's difficult or even impossible to be completely gender-neutral in standard Spanish. However, feminists, LGBT people, and other activists today have made ideas for how to speak Spanish in a gender-neutral way when necessary. For example, it's now common for people to write "Latinx," "Latine" or "Latin@" as a gender-inclusive version of "Latino" and "Latina". For more information, see [[Wikipedia:Gender neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese|Wikipedia's article: Gender neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese]].
    (Example)//
     
    • They/he/she
     
    I guess if they're cool with it.
     
    • Em/him/her
     
    Let's tell em then.
     
    • Theirs/his/hers
     
    Hey it's theirs.
     
    • Pers/his/her
     
    That's pers.
     
    • Perself/himself/herself
     
    They will do it perself.
    *Spanish*
     
    • Elle/he/she
     
    Elle ya sabe. (They already know)
     
    • Elle/him/her
     
    Es elle. (That's em)
     
    • Elle's/pers
     
    Eso es de elle. (That's pers)
     
    • Sí misme/Elle misme/himself/herself (even the "self" suffix is gender polarized in Spanish: "Sí mismo/Sí misma or Él mismo/ Ella misma).
     
    Preparó el café para sí misme. (Made that coffee to perself)
    Elle misme se hizo eso. (They did that to perself)
     
     
     
    Other Ideas
     
    • Le/La/El
    Le Joven
     
    • Bonite/Bonita/Bonito
    Elle es bonite por dentro y por fuera. (They're pretty both out and inside).
    • Hermose/Hermosa/Hermoso
    Qué hermose eres (You are so handosme)
    • Linde/Linda/Lindo
    Tan linde que quiero llorar. (So cute that I'm going to cry).
    • Guape/Guapa/Guapo
    Hoy está muy guape. (They look handsome today)
    •Liste/Lista/Listo.
    Es demasiado liste para su propio bien. (They're too smart to be good to perself)
     
     
     
    • Both "o" and "a" at the end of most nouns and adjectives in Spanish let you know the specific gender for that word. In order to form gender neutral words, those endings are commonly replaced either by "e", "x" or "@". As time has passed, the "e" solution has become the mainstream way to say it, because it's the only of those options that can be actually used whilst speaking.
     
     
    •There are some neutral-gender pronouns in Spanish that were not made for non-gendering speaking (as it's the "e" solution above), and can be pretty useful in various situations.
     
    •There's also a common mistake among spanish speakers on the use of "la" or "lo" as the article for indirect complement, which shall be "le", the neutral one. This mistake is a consequence of the use of those articles for the direct object.
     
    •The gendered ending (-"a", -"o") at the end of the possessive pronouns (ie. "suyo") refer to the gender of the noun it represents, not the gender of the possessor of that noun (the opposite of how it works in English).
    Ese muñeco es suyo. (That toy is theirs)


    == Letter substitution ==
    == Letter substitution ==
    Line 9: Line 80:
    In Spanish, many nouns and adjectives end in either a masculine -o or a feminine -a. These same letters are also used in the grammatical gender of the definite articles. For example, niño bueno ("good boy") and niña buena ("good girl"); los amigos ("the friends," if the group has at least one man, or isn't known to be all women, although this can be used in a gender-neutral sense) and las amigas ("the friends," but only if the group is all women). Many people who want gender-neutral options for Spanish have had ideas for substituting these letters with something else that would make a word gender-neutral. These non-standard proposed alternatives are:
    In Spanish, many nouns and adjectives end in either a masculine -o or a feminine -a. These same letters are also used in the grammatical gender of the definite articles. For example, niño bueno ("good boy") and niña buena ("good girl"); los amigos ("the friends," if the group has at least one man, or isn't known to be all women, although this can be used in a gender-neutral sense) and las amigas ("the friends," but only if the group is all women). Many people who want gender-neutral options for Spanish have had ideas for substituting these letters with something else that would make a word gender-neutral. These non-standard proposed alternatives are:


    * '''@'''. In this use, the "at" symbol is meant to look like a mix of a masculine o and a feminine a letters.<ref name="sikian">Sikian. ''Reddit''. Forum comment. 2015. https://www.reddit.com/r/genderqueer/comments/2ymn25/gender_in_language_to_all_you_nonbinary_redditors/cpdjdhi</ref><ref name="gubb">Sophia Gubb. "Construyendo Un Género Neutro En Español – Para Una Lengua Feminista, Igualitaria E Inclusiva." February 10, 2013. ''Sophia Gubb's Blog''. Personal blog entry. http://www.sophiagubb.com/construyendo-un-genero-neutro-en-espanol-para-una-lengua-feminista-igualitaria-e-inclusiva/</ref><ref name="socialchange">http://www.spanishforsocialchange.com/2015/05/living-as-non-binary-or-gender-neutral.html</ref> For example: niñ@ buen@ ("good child"), l@s amig@s ("the friends" with no assumptions about their genders), Latin@ ("Latino/Latina"). It can be pronounced as "ao".<ref name="genderfork">http://genderfork.com/2013/question-gender-neutral-honorifics-in-spanish/</ref> It's one of the most commonly used in this list. It would go with the proposed neutral pronoun ell@.<ref name="pronounlist">rabbitglitter, "Multilingual pronouns list." ''Nonbinary Resource'' (blog). http://nonbinaryresource.tumblr.com/post/102614223062/multilingual-pronouns-list</ref>
    * '''@'''. In this use, the "at" symbol is meant to look like a mix of a masculine o and a feminine a letters.<ref name="sikian">Sikian. ''Reddit''. Forum comment. 2015. https://www.reddit.com/r/genderqueer/comments/2ymn25/gender_in_language_to_all_you_nonbinary_redditors/cpdjdhi [https://web.archive.org/web/20220923080826/https://www.reddit.com/r/genderqueer/comments/2ymn25/gender_in_language_to_all_you_nonbinary_redditors/cpdjdhi/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref><ref name="gubb">Sophia Gubb. "Construyendo Un Género Neutro En Español – Para Una Lengua Feminista, Igualitaria E Inclusiva." February 10, 2013. ''Sophia Gubb's Blog''. Personal blog entry. http://www.sophiagubb.com/construyendo-un-genero-neutro-en-espanol-para-una-lengua-feminista-igualitaria-e-inclusiva/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20230318230932/http://www.sophiagubb.com/construyendo-un-genero-neutro-en-espanol-para-una-lengua-feminista-igualitaria-e-inclusiva/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref><ref name="socialchange">http://www.spanishforsocialchange.com/2015/05/living-as-non-binary-or-gender-neutral.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20230323183754/https://www.spanishforsocialchange.com/2015/05/living-as-non-binary-or-gender-neutral.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> For example: niñ@ buen@ ("good child"), l@s amig@s ("the friends" with no assumptions about their genders), Latin@ ("Latino/Latina"). It can be pronounced as "ao".<ref name="genderfork">http://genderfork.com/2013/question-gender-neutral-honorifics-in-spanish/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20220921230102/http://genderfork.com/2013/question-gender-neutral-honorifics-in-spanish/ Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref> It's one of the most commonly used in this list. It would go with the proposed neutral pronoun ell@.<ref name="pronounlist">rabbitglitter, "Multilingual pronouns list." ''Nonbinary Resource'' (blog). http://nonbinaryresource.tumblr.com/post/102614223062/multilingual-pronouns-list [https://web.archive.org/web/20230521064816/http://nonbinaryresource.tumblr.com/post/102614223062/multilingual-pronouns-list Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>
    * '''æ'''. The "AE" character stands for an alternative to the O and A. For example: niñæ buenæ, læs amigæs, Latinæ. It can go with the proposed neutral pronoun ellæ.<ref name="pronounlist" />
    * '''æ'''. The "AE" character stands for an alternative to the O and A. For example: niñæ buenæ, læs amigæs, Latinæ. It can go with the proposed neutral pronoun ellæ.<ref name="pronounlist" />
    * '''Ⓐ'''. The anarchy symbol happens to look like a mix of an O and A, and some radical political writings use it in their place, in the sense of rebellion against gender roles and other oppressive aspects of society.<ref name="tawny">Phoenix Tawnyflower. "Nonbinary Spanish." May 24, 2014. ''Reflections of a Queer Artist'' (personal blog). http://phoenixtawnyflower.blogspot.com/2014/05/nonbinary-spanish.html</ref>For example: niñⒶ buenⒶ, lⒶs amigⒶs, LatinⒶ. Like the more common @, this would also be pronounced "ao".
    * '''Ⓐ'''. The anarchy symbol happens to look like a mix of an O and A, and some radical political writings use it in their place, in the sense of rebellion against gender roles and other oppressive aspects of society.<ref name="tawny">Phoenix Tawnyflower. "Nonbinary Spanish." May 24, 2014. ''Reflections of a Queer Artist'' (personal blog). http://phoenixtawnyflower.blogspot.com/2014/05/nonbinary-spanish.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20220924210924/https://phoenixtawnyflower.blogspot.com/2014/05/nonbinary-spanish.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>For example: niñⒶ buenⒶ, lⒶs amigⒶs, LatinⒶ. Like the more common @, this would also be pronounced "ao".
    * '''e'''. The letter E represents an alternative to the O and A.<ref name="Schmidt">{{Cite web |title=A Language for All |last=Schmidt |first=Samantha |work=Washington Post |date=5 December 2019 |access-date=29 May 2020 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2019/12/05/teens-argentina-are-leading-charge-gender-neutral-language/}}</ref><ref name="socialchange" /> For example: niñe buene, les amigues, Latine. Many nouns and adjectives already end in -e, so it can sound natural to create new -e versions. A few words would need spelling changes to keep the pronunciation the same: if the E comes after a C, the C becomes "qu" (chico – chique); after G, it becomes "gu" (gallego – gallegue).<ref name="gubb" /> The neutral E would go with with the proposed neutral pronouns elle or ele.<ref name="pronounlist /> <ref name="tawny" />
    * '''e'''. The letter E represents an alternative to the O and A.<ref name="Schmidt">{{Cite web |title=A Language for All |last=Schmidt |first=Samantha |work=Washington Post |date=5 December 2019 |access-date=29 May 2020 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2019/12/05/teens-argentina-are-leading-charge-gender-neutral-language/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510125055/https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2019/12/05/teens-argentina-are-leading-charge-gender-neutral-language/ |archive-date=17 July 2023 }}</ref><ref name="socialchange" /> For example: niñe buene, les amigues, Latine. Many nouns and adjectives already end in -e, so it can sound natural to create new -e versions. A few words would need spelling changes to keep the pronunciation the same: if the E comes after a C, the C becomes "qu" (chico – chique); after G, it becomes "gu" (gallego – gallegue).<ref name="gubb" /> The neutral E would go with with the proposed neutral pronouns elle or ele.<ref name="pronounlist /> <ref name="tawny" />
    * '''i'''. The letter I is a substitute for O and A. For example: niñi bueni, lis amigi, Latini. This would go with the proposed neutral pronoun elli.<ref name="pronounlist />
    * '''i'''. The letter I is a substitute for O and A. For example: niñi bueni, lis amiguis, Latini. This would go with the proposed neutral pronoun elli.<ref name="pronounlist />
    * '''u'''. The letter U is a substitute for O and A. For example: niñu buenu, lus amigus, Latinu. This would go with the proposed neutral pronoun ellu.<ref name="pronounlist />
    * '''u'''. The letter U is a substitute for O and A. For example: niñu buenu, lus amigus, Latinu. This would go with the proposed neutral pronoun ellu.<ref name="pronounlist />
    * '''x'''. The letter X represents the absence of either O or A.<ref name="sikian /><ref name="genderfork /><ref name="socialchange /> It's one of the most commonly used in this list, and is intuitive in writing, but can't be pronounced. For example: niñx buenx, lxs amigxs, Latinx. This would go with the proposed neutral pronoun ellx. Note that, unlike English coinages such as "princex," which is only for people of color, a neutral x in Spanish is not only for people of color. "Ellx" can be used by white people as well.<ref name="pronounlist />
    * '''x'''. The letter X represents the absence of either O or A.<ref name="sikian /><ref name="genderfork /><ref name="socialchange /> It's one of the most commonly used in this list, and is intuitive in writing, but can't be pronounced in Spanish. For example: niñx buenx, lxs amigxs, Latinx. This would go with the proposed neutral pronoun ellx.<ref name="pronounlist />


    {{Clear}}
    {{Clear}}
    == Articles ==
    == Articles ==
    [[File:Ejemplo de lenguaje inclusivo.jpg|thumb|200px|Spanish-language in Uruguay using neutral articles, referring to martyred students as "les estudiantes."]]
    [[File:Ejemplo de lenguaje inclusivo.jpg|thumb|200px|Spanish-language in Uruguay using neutral articles, referring to martyred students as "les estudiantes."]]
    Line 28: Line 98:
    ! Standard Spanish !! singular indefinite articles: un, una !! plural indefinite articles: unos, unas !! singular definite articles: el, la !! plural definite articles: los, las
    ! Standard Spanish !! singular indefinite articles: un, una !! plural indefinite articles: unos, unas !! singular definite articles: el, la !! plural definite articles: los, las
    |-
    |-
    | @ letter substitution || ? || ? || <nowiki>|@</nowiki> || <nowiki>|@s</nowiki>
    | @ letter substitution || un@ || un@s ||<nowiki>|@</nowiki> || <nowiki>|@s</nowiki>
    |-
    |-
    | e letter substitution || une<ref name="gubb" /> || unes<ref name="gubb" /> || le. This creates a homonym for the masculine indirect object pronoun, le. <ref name="gubb" /><ref name="tawny" /> || les. Also a homonym for the plural masculine indirect object pronoun, les.<ref name="gubb" /><ref name="tawny" />
    | e letter substitution || une<ref name="gubb" /> || unes<ref name="gubb" /> || le. This creates a homonym for the singular indirect object pronoun, le. <ref name="gubb" /><ref name="tawny" /> || les. Also a homonym for the plural indirect object pronoun, les.<ref name="gubb" /><ref name="tawny" />
    |-
    |-
    | i letter substitution || uni? || unis? || li || lis
    | i letter substitution || uni? || unis? || li || lis
    |-
    |-
    | x letter substitution || ? || ? || <nowiki>|x?</nowiki> || <nowiki>|xs</nowiki>
    | x letter substitution || unx || unxs ||<nowiki>|x?</nowiki> || <nowiki>|xs</nowiki>
    |-
    |-
    | miscellaneous other alternatives || || || ol<ref name="tawny" /> || oles<ref name="tawny" />
    | miscellaneous other alternatives || || || ol<ref name="tawny" /> || oles<ref name="tawny" />
    Line 45: Line 115:
    |}
    |}


    {{Clear}}
    == Personal pronouns ==
    == Personal pronouns ==
    Like other languages in the Romance family, Spanish doesn't normally have neutral [[pronouns]]. However, people have created some new, neutral pronouns, which are used in some groups that are sensitive about LGBT, gender, and social justice issues. Most of these neutral pronouns work by taking the feminine pronoun, ''ella'', and the standard abstract neuter pronoun ''ello'' (which can't be used for people), and substituting a different letter or symbol for the masculine "o" or feminine "a" ending. This approach of substituting a letter is shared by creating other parts of gender neutral language in Spanish, such as neutral-gender endings for adjectives. These new, neutral pronouns include:
    Like other languages in the Romance family, Spanish doesn't normally have neutral [[pronouns]]. However, people have created some new, neutral pronouns, which are used in some groups that are sensitive about LGBT, gender, and social justice issues. Most of these neutral pronouns work by taking the feminine pronoun, ''ella'', and the standard abstract neuter pronoun ''ello'' (which can't be used for people), and substituting a different letter or symbol for the masculine "o" or feminine "a" ending. This approach of substituting a letter is shared by creating other parts of gender neutral language in Spanish, such as neutral-gender endings for adjectives. These new, neutral pronouns include:


    '''ele'''. A neutral pronoun that is a mix of the masculine pronoun ''él'' ("he") and a proposed gender-neutral ending letter, -e. This is less common. The plural would be '''elles'''.<ref name="tawnyflower spanish">Phoenix Tawnyflower. "Nonbinary Spanish." May 24, 2014. ''Reflections of a Queer Artist'' (personal blog). http://phoenixtawnyflower.blogspot.com/2014/05/nonbinary-spanish.html</ref>
    '''elle'''. A neutral pronoun that can be easily said out loud. This is non-standard, but one of the '''most common''' of these.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns"></ref> It's used by nonbinary people in Chile.<ref>http://linguaphiles.livejournal.com/5990300.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20230605124148/http://linguaphiles.livejournal.com/5990300.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>


    '''ell_'''. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud. This is less common. The _ (underscore) means that the "a" or "o" is left out.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns">rabbitglitter, [http://nonbinaryresource.tumblr.com/post/102614223062/multilingual-pronouns-list "Multilingual pronouns list." ''Nonbinary Resource'' (blog)].</ref>
    '''ellx'''. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud. This non-standard, but one of the '''most common''' of these. Note that, unlike English coinages such as "princex," which is only for people of color, a neutral x in Spanish is not only for people of color. "Ellx" can be used by white people as well.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns"></ref>
     
    '''ell@'''. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud, or else is pronounced like "ellao". This is non-standard, but one of the '''most common''' of these. The @ (at symbol) is meant to be seen as a mix between an "a" and an "o".<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns"></ref>
     
    '''ele'''. A neutral pronoun that is a mix of the masculine pronoun ''él'' ("he") and a proposed gender-neutral ending letter, -e. This is less common. The plural would be '''elles'''.<ref name="tawnyflower spanish">Phoenix Tawnyflower. "Nonbinary Spanish." May 24, 2014. ''Reflections of a Queer Artist'' (personal blog). http://phoenixtawnyflower.blogspot.com/2014/05/nonbinary-spanish.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20220924210924/https://phoenixtawnyflower.blogspot.com/2014/05/nonbinary-spanish.html Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>


    '''ell*'''. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud. This is less common. The * (asterisk) means that the "a" or "o" is left out. Compare the [[Pronouns#*E|splat *e pronouns]] in English, which work by the same idea.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns"></ref>
    '''ell*'''. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud. This is less common. The * (asterisk) means that the "a" or "o" is left out. Compare the [[Pronouns#*E|splat *e pronouns]] in English, which work by the same idea.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns"></ref>
    Line 56: Line 131:
    '''ellæ'''. A neutral pronoun. This is less common.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns"></ref>
    '''ellæ'''. A neutral pronoun. This is less common.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns"></ref>


    '''ell@'''. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud, or else is pronounced like "ellao". This is non-standard, but one of the most common of these. The @ (at symbol) is meant to be seen as a mix between an "a" and an "o".<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns"></ref>
    '''ell_'''. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud. This is less common. The _ (underscore) means that the "a" or "o" is left out.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns">rabbitglitter, [http://nonbinaryresource.tumblr.com/post/102614223062/multilingual-pronouns-list "Multilingual pronouns list." ''Nonbinary Resource'' (blog)]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230521064816/http://nonbinaryresource.tumblr.com/post/102614223062/multilingual-pronouns-list Archived] on 17 July 2023</ref>
     
    '''elle'''. A neutral pronoun that can be easily said out loud. This is non-standard, but one of the most common of these.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns"></ref> It's used by nonbinary people in Chile.<ref>http://linguaphiles.livejournal.com/5990300.html</ref>


    '''elli'''. A neutral pronoun that can be said out loud. It's uncommonly used.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns"></ref>
    '''elli'''. A neutral pronoun that can be said out loud. It's uncommonly used.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns"></ref>


    '''ellu'''. A neutral pronoun that can be said out loud. It's uncommonly used.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns"></ref>
    '''ellu'''. A neutral pronoun that can be said out loud. It's uncommonly used.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns"></ref>
    '''ellx'''. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud. This non-standard, but one of the more common of these. Note that, unlike English coinages such as "princex," which is only for people of color, a neutral x in Spanish is not only for people of color. "Ellx" can be used by white people as well.<ref name="rabbitglitter ML pronouns"></ref>


    '''ol'''. A neutral pronoun. Non-standard and uncommon. The plural would be '''olles'''. This would go with the non-standard definite article that is also ''ol''.<ref name="tawnyflower spanish"></ref>
    '''ol'''. A neutral pronoun. Non-standard and uncommon. The plural would be '''olles'''. This would go with the non-standard definite article that is also ''ol''.<ref name="tawnyflower spanish"></ref>
    Line 77: Line 148:


    == Nouns ==
    == Nouns ==
    In Spanish, every noun is either female or male. None have a truly "neuter" grammatical gender. There are some kinds of nouns that come close to being gender-neutral in some ways: epicene nouns, common gender nouns, ambiguous gender nouns, and newly-made neutral or genderqueer nouns.
    In Spanish, every noun is either female or male. None have a truly “neutral” grammatical gender. There are some kinds of nouns that come close to being gender-neutral in some ways: epicene nouns, common gender nouns, ambiguous gender nouns, and newly-made neutral or genderqueer nouns.


    === Epicene nouns ===
    === Epicene nouns ===
    Line 91: Line 162:
    * ''ciclista'' = cyclist
    * ''ciclista'' = cyclist
    * ''el cliente'' = client, but a female client can be ''la clienta''.
    * ''el cliente'' = client, but a female client can be ''la clienta''.
    * el dentista = dentist of any gender, but a female dentist can be ''la dentista''.
    * ''el dentista'' = dentist of any gender, but a female dentist can be ''la dentista''.
    * ''el especialista'' = specialist
    * ''el especialista'' = specialist
    * ''el estudiante'' = student of any gender, but a female student can be ''la estudiante''.
    * ''el estudiante'' = student of any gender, but a female student can be ''la estudiante''.
    * ''el esposo'' = spouse. This is masculine and can mean husband, but it can also mean a spouse of any gender.
    * ''la jefe'' = boss of any gender, but a female boss is ''la jefa''.
    * ''el padre'' = parent. This is masculine and can mean father, but it can also mean a parent of any gender. "''Tengo dos padres''" can mean "I have two parents" or "I have two fathers."
    * ''la persona'' = person
    * ''la persona'' = person
    * ''el personaje'' = character
    * ''el personaje'' = character
    Line 133: Line 201:
    * ''niñ@'', ''niñe'' = boy/girl/child
    * ''niñ@'', ''niñe'' = boy/girl/child
    * ''novi@'', ''novie'' = boyfriend/girlfriend/datemate
    * ''novi@'', ''novie'' = boyfriend/girlfriend/datemate
    * ''amig@, amigue'' = friend


    == See also ==
    == See also ==
    Line 140: Line 209:
    == References ==
    == References ==
    <references />
    <references />
    ==External links==
    * [http://es.pronouns.page es.pronouns.page], a website about gender neutral pronouns in Spanish


    [[Category:Gender neutral language]]
    [[Category:Gender neutral language]]

    Latest revision as of 13:28, 30 August 2024

    Gender neutral language
    Parents of Gays float at the 2009 Marcha Gay in Mexico City. The banner shows the @ symbol substituted for the masculine "o" or feminine "a" to make it gender neutral.

    Gender neutral language in Spanish is more difficult than gender neutral language (also called gender inclusive language) in some other languages, because its grammatical gender is pervasive, and it has no true neutral grammatical gender, at least not in standard usage. See the main article on gender neutral language for general reasons to use neutral language, common problems in using it, and its use for nonbinary people.

    Spanish has two grammatical genders, masculine and feminine. Like other Romance languages, it's very difficult to talk about a person in a gender-neutral way. This is because every adjective, noun, and article are all either masculine or feminine. It's difficult or even impossible to be completely gender-neutral in standard Spanish. However, feminists, LGBT people, and other activists today have made ideas for how to speak Spanish in a gender-neutral way when necessary. For example, it's now common for people to write "Latinx," "Latine" or "Latin@" as a gender-inclusive version of "Latino" and "Latina". For more information, see Wikipedia's article: Gender neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese. (Example)//

    • They/he/she

    I guess if they're cool with it.

    • Em/him/her

    Let's tell em then.

    • Theirs/his/hers

    Hey it's theirs.

    • Pers/his/her

    That's pers.

    • Perself/himself/herself

    They will do it perself.

    • Spanish*

    • Elle/he/she

    Elle ya sabe. (They already know)

    • Elle/him/her

    Es elle. (That's em)

    • Elle's/pers

    Eso es de elle. (That's pers)

    • Sí misme/Elle misme/himself/herself (even the "self" suffix is gender polarized in Spanish: "Sí mismo/Sí misma or Él mismo/ Ella misma).

    Preparó el café para sí misme. (Made that coffee to perself) Elle misme se hizo eso. (They did that to perself)


    Other Ideas

    • Le/La/El

    Le Joven

    • Bonite/Bonita/Bonito Elle es bonite por dentro y por fuera. (They're pretty both out and inside). • Hermose/Hermosa/Hermoso Qué hermose eres (You are so handosme) • Linde/Linda/Lindo Tan linde que quiero llorar. (So cute that I'm going to cry). • Guape/Guapa/Guapo Hoy está muy guape. (They look handsome today) •Liste/Lista/Listo. Es demasiado liste para su propio bien. (They're too smart to be good to perself)


    • Both "o" and "a" at the end of most nouns and adjectives in Spanish let you know the specific gender for that word. In order to form gender neutral words, those endings are commonly replaced either by "e", "x" or "@". As time has passed, the "e" solution has become the mainstream way to say it, because it's the only of those options that can be actually used whilst speaking.


    •There are some neutral-gender pronouns in Spanish that were not made for non-gendering speaking (as it's the "e" solution above), and can be pretty useful in various situations.

    •There's also a common mistake among spanish speakers on the use of "la" or "lo" as the article for indirect complement, which shall be "le", the neutral one. This mistake is a consequence of the use of those articles for the direct object.

    •The gendered ending (-"a", -"o") at the end of the possessive pronouns (ie. "suyo") refer to the gender of the noun it represents, not the gender of the possessor of that noun (the opposite of how it works in English). Ese muñeco es suyo. (That toy is theirs)

    Letter substitution

    A sign explaining inclusive language in Spanish, at a feminist protest in Madrid, Spain, 2013. The sign suggests using an asterisk symbol * to substitute for masculine -o or feminine -a.
    «¡Mis alumn@s…» means "My students…" with @ symbol substituting for -o or -a.

    In Spanish, many nouns and adjectives end in either a masculine -o or a feminine -a. These same letters are also used in the grammatical gender of the definite articles. For example, niño bueno ("good boy") and niña buena ("good girl"); los amigos ("the friends," if the group has at least one man, or isn't known to be all women, although this can be used in a gender-neutral sense) and las amigas ("the friends," but only if the group is all women). Many people who want gender-neutral options for Spanish have had ideas for substituting these letters with something else that would make a word gender-neutral. These non-standard proposed alternatives are:

    • @. In this use, the "at" symbol is meant to look like a mix of a masculine o and a feminine a letters.[1][2][3] For example: niñ@ buen@ ("good child"), l@s amig@s ("the friends" with no assumptions about their genders), Latin@ ("Latino/Latina"). It can be pronounced as "ao".[4] It's one of the most commonly used in this list. It would go with the proposed neutral pronoun ell@.[5]
    • æ. The "AE" character stands for an alternative to the O and A. For example: niñæ buenæ, læs amigæs, Latinæ. It can go with the proposed neutral pronoun ellæ.[5]
    • . The anarchy symbol happens to look like a mix of an O and A, and some radical political writings use it in their place, in the sense of rebellion against gender roles and other oppressive aspects of society.[6]For example: niñⒶ buenⒶ, lⒶs amigⒶs, LatinⒶ. Like the more common @, this would also be pronounced "ao".
    • e. The letter E represents an alternative to the O and A.[7][3] For example: niñe buene, les amigues, Latine. Many nouns and adjectives already end in -e, so it can sound natural to create new -e versions. A few words would need spelling changes to keep the pronunciation the same: if the E comes after a C, the C becomes "qu" (chico – chique); after G, it becomes "gu" (gallego – gallegue).[2] The neutral E would go with with the proposed neutral pronouns elle or ele.[5] [6]
    • i. The letter I is a substitute for O and A. For example: niñi bueni, lis amiguis, Latini. This would go with the proposed neutral pronoun elli.[5]
    • u. The letter U is a substitute for O and A. For example: niñu buenu, lus amigus, Latinu. This would go with the proposed neutral pronoun ellu.[5]
    • x. The letter X represents the absence of either O or A.[1][4][3] It's one of the most commonly used in this list, and is intuitive in writing, but can't be pronounced in Spanish. For example: niñx buenx, lxs amigxs, Latinx. This would go with the proposed neutral pronoun ellx.[5]

    Articles

    Spanish-language in Uruguay using neutral articles, referring to martyred students as "les estudiantes."

    Standard Spanish articles have binary gender as well as number. The indefinite articles are un, unos, una, unas. The definite articles are el, los, la, las. People have come up with some gender-neutral alternatives to these.

    Standard Spanish singular indefinite articles: un, una plural indefinite articles: unos, unas singular definite articles: el, la plural definite articles: los, las
    @ letter substitution un@ un@s |@ |@s
    e letter substitution une[2] unes[2] le. This creates a homonym for the singular indirect object pronoun, le. [2][6] les. Also a homonym for the plural indirect object pronoun, les.[2][6]
    i letter substitution uni? unis? li lis
    x letter substitution unx unxs |x? |xs
    miscellaneous other alternatives ol[6] oles[6]
    Lu instead of Las/Los u or ux if preceding a vowel uxes lu, or lex if preceding a vowel. lues

    Personal pronouns

    Like other languages in the Romance family, Spanish doesn't normally have neutral pronouns. However, people have created some new, neutral pronouns, which are used in some groups that are sensitive about LGBT, gender, and social justice issues. Most of these neutral pronouns work by taking the feminine pronoun, ella, and the standard abstract neuter pronoun ello (which can't be used for people), and substituting a different letter or symbol for the masculine "o" or feminine "a" ending. This approach of substituting a letter is shared by creating other parts of gender neutral language in Spanish, such as neutral-gender endings for adjectives. These new, neutral pronouns include:

    elle. A neutral pronoun that can be easily said out loud. This is non-standard, but one of the most common of these.[8] It's used by nonbinary people in Chile.[9]

    ellx. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud. This non-standard, but one of the most common of these. Note that, unlike English coinages such as "princex," which is only for people of color, a neutral x in Spanish is not only for people of color. "Ellx" can be used by white people as well.[8]

    ell@. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud, or else is pronounced like "ellao". This is non-standard, but one of the most common of these. The @ (at symbol) is meant to be seen as a mix between an "a" and an "o".[8]

    ele. A neutral pronoun that is a mix of the masculine pronoun él ("he") and a proposed gender-neutral ending letter, -e. This is less common. The plural would be elles.[10]

    ell*. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud. This is less common. The * (asterisk) means that the "a" or "o" is left out. Compare the splat *e pronouns in English, which work by the same idea.[8]

    ellæ. A neutral pronoun. This is less common.[8]

    ell_. A neutral pronoun that can't be said out loud. This is less common. The _ (underscore) means that the "a" or "o" is left out.[8]

    elli. A neutral pronoun that can be said out loud. It's uncommonly used.[8]

    ellu. A neutral pronoun that can be said out loud. It's uncommonly used.[8]

    ol. A neutral pronoun. Non-standard and uncommon. The plural would be olles. This would go with the non-standard definite article that is also ol.[10]

    Non-binary articles and pronouns

    -le or ele and les, elles While "le" and "les" are already used as indirect object pronouns, in these cases they cover all genders. The use of "le" as a direct object pronoun or "ele" as a pronoun match the -e ending. "Ele" could turn into "elles" just as "él" becomes "ellos" and "ella" becomes "ellas".
    -ol and oles (articles, objects), ól and olles (pronouns) Agender indicators.

    Nouns

    In Spanish, every noun is either female or male. None have a truly “neutral” grammatical gender. There are some kinds of nouns that come close to being gender-neutral in some ways: epicene nouns, common gender nouns, ambiguous gender nouns, and newly-made neutral or genderqueer nouns.

    Epicene nouns

    Some words, regardless of their own grammatical gender, are used for men and women alike, without changing the word's ending. Its article stays the same, too. (However, when these nouns are used for women, it's now acceptable in standard Spanish to optionally change to the feminine article.) These words are epicene (epiceno). This is the closest that standard Spanish gets to gender neutral language.

    Some signs that a word is epicene:

    • Some words that end in -o or -a are epicene, you can't tell by looking at them. Also, be warned that some nouns ending in -a are only for men, such as cura, "priest".
    • Words with the epicene -ista ending, which is used for occupations and people who do things. This is with the exception of modisto, "male fashion designer".

    A list of some epicene nouns in conventional Spanish:

    • ciclista = cyclist
    • el cliente = client, but a female client can be la clienta.
    • el dentista = dentist of any gender, but a female dentist can be la dentista.
    • el especialista = specialist
    • el estudiante = student of any gender, but a female student can be la estudiante.
    • la persona = person
    • el personaje = character
    • turista = tourist
    • la víctima = victim.

    Common gender nouns

    There are also words with a "common gender" (común), meaning that the word itself stays the same whether it's applied to a man or woman, but its article changes gender to match the binary gender of the person to whom it is applied.

    Some signs a noun is common gender:

    • Many end in -e, in standard Spanish.
    • Some end in -o or -a, so they look masculine or feminine.

    A list of some common gender nouns in conventional Spanish:

    • el/la atacante = attacker
    • el/la espía = spy
    • el/la estudiante = student
    • el/la mártir = martyr
    • el/la presidente = president
    • el/la testigo = witness
    • el/la violinista = violinist

    Ambiguous gender nouns

    Some words in Spanish aren't consistent in what grammatical gender they have. They've been used as feminine or masculine words depending on the place and time period. They may have one conventional version, plus an alternative gender that is used poetically or in archaic language. These words are rare. There are only about a hundred of them. They still mean the same thing even when their gender changes. (Unlike, say, la cometa "kite" and el cometa "comet.") They're called ambiguous nouns (nombres ambíguos en cuanto al género).

    New nouns

    People have created new, non-standard nouns. Some are gender-inclusive (can be used for men, women, and nonbinary people). Some are only for people who identify as nonbinary or genderqueer.

    One non-standard method for forming gender-inclusive and nonbinary nouns is by letter substitution, which is described above. This creates words such as:

    • abuel@ or abuele = grandfather/grandmother/grandparent
    • espos@, espose = husband/wife/spouse
    • herman@, hermane = brother/sister/sibling
    • niñ@, niñe = boy/girl/child
    • novi@, novie = boyfriend/girlfriend/datemate
    • amig@, amigue = friend

    See also

    References

    1. 1.0 1.1 Sikian. Reddit. Forum comment. 2015. https://www.reddit.com/r/genderqueer/comments/2ymn25/gender_in_language_to_all_you_nonbinary_redditors/cpdjdhi Archived on 17 July 2023
    2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Sophia Gubb. "Construyendo Un Género Neutro En Español – Para Una Lengua Feminista, Igualitaria E Inclusiva." February 10, 2013. Sophia Gubb's Blog. Personal blog entry. http://www.sophiagubb.com/construyendo-un-genero-neutro-en-espanol-para-una-lengua-feminista-igualitaria-e-inclusiva/ Archived on 17 July 2023
    3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 http://www.spanishforsocialchange.com/2015/05/living-as-non-binary-or-gender-neutral.html Archived on 17 July 2023
    4. 4.0 4.1 http://genderfork.com/2013/question-gender-neutral-honorifics-in-spanish/ Archived on 17 July 2023
    5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 rabbitglitter, "Multilingual pronouns list." Nonbinary Resource (blog). http://nonbinaryresource.tumblr.com/post/102614223062/multilingual-pronouns-list Archived on 17 July 2023
    6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Phoenix Tawnyflower. "Nonbinary Spanish." May 24, 2014. Reflections of a Queer Artist (personal blog). http://phoenixtawnyflower.blogspot.com/2014/05/nonbinary-spanish.html Archived on 17 July 2023
    7. Schmidt, Samantha (5 December 2019). "A Language for All". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
    8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 rabbitglitter, "Multilingual pronouns list." Nonbinary Resource (blog). Archived on 17 July 2023
    9. http://linguaphiles.livejournal.com/5990300.html Archived on 17 July 2023
    10. 10.0 10.1 Phoenix Tawnyflower. "Nonbinary Spanish." May 24, 2014. Reflections of a Queer Artist (personal blog). http://phoenixtawnyflower.blogspot.com/2014/05/nonbinary-spanish.html Archived on 17 July 2023

    External links